Masoud Sheidai; Nastaran Heydari
Volume 6, Issue 4 , July 2009
Abstract
Sheath blight disease, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is a major fungal disease of rice, occurring mostly in Asian rice. The present study was performed to identify the chitinase polymorphism in 19 Iranian rice cultivars by using RFLP-PBR, with Rsa I, Taq I, Sac I and Ava I restriction enzymes. Digestion ...
Read More
Sheath blight disease, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is a major fungal disease of rice, occurring mostly in Asian rice. The present study was performed to identify the chitinase polymorphism in 19 Iranian rice cultivars by using RFLP-PBR, with Rsa I, Taq I, Sac I and Ava I restriction enzymes. Digestion of the chitinase gene RICCH-3 by its specific digesting enzymes, i.e. RsaI and TaqI, produced a uniform banding pattern in all the rice cultivars studied. However RICCH-1 digestion showed banding pattern polymorphism in the two cultivars 1205 and 1206 and digestion of RICCH-2 showed banding pattern polymorphism in the cultivars 665 and 667. The cultivars studied showed no polymorphism for the sites of the AvaI and SacI enzymes. In total, 13 bands were obtained by the digesting action of RsaI and TaqI enzymes among 19 rice cultivars studied, 4 bands were common in all the cultivars while one unique band was observed in the cultivar 326. There were 4 other bands present in all other cultivars but missing in the cultivar 326, making this cultivar significantly different from the other rice cultivars studied. Data obtained suggested the possible occurrence of intra-geneic deletion in the RICCH-1 site and intra-genic duplication in RICCH-2 site. Grouping of the rice cultivars on the basis of the RFLP bands obtained did not correlate with their geographical regions of cultivation. This is the first report on chitinase polymorphism in Iranian rice cultivars.
Reza Cyrus Sabri
Volume 6, Issue 4 , July 2009
Abstract
This research presents a perspective that extends the traditional design framework and proposes to a Sustainable Process of Design, SPD. This view in design and management of the environment is an interdisciplinary approach. The concept of overall sustainability goes beyond novelty, politics, and quick ...
Read More
This research presents a perspective that extends the traditional design framework and proposes to a Sustainable Process of Design, SPD. This view in design and management of the environment is an interdisciplinary approach. The concept of overall sustainability goes beyond novelty, politics, and quick fixes and depends on the nature of the ecosystem and multidisciplinary decision-making. SPD involves many processes and nourishes a wholesome meaning of community and participation in the course of decision-making. Emphasis is given to the conflicting objectives of short-term goals in light of a progression towards sustainability. SPD is connecting, multifaceted, and healing in nature. A long-term approach to development is a fundamental principle of any SPD. Long-term views will cultivate long-term goals and objectives in a design procedure. Examining Tehran’s major recent projects reveals the need for an ecological and healing vision in a Sustainable Process of Design. SPD is set with long-term as well as the short-term goals of a community which provides the designer the wisdom to propose settings and designs filled with abundance and opportunities of quality of life for the present and the future generations.
Ozeair Abessi; Mohesn Saeedi
Volume 6, Issue 4 , July 2009
Abstract
In recent years the increases in the popularity of applying environmental criteria in national planning and management has provided a wide range of scientific approaches to determine the best location of hazardous wastes to be land filled. In the present study, concern to the hydro-geological and social-economical ...
Read More
In recent years the increases in the popularity of applying environmental criteria in national planning and management has provided a wide range of scientific approaches to determine the best location of hazardous wastes to be land filled. In the present study, concern to the hydro-geological and social-economical considerations as well as national environmental legislations, an efficient method to determine suitable sites for land filling of hazardous wastes is presented. Site screening study based on GIS database in two scales, and priority processing are utilized. This approach demonstrates how the criteria such as geology, topography, land use, climate, surface and ground water chrematistics, accessibility, applicability and other related factors can be used into the over layer technique to determine some appropriate sites in a vast region. For priority processing between candidate sites also a new approach based on DRASTIC and MPCA methods and zonal feature of the study area is given. The introduced method was used to find a disposal site for hazardous wastes of Shahid Rajaee power plant in Qazvin province, located in west central part of Iran. Results showed that site named 1 in Abyeck zone next to Shahid Rajaee power plant has highest score between 17 primarily selected sites.
Eskandar Zand; Fatemeh Bena Kashani; Saeid Soufizadeh; Meysam Ebrahimi; Mohammad Minbashi; Fatemeh Dastaran; Maryam Poorbayge; Mohammd Jamali; Azar Maknali; Masoumeh Younesabadi; Reza Deihimfard; Somayyeh Forouzesh
Volume 6, Issue 4 , July 2009
Abstract
To evaluate the resistance of wild oat (Avena ludoviciana), annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris spp.) in wheat fields of Fars, Khouzestan, Golestan and Ilam Provinces of Iran to clodinafop-propargyl herbicide from ACCase inhibitors of aryloxyphenoxy propionate classes, ...
Read More
To evaluate the resistance of wild oat (Avena ludoviciana), annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris spp.) in wheat fields of Fars, Khouzestan, Golestan and Ilam Provinces of Iran to clodinafop-propargyl herbicide from ACCase inhibitors of aryloxyphenoxy propionate classes, 6 separate indoor experiments were conducted in the greenhouses of the Department of Weed Research in the Iranian Research Institute for Plant Protection. The experiments were conducted by using 19 populations of wild oat (including 15 questionably resistant populations and 4 susceptible populations), 14 littleseed canarygrass populations (including 10 suspected-resistant populations and 4 susceptible populations) and 9 annual ryegrass populations (including 8 questionably resistant populations and 1 susceptible mass) from Fars Province, 4 populations of wild oat (including 3 questionably resistant populations and 1 susceptible mass) from Lorestan Province, 17 littleseed canarygrass populations (including 16 probably resistant populations and 1 susceptible mass) from Khouzestan Province, and 12 littleseed canarygrass populations (including 11 questionably resistant populations and 1 susceptible mass) from Golestan Province. All the experiments were conducted separately in the form of a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). A pot under no-herbicide application was also included as control. The remaining weeds number and dry weight percentage were calculated 30 days after herbicide application, and were then compared with their relative figures before herbicide application. A mass was recognized resistant only if it retained 80% of its number and 50% of its dry weight, in comparisonto the control. On this basis, 4 resistant and 2 questionably resistant littleseed canarygrass populations, 6 resistant and 3 questionably resistant wild oat populations and 5 resistant and 3 questionably resistant Annual Ryegrass populations were identified in Fars Province. In Ilam Province, 2 resistant wild oat populations were identified. Overall, in this experiment 75 populations including 63 questionably resistant and 12 susceptible populations were evaluated. Amongst the 63 questionably resistant populations (including 37 littleseed canarygrass, 18 wild oat and 8 annual ryegrass populations), 28 totally resistant populations (including 12 littleseed canarygrass, 11 wild oat and 8 annual ryegrass populations) and 10 probably resistant (consisting of 4 littleseed canarygrass populations, 3 wild oat populations and 3 annual ryegrass populations) were detected. In other words, approximately 60% (44% resistant and 16% probably resistant) of all evaluated questionably resistant populations were identified as resistant and probably resistant.
Fakhreddin Hashemi Shadegan; Korous Khoshbakht; Abdolmajid Mahdavi Damghani; Hadi Veisi; Houman Liaghati
Volume 6, Issue 4 , July 2009
Abstract
A study was conducted using a modified model to assess the level of threat and effective factors in villages with two ecologies, in Basht County, Gachsaran in Southwest Iran, including a protected area with a dominant mountainous topology and another with a plain-hilly situation. The results showed that ...
Read More
A study was conducted using a modified model to assess the level of threat and effective factors in villages with two ecologies, in Basht County, Gachsaran in Southwest Iran, including a protected area with a dominant mountainous topology and another with a plain-hilly situation. The results showed that level of threat increased with the decreasing distance of villages from the urban region and mountain villages had a lower level of risk than plain-hilly areas. Trends of agrochemical application, weed management techniques and acreage of fields receiving agrochemicals had the highest frequency of flooding and incidental fires and the acreage of agricultural land in the area made the least contribution to the threat of agrobiodiversity erosion. The results of cluster analysis divided villages into two clusters in which all mountainous villages, along with two plain-hilly villages were placed in one cluster and the others were located in the second cluster. Estimating the role of divergence factors in the clusters revealed that five factors including the distance to the main urban centers, distance to industrial developmental projects, ratio of irrigated to rain-fed lands, extent of use of modern varieties and exploitation rate of habitat species had the highest effects on divergence of the biodiversity threat in the model. Results showed that human activities are the main factors in genetic erosion threats, whereas natural factors as well as traditional agricultural and social practices and the availability of agricultural territories in the area resulted in the least risk to biodiversity.
Ali Akbar Matkan; Mohammad Sohrabinia; Saeid Sadeghian; Dadfar Manavi
Volume 6, Issue 4 , July 2009
Abstract
In this study, we have analyzed how to update large scale maps with the help of IKONOS images. To do this, a complete frame IKONOS image from aerial photos (1:5000 scale) and 1:2000 scale digital maps of the city of Urumia have been used as test data. Here, our objective is to exploit the spatial precision ...
Read More
In this study, we have analyzed how to update large scale maps with the help of IKONOS images. To do this, a complete frame IKONOS image from aerial photos (1:5000 scale) and 1:2000 scale digital maps of the city of Urumia have been used as test data. Here, our objective is to exploit the spatial precision of a pan-chromatic band, the spectral richness of a multispectral image and the spatial and spectral capabilities of a pan-sharpened product at the same time. Meanwhile, geometric correction, image fusion, image information extraction, change detection and incorporation of the changes into the old maps are the main subjects of discussion in the current research. At first, geometric correction of IKONOS image has been analyzed with the help of polynomial, rational and RPC functions, with tables and charts used to compare statistical results of these three models. Overall, the rational model with a third coefficient gave the best result. Geometric correction with the RPC model without any control points gave an RMS error of 15 meters, which decreased to 70 cm. when only one control point was applied. The model with the best results was used to produce ortho-images of IKONOS pan-chromatic and multispectral images. To extract different object classes from the IKONOS image, visual interpretation, pixel-based and fuzzy object extraction methods have been used. Aerial photographs and old maps were used for editing and accuracy assessment of the results. Image analysis methods for visual interpretation, training samples for supervised and fuzzy classification and interpretation of the output classes of unsupervised classification all proved to be very helpful. Further, to detect occurrences of changes occurred relative to the old maps, comparison of the old maps with new extracted maps and comparison of the old maps with the IKONOS image were carried out. Finally, the information content of the IKONOS image was compared with object classes of 1:5000 and 1:2000 scale maps. For 1:5000 scale maps, most of object classes were detectable and recognizable, however, only a limited number of classes in 1:2000 scale maps were detectable and recognizable. In sum, it was found that IKONOS images are capable for the revision of 1:5000 scale maps but has some deficiencies in 1:2000 scale maps.
Ashraf Aghabarati; Seyed Mohsen Hosseini; Abas Esmaili; Habib Maralian
Volume 6, Issue 3 , April 2009
Abstract
Land application of municipal effluent is potentially beneficial as an inexpensive nutrient source. To investigate the effect of seven years of irrigation with Southern Tehran municipal effluent treatment plant effluent on the physical and chemical properties of soil and accumulation of nutrient in olive ...
Read More
Land application of municipal effluent is potentially beneficial as an inexpensive nutrient source. To investigate the effect of seven years of irrigation with Southern Tehran municipal effluent treatment plant effluent on the physical and chemical properties of soil and accumulation of nutrient in olive trees, a study was carried out using a random-systematic pattern with three replications. Treatments included: 1) municipal effluent and 2) well water (control). To investigate soil physical and chemical properties, accumulation of nutrient and Cd in leaves and fruits, samples of soil (0-15, 15-30 and 30-60 cm), leaves and fruits were taken from each plot in three replications. Samples were analyzed with standard methods. In order to normalize the data, an independent sample t-test was used. Results of this study indicate that application of municipal effluents increase the concentration of Mg, N, P, K, Ca and Cd in different layers of soil (0-15, 15-30 and 30-60 cm depths) and Olea europaea, s leaves and fruits. Irrigation with municipal effluent increased olive fruit yield and leave weight.
Gholamali Sharzei; Naghmeh Mobarghei
Volume 6, Issue 3 , April 2009
Abstract
Forest Ecosystem in addition to timber production has many social and environmental benefits. One of the most important benefits from the forest ecosystem is their role in air pollutants absorption and reducing the pollution level. In this study the economic value of SO2 absorption by forest has been ...
Read More
Forest Ecosystem in addition to timber production has many social and environmental benefits. One of the most important benefits from the forest ecosystem is their role in air pollutants absorption and reducing the pollution level. In this study the economic value of SO2 absorption by forest has been estimated in a part of Caspian forest. At the first, the amount of absorbed SO2 has been calculated by existing models, separately for forest and rangeland that are two main land uses in the region. Then this function has been valuated with replacement cost method. The results show a value of 2475 thousand Rials for absorption of each ton of SO2. According to the area of region that is 20582 hectare, the total amount of SO2 absorption is 42.723 ton per year and its value is 106 million Rials per year for the ecosystem function of SO2 absorption.
Mohammad Ghorbani; Alireza Koocheki; Hossein Mahmoudi
Volume 6, Issue 3 , April 2009
Abstract
Organic farming and organic production methods have gained importance in agriculture from environmental point of view as well as economical and social stand points. The purpose of this study was to propose a model in order to estimate the wheat production in organic farms of Khorasan province, Iran. ...
Read More
Organic farming and organic production methods have gained importance in agriculture from environmental point of view as well as economical and social stand points. The purpose of this study was to propose a model in order to estimate the wheat production in organic farms of Khorasan province, Iran. Production of organic wheat was obtained through surveys of 167 farms. Partial elasticity of production of different inputs were derived from Cobb-Douglass production function. The results revealed that the wheat production decreased by 18.95 percent when the chemical factors were eliminated. The drop off yield of organic fields in large farms (more than 10 ha) is higher than small (less than 5 ha) and medium (5 to 10 ha) size farms due to over-use of chemicals and fertilizers. If organic products are to develop, it is recommended that financial support (subsidy), extension education, and providing non-chemical inputs be provided to compensate the related production loss.
Naser Baghestani Maybodi; Mohammad Taghi Zare
Volume 6, Issue 3 , April 2009
Abstract
Plants are one of the most important factors of rangeland ecosystems that have in close relation with other ecosystem factors. For the protection, restoration and stable development of these ecosystems it is necessary to recognize present relationships more and more. So, in this research some characteristics ...
Read More
Plants are one of the most important factors of rangeland ecosystems that have in close relation with other ecosystem factors. For the protection, restoration and stable development of these ecosystems it is necessary to recognize present relationships more and more. So, in this research some characteristics of Seidlitzia rosmarinus were studied. First, Seidlitzia rosmarinus plant types were identified in a cover map area of Yazd Province and the results of other research about this species were reviewed and collated. Results show that Seidlitzia rosmarinus is dominant in about 600000 hectares of lands located in the margin of Yazd playa. There are 10 plant types with Seidlitzia rosmarinus predominating and, out of 9 plant types, it is second or third species. The mentioned plant types are located at altitudes between 900- 1750 meters and where the average annual rainfall is lower than 100 mm. High water tables and salinity are two characteristics of this land. The flowering stage starts in early autumn and seeds ripen at the end autumn. High seed production and germination rate are useful characteristics for reproduction. This plant was consumed well by camels, so that not only in range grazing but also in hand feeding it has a suitable preference value. In order to control wilting of Seidlitzia rosmarinus, camel grazing was recommended. Furthermore, its forage can be harvest every other year and mixed with other forage for camel feeding. Sodium carbonate salt was extracted by biomass burning.
Hossein Rahmani; Bahram Hassanzadeh Kiabi
Volume 6, Issue 3 , April 2009
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine suitable characters for separating 2 Shemaya ( Chalcalburnus chalcoides ) populations of Haraz and Gazafrud Rivers in spring 2004. Using cast net, 73 speciemens were collected in 2 rivers ( i.e: 35 in Gazafrud vs. 38 in Haraz ). 27 morphometric characters, 11 meristic ...
Read More
A study was conducted to determine suitable characters for separating 2 Shemaya ( Chalcalburnus chalcoides ) populations of Haraz and Gazafrud Rivers in spring 2004. Using cast net, 73 speciemens were collected in 2 rivers ( i.e: 35 in Gazafrud vs. 38 in Haraz ). 27 morphometric characters, 11 meristic characters and 20 proportional morphometric characters were used. PCA in SPSS software was used to determine the best separating ( isolating ) characters of populations and its separation distance. For morphometric characters, 8 factors with about 77/2 % of character diversity within individuals were selected including; total length, fork length bodydepth, head length and premaxillalength. In the case of meristic characters, four factors with 70/75 % of diversity of characters within individuals were selected including; caudalpeduncle scales, scalerows above lateral line and gill reakers ( anterior ). As far as proportional morphometric character are concerned, seven factors with 81% of character diversity within individuals were selected including 1 character. The results showed while morphometric as well as proportional morphometric characters were useful for population separation, the meristic characters could not separate the populations.
Shafagh Kamal; Asghara Abdoli; Majid Bakhtiary; Mahmoud Karami
Volume 6, Issue 3 , April 2009
Abstract
Some biological traits of Killifish (Aphanius sophiae)of CheshmeAli Damghan such as age and growth frequencies, condition factor, von Bertalanfy growth parameter, Gonadosomatic index, fecundity and egg diameter were studied monthly from October 2004 to November 2005. During the study 535 specimens were ...
Read More
Some biological traits of Killifish (Aphanius sophiae)of CheshmeAli Damghan such as age and growth frequencies, condition factor, von Bertalanfy growth parameter, Gonadosomatic index, fecundity and egg diameter were studied monthly from October 2004 to November 2005. During the study 535 specimens were sampled with a net which bears a mesh size of 1mm. Sex ratio of Cheshme Ali population was 1 :♂ 1.367♀.There was significant difference between male and female (χ2=12.877, p=0.000)). Length and age frequency studies showed that female fishes were longer and older than male fishes. Male fishes had higher condition factor than females (F=40.037, p=0.000). Reproduction cycles of these fishes were estimated to be about 6 month and the peak of GonadoSomatic Index of females was in May. Eggs diameters were from 0.53 to 2.73 mm.
Parviz Rezvani Moghadam; Reza Ghorbani; Alireza Koocheki; Leila Alimoradi; Golsume Azizi,; Asiye Siyamargooyi
Volume 6, Issue 3 , April 2009
Abstract
Diazinon is a chemical pesticide used for a wide range of agricultural and horticultural crops. However, its residue in agricultural products could seriously threaten human health. The present study measured diazinon residue in tomato, cucumber and melon by collecting samples from differentareas including ...
Read More
Diazinon is a chemical pesticide used for a wide range of agricultural and horticultural crops. However, its residue in agricultural products could seriously threaten human health. The present study measured diazinon residue in tomato, cucumber and melon by collecting samples from differentareas including 2 regions for tomato (Mashhad and Shiravan), 6 regions for cucumber(Disfool, Jiroft, Kerman, Shirvan, Torbate-Jam and Mashhad), and 2 regions for melon (Shiravan and Torbate-Jam). Diazinon residues were determined using gas chromatography (GC) technique. Results showed that pesticide residue in melon samples from Torbate-Jam and Shiravan were 4.98 and 4.11 times more than the permited residue level, respectively. Cucumber samples collected from Disfool,Rafsanjan, Jiroft, Kerman and Shiravan were 6.1, 4.4, 4.2, 2.1, and 1.8 times higher than the permitted level, respectively. However, diazinon residue in cucumber and tomato grown in Mashhad were lower than permitted levels.
Seyyed Ebrahim Hashemi; Mohsen Kafi; Seyyed Mahmoud Hashemi; Mahdi Khansefid
Volume 6, Issue 3 , April 2009
Abstract
The city is identified as altered natural environment by excessive changes in nature and increasing presence of manmade structures. Urban green spaces are remnants of nature in this environment and play an important role in ascending the level of life quality in the city. In this study the effects of ...
Read More
The city is identified as altered natural environment by excessive changes in nature and increasing presence of manmade structures. Urban green spaces are remnants of nature in this environment and play an important role in ascending the level of life quality in the city. In this study the effects of urban sprawl on quantity of urban green spaces in region 2 of Tehran municipality were studied comparatively in 1989 and 2002 using aerial photos interpretations and geographical information systems (GIS). The studies indicate a considerable decrease in urban green spaces with a more intensity in the northern parts of the region. The sub-region 8th had the greatest amount of decrease among 9 sub-regions and 6th sub-region had the minimum rate of decrease. Two general strategies are concluded from the results of this study: 1) the priority of conservation and support of the existing green and open spaces 2) establishing new green spaces in some parts of the region which benefit less environmental quality.
Siavash Ansarinia
Volume 6, Issue 3 , April 2009
Abstract
During the first decade after the Islamic Revolution of Iran, Plan and Budget Organization (PBO) embarked upon a series of studies titled "Regional Disparities Investigation" . They aimed at demarcating the country's regions based on indicators of social- economic- natural and infrastructure facilities. ...
Read More
During the first decade after the Islamic Revolution of Iran, Plan and Budget Organization (PBO) embarked upon a series of studies titled "Regional Disparities Investigation" . They aimed at demarcating the country's regions based on indicators of social- economic- natural and infrastructure facilities. The results of these studies were instrumental in order for PBO to formulate national strategies of social equity. Attributed to it's prevailing rural economy, natural setting and diseconomies of spatial structure, Ghezel-Ozan watershed was identified as one of the most deprived regions of the country. The next step was taken by the Ministry of Construction Crusade which launched an investigation and planning project at the Ghezel-Ozan regional scale in 1993. The goal of this project was to explore underlying causes of the region's relative backwardness and to formulate policies and plans to alleviate the situation. Taking an environmental approach to regional development, this article attempts to elucidate relationships of determining resources such as water, soil, flora etc. to settlement patterns in the watershed. The main conclusions based on the findings of the project were : a) Unequal and sparsely scattered distribution of natural resources has been historically, the main determinant of appearance of thousands small villages, one forth of which is now deserted. b) Due to lack of sizable urban centers in the watershed which could assume roll of central places on the one hand, and unfavorable climate and terrain resulting in weak communication networks on the other, in addition of many deserted villages the remaining are greatly dependent upon services of outside urban centers. C) parallel to certain natural processes, economic activities such as traditional animal husbandry and agriculture are responsible for escalating resources deterioration. All in all, due to lack of planning commitments, the watershed has missed development opportunities embedded in it's both man made and natural settings.
Shima T alebi Amiri; Forood Azari Dehkord; Seyed Hmidreza Sadeghi; Seyed Reza Soofbaf
Volume 6, Issue 3 , April 2009
Abstract
Land cover/use change induced by human activities, ignoring environmental constrains caused landscape degradation. The continuous land use change has also severe impacts on natural ecosystems. Therefore, in consideration with the negative effects of unsuitable use of land and land use change, knowledge ...
Read More
Land cover/use change induced by human activities, ignoring environmental constrains caused landscape degradation. The continuous land use change has also severe impacts on natural ecosystems. Therefore, in consideration with the negative effects of unsuitable use of land and land use change, knowledge and understanding about the changes is essential in environmental impact assessment for sustainable planning and land management .This study is for investigating the trends of changes in the landscape, in Neka Watershed. In order to provide land cover maps the satellite images of MSS 1972, TM 1992, ETM+2001 were applied and landscape metrics of class area, largest patch index, number and mean patch size were used to quantify landscape patterns. The analysis of landscape metrics revealed that the extensive replacement of agricultural lands and forests with rangelands and the results verified that increased patch number and decreased mean patch area were two important fragmentation indicators and the trend of degradation and fragmentation of the landscape was increasing. Therefore the results necessitated paying attention to the quality of land use and cover in the region for decreasing the natural resources degradation.
Ebrahim Fataee; Ali Alesheikh
Volume 6, Issue 3 , April 2009
Abstract
Solid wastes have been an inseparable part of human life and the production of the wastes, in different levels of quality and quantity, is considered to be one of the major challenging issues of the environment in this era. Air and water pollution and soil which is the result of the lack of correct management ...
Read More
Solid wastes have been an inseparable part of human life and the production of the wastes, in different levels of quality and quantity, is considered to be one of the major challenging issues of the environment in this era. Air and water pollution and soil which is the result of the lack of correct management and lack of choosing appropriate landfills to bury the wastes, have all created some problems for the environment. change the sentence. In order to decrease the negative outcomes of the wastes, it is essential to use the right tools and technology. One of the main parts of management in the urban solid wastes is finding an appropriate place in order to dispose the wastes. This study was done to locate the appropriate landfills in the city of Givi through using GIS technology. In this study the following parameters, criteria and rules for hygienic disposal on the basis of different standards such as Environment Conservation Organization, Ministry of Interior and worldwide experiences were identified, evaluated and selected: geology, infrastructure, seismic city of the areas, slope, land use, distance from rural and urban centers, soil plan of the area, hydrographic network plan, underground waters and the prevailing wind direction. Then, appropriate places in this area were identified according to national and international rules and standards and also by applying limiting factors through GIS. To integrate the layers and obtain the appropriate results, Bolin Logic was used. Through field visits, three locations for comparison and evaluation through hierarchical analysis process were selected and ultimately by doing closer studies on the selected locations and exerting appropriate weights on each of the locations, the final location will be selected.
Mohsen Kouchekzadeh
Volume 6, Issue 3 , April 2009
Abstract
Up to now, many different processes for landscape design such as Booth process (1983) have been introduced by landscape experts to aim a landscape project. The Booth process contains an orientation of actions in a landscape design project varying from project acceptance to presentation of constructed ...
Read More
Up to now, many different processes for landscape design such as Booth process (1983) have been introduced by landscape experts to aim a landscape project. The Booth process contains an orientation of actions in a landscape design project varying from project acceptance to presentation of constructed plan. The three adjusted sub-parts of Booth's landscape process stages which have been adjusted in a flowchart by the author of this article will be study in details. The aim of presenting such a flowchart is introducing and showing the interdisciplinary relationship between "landscape" and "surveying" experts in executing a design process. These three sub-parts contain some executing actions which are extracted from surveying which introduce this knowledge application in landscape design. These sub-parts contain "land surface features surveying and topographic map providing", "land technical design" and "setting out the design on the land". At the end, there are some suggestions for using new surveying instruments like GPS receivers in order to provide the topographic map in UTM coordinate system and transferring these landscape designs to this coordinate system.
Shadi Dibaei; Akram Almolok Lahijanian
Volume 6, Issue 3 , April 2009
Abstract
Formal environmental education is very important and necessary for sustainable learning in each society. Therefore, sudents’ books must include environmental subject. In most of countries, Perception of educational planners and teachers toward environmental issues in students’ books play ...
Read More
Formal environmental education is very important and necessary for sustainable learning in each society. Therefore, sudents’ books must include environmental subject. In most of countries, Perception of educational planners and teachers toward environmental issues in students’ books play key role in development of this kind of education. The aim of this study is exploring perception of educational planners to environmental education in curriculum of guidance schools. A survey instrument is used to measure constructs of perception and attitudes.
Majid Makhdom
Volume 6, Issue 3 , April 2009
Abstract
The processes through which structure of ecosystems ends to its functions, according to the principles of environmental planning are called development. Since our environment consists of numerous ecosystems, and the complexity of action and reactions of developments emanates in cybernetic ecosystems, ...
Read More
The processes through which structure of ecosystems ends to its functions, according to the principles of environmental planning are called development. Since our environment consists of numerous ecosystems, and the complexity of action and reactions of developments emanates in cybernetic ecosystems, we need to use models, in order to predict and grasp a meaningfull perception of the real world. But in some instances modelling and the use of models become too complicated, which potentially increase the uncertainty in predictions. This paper, is an attempt to elucidate these kinds of model like MLR, and AHP and to present some solutions like uses of Game Theory in spatial planning, reduced models in simplification of models, and matrix quantification of SWOT model. Finally, it is argued that model should act as a decision support system (DSS) in environmental planning.
Mehran Alalhesabi; Ghazal Raheb
Volume 6, Issue 3 , April 2009
Abstract
The aim of this article is to know the influence of environmental factors on development of rural housing in a specified zone and to evaluate them by others influential factor relative to each other from dwellers' views and to prioritize them. For this purpose, the factors effective on development process ...
Read More
The aim of this article is to know the influence of environmental factors on development of rural housing in a specified zone and to evaluate them by others influential factor relative to each other from dwellers' views and to prioritize them. For this purpose, the factors effective on development process of rural housing must be identified first. We try to introduce the final factors and evaluate them. Selection of factors is followed by Derivation of a conceptual framework effective on selection of proper rural housing development method, using the existing resources and Specification and interpretation of the factors chosen using the case study method. The main result is achieving the desirability of development method of each building with respect of functioning for the user. More over the value of each of the factors in the process of rural housing development in the region have been presented. After defining all factors effective on the proper method of rural housing development in the selected area, the contribution and the way that factors effect on formation of this method were defined. The contribution of each mentioned factor in fulfilling the desirability of the building functionally for user were measured by multiple variable regression analysis and based on exploited data. Statistic analysis has been done by SPSS software
Ali Akbar Matkan; Alireza Shakiba; eyed Hossein Pourali; Eisa Ebadi
Volume 6, Issue 3 , April 2009
Abstract
Multi store parking Site selection is one of the key problems in metropolitan city such as Tehran. This problem should be considered according to a series of criteria. The main aim of the paper is to determine proper sites for multi store parking using Fuzzy methods in GIS environment in first district ...
Read More
Multi store parking Site selection is one of the key problems in metropolitan city such as Tehran. This problem should be considered according to a series of criteria. The main aim of the paper is to determine proper sites for multi store parking using Fuzzy methods in GIS environment in first district of Tehran. To achieve the aim, parameters such as; distance from trip attractive center, distance from routes and communication networks, land price, suitable land use for parking establishment, distance form faults, and some other criteria were put in the fuzzy model. The results of this research showed that the OWA method in low risk and somehow trade-off mode represented the best result in according to aim. In this state, 6239.1 square meter of study area was selected as the high-rank area for establishing multi-store parking lots.
Niloofar Farighi; Houman Liaghati; Mahmoud Shariat; Seyyed Masoud Monavari
Volume 6, Issue 3 , April 2009
Abstract
Today Solid Waste like Air and Water can ́t across the city and state and become as a social problem. Of cource unsuitable management in solid waste can polluted the air by burning materials or by running the Slug and penetrationto water resources, and can Cause Pollution. In general Solid Waste Management ...
Read More
Today Solid Waste like Air and Water can ́t across the city and state and become as a social problem. Of cource unsuitable management in solid waste can polluted the air by burning materials or by running the Slug and penetrationto water resources, and can Cause Pollution. In general Solid Waste Management Means to Collect and decrease Solid Waste generation by Correct Consuption Pattern, solid waste separation in origin by education and .... Problems of collecting and landfill of Tehran solid waste has been appeared by increasing the population and their activity. The Method has been carry out Research is questionnaire. Questionnaire is seperated in two groups, like people and Staff. In each questionnaire asked some questions and analysed by Excel. The other method has been based on observation. It means we separated Zone 3 in 4 groups, Vanak, Jordan, Mirdamad and .... Then we have been made tables and 8 questions for each box. Then these question has been analysis by Excel. Approximatelly, the situation of half of the boxes to the houses was good and half was bad. The situation of 70% of the boxes to the commercial area was good, and 30% was average whieh means boxes were collected better in commercial areas. Appearance situation was 96% average. Waste near the boxes during the day was 99% good but at night was 63% bad, and 37% average. Volume of boxes in comparison with waste during the day was 99% good but at night was 62% bad and 38% average. With a view all 400 boxes whieh was bad need washing. Settlement of boxes in legs area in all 400 boxes was good. The situation of boxes in comparision with generator population in all 400 boxes was average. These resoults has been that the physical area of the boxes are good the volume and the way of collection of solid waste specially at night are bad
Azam Sadat Noori; Khosro Manochehr Kalantari; Mozaffar Sharifi; Farzin Naseri; Abbas Tahernezhad
Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2009
Abstract
Plant symbiosis with microorganisms and other living organisms cause plant species stability and plant community protection. Mycorrhizae is one of the most usefull symbiosis which both host plant and its fungi get benefit. Diversity of mycorrhizal fungi and the complicated relationship between plant ...
Read More
Plant symbiosis with microorganisms and other living organisms cause plant species stability and plant community protection. Mycorrhizae is one of the most usefull symbiosis which both host plant and its fungi get benefit. Diversity of mycorrhizal fungi and the complicated relationship between plant and fungi community has been researched widely. In this research roots and rhizosphers of 10 families from eleven different habitats at Kerman were collected. 14 dominant plant species has been chosen and examined for their dominance and growth form as well as root colonization percentage. The highest percentage of colonization was observed in the root of Juniperus excelsa (84/27) while Euphorbia gedrosiaca showed the lowest colonization percentage (37/22). Mean of spore numbers per gr soil were varied between 0 to 15.06 where rhizosphere of Aceraceae and Chenopodiaceae had the highest and the lowest spore numbers respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the percentage of infection with both spore numbers and soil pH in the study area. Three genus of mycorrhiza fungi including Glomus, Acaulospora and Entrophosporawere found in the soils.
Gholam Reza Banagar; Mahmoud Karami; Bahram Kiabi; Mahmoud Ghasempouri
Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2009
Abstract
Fish diversity of Haraz River Was Studied from November 1999 To August 2000. This river is situated in The Southern Caspian basin of Iranian Mazandaran Province. Five Stations Were Selected along The River. 522 specimens were Collected and studied, that belonged to 20 species and 9 families: Petromyzontidae, ...
Read More
Fish diversity of Haraz River Was Studied from November 1999 To August 2000. This river is situated in The Southern Caspian basin of Iranian Mazandaran Province. Five Stations Were Selected along The River. 522 specimens were Collected and studied, that belonged to 20 species and 9 families: Petromyzontidae, Cyprinidae, Cobitidae, Salmonidae, Gobiidae, Mugilidae,Balitoridae,Poeciliidae and Gasterosteidae.Cyprinids comprised 67.2 percent of the species. Seventy percent of species were resident and 30 percent anadromous. Rain bow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Gold fish (Carassius auratus), (Liza saliens) and Stickle back (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and Gambusia (Gambusia holbrooki) were introduced species. Shannon- Wiener's coefficient of diversity (H'), Food selectivity and Horn's coefficient of niche overlap were estimated.
