Original Article
Neda Mirikaram; Amir Salemi; Maryam Vosough
Abstract
Introduction: pharmaceuticals, personal care products and steroid hormones are emerging pollutants whose main production source is human societies. Municipal wastewater treatment plants have a very effective role in reducing and eliminating these pollutants, however, complete elimination of these compounds ...
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Introduction: pharmaceuticals, personal care products and steroid hormones are emerging pollutants whose main production source is human societies. Municipal wastewater treatment plants have a very effective role in reducing and eliminating these pollutants, however, complete elimination of these compounds is usually not possible and some of these pollutants are treated through the treated wastewater stream (As well as residual sludge) enters the environment. Due to the use of treated wastewater in irrigation of fields and orchards, there is a possibility of transferring contaminants to soil, crops and groundwater. Since the negative effect of the presence of these contaminants is visible in very low concentrations, it is necessary to identify and determine their amount. Materials and Methods: In this study, the transfer channel of the treatment plant in the south of Tehran (raw wastewater, treated wastewater), farm soil and crops in terms of presence and amount of emerging organic pollutants, from the category of pharmaceuticals and steroid hormones Has been studied. Four samplings of treated wastewater were performed in different places. First, qualitative analysis was performed to identify and select target pollutants (for quantitative measurement). Then, the most important quality assurance and control criteria in the field and laboratory were studied so that the data generated had the highest possible level of quality. Finally, each sample for each category of pollutants separately prepared and extracted (extracted) Solid phase and solvent extraction were ultrasonically analyzed and finally analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results and Discussion: Sampling of raw wastewater, treated wastewater, soil and crop irrigated with treated wastewater and analysis of these samples was performed. Two pharmaceuticals, acetaminophen and sulfamethoxazole, and four steroid hormones, aquiline, estrone, estriol and ethinyl estradiol, were selected as the target contaminants and the most important and continuous ones. All six analytes were identified in a raw wastewater sample and in a treated wastewater sample. In another sample of treated wastewater, the three hormones aquiline, estrone and ethyl estradiol were not found. Contrary to what was thought, all analytes were found in soil samples, but only estrone was found in soil samples. In the plant sample (wheat) all analytes except ethynyl estradiol were seen. Conclusion: All contaminants were observed in raw and treated wastewater (treatment plant effluent) and a very positive role of the treatment plant in reducing the concentration was observed. On the other hand, changes in the concentration of pollutants along the channel path were observed. Also, it was concluded that soil particles do not adsorb the target contaminants despite their tendency to be absorbed by plants. Therefore, the entry of contaminated water into arable soil will lead to crop contamination and infiltration into groundwater. The presence and amounts of contaminants in the treated wastewater treatment canal are highly dependent on time and place. Mixing and diluting and entering new sources of contamination in the canal path causes significant changes in the concentration and type of contaminants observed in the samples.
Original Article
Romina Sayahnia; Maryam Saberian Sani
Abstract
Introduction: Functional infrastructures act as an integrated system to support sustainable development. Therefore, it is worthwhile to use appropriate methods to evaluate the range capacities of functional infrastructures and the balance between them.Material and methods: In this research, the ...
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Introduction: Functional infrastructures act as an integrated system to support sustainable development. Therefore, it is worthwhile to use appropriate methods to evaluate the range capacities of functional infrastructures and the balance between them.Material and methods: In this research, the FUICC Catastrophe Model (FCM1) was used to evaluate the balance between the range capacity of functional infrastructures in the provinces of Iran. This model uses the methods of analysis of mean variance (MVA) and Critical Path Method (CPM), also the Load-Carrier mode was used to reflect the level of support for functional environmental infrastructure. The studied indicators were extracted from experimental data collected from 31 provinces of Iran by reviewing valid scientific sources in the field of functional infrastructure from 2015 to 2020 and the data used using the latest available statistics.Results and discussion: The results of this study showed that Gilan Province has the highest range capacity in green space infrastructure and Tehran Province has the highest range capacity in conventional functional and environmental infrastructures and also Tehran Province ranks first in the country in terms of balance between infrastructures. Regarding load-bearing analysis, the reflection of the level of support of functional environmental infrastructures shows that provinces such as Tehran, contrary to the good evaluation they showed in measuring range capacity. Due to the existing cargo volume, they do not provide a good level of support, and on the contrary, provinces such as Qom, which showed poor range capacity in this field, recorded good environmental performance for some factors in load-bearing analysis.Conclusion: There is a difference in the range capacity of functional infrastructure between provinces and in some areas with factors such as political, industrial, tourist, etc., it is higher than other provinces and the degree of balance between the capacity of functional infrastructure is generally weak in the provinces of Iran. Also, the reflection of the level of support of functional infrastructures has negative fluctuations and in general, in assessing the range capacity of functional infrastructures, there is a need for management measures .
Original Article
Saeid Ahadi; َAndisheh Alimoradi; Hamid Sarkheil; Mahyar Kalhor Mohammadi; Mahdi Fathi
Abstract
The process of extraction and exploitation of oil and gas resources requires the cycle of production, sending, and recycling of drilling mud or drilling fluid, so achieving the right combination of drilling mud and it’s recycling as an essential and fundamental matter in the industrial oil and ...
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The process of extraction and exploitation of oil and gas resources requires the cycle of production, sending, and recycling of drilling mud or drilling fluid, so achieving the right combination of drilling mud and it’s recycling as an essential and fundamental matter in the industrial oil and gas and also the environment. Therefore, determining the level of contamination of heavy metals and organic matter in the drilling mud and drilling cuttings can be necessary so that intelligent methods to estimate these contaminants can be indirectly effective. This study tried to estimate the contamination rate of drilling cuttings, despite the formation parameters of 10 oil wells drilled at different depths (66 data sets), using the regression learning limit of an artificial neural network. A total of 60 data sets were prepared to estimate the rate of change in the concentration of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the learning and testing process, and another six sets of data related to a well that randomly selected and used in the artificial neural network validation process. Limit learning regression algorithm for ten heavy elements and ten aromatic compounds contaminating cutting and drilling mud on two different data sets in a drilling area in one of the oil fields in southern Iran was evaluated. The results are suitable for estimating the contamination of drilling cuttings and in subsequent environmental protection processes. Such as the process of contamination and recycling of drilling mud will play an efficient role.
Original Article
Akhtar Veisi; Hadi Veisi; Korous Khoshbakht; Reza Mirzaei Talarposhti; Reza Haghparast
Abstract
Background and purpose: Soil health is one of the main components to achieve the sustainable agricultural systems being adversely affected by agricultural operations such as tillage. Soil health can be quantified using the specific physical, chemical and biological parameters of the soil via specific ...
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Background and purpose: Soil health is one of the main components to achieve the sustainable agricultural systems being adversely affected by agricultural operations such as tillage. Soil health can be quantified using the specific physical, chemical and biological parameters of the soil via specific quantitative soil quality methods. As a result, studying soil quality and fertility in different land management systems is essential to establish appropriate crop operations to achieve optimal production and sustainable cropping systems. Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) is used as a powerful and reliable tool to assess the effect of different crop management on soil quality and health. This study aims to evaluate and quantify the effect of different tillage methods on soil quality using the SMAF algorithm. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted as a field experiment based on a randomized complete block design during two cropping years in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018, in four replications. Experimental treatments included tillage methods (no-tillage, reduced tillage, and no- tillage), and the areas were considered replication. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was planted in the first year, followed by winter chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in the second year of crop rotation in farmers' fields. Soil sampling from a soil depth of 0-30 cm was taken in two stages, before planting wheat at the beginning and after harvesting chickpea in the second year. Important soil parameters were measured, including bulk density, phosphorus, potassium, acidity, electrical conductivity, soil organic carbon, carbon, microbial biomass, and microbial biomass nitrogen. Results and Discussion: The results showed that implementing the conservation tillage methods improved some of the important soil parameters and soil quality index, indicating the positive effect of minimum soil disturbance and crop residue maintenance on soil quality. Although the physical and chemical properties of soil at the end of the second year did not change significantly compared to pre-treatment conditions, soil biological properties such as microbial biomass carbon and soil organic matter were positively affected by tillage systems. The laboratory-measured data of soil properties were well reflected in the SMAF algorithm. The results showed that at the end of experiment, soil quality index in the conventional plowing system was lower compared to conservation tillage methods. No-tillage had the highest value of soil quality index (0.65) at the end of the experiment. As stated in the quantitative description of soil properties, the higher quality index in the no-tillage method is mainly due to the improvement of soil biological conditions. Soil degradation due to excessive plowing, lack of residue preservation, and improper use of chemical fertilizers not only reduces soil organic matter but also degrades the physical properties of soil. Conclusion: In general, the results showed that conservation tillage methods could improve soil quality and efficiency in dryland areas, and SMAF algorithm can be a useful tool to assess and monitor the soil quality of various cropping systems in dryland areas. However, citing the data of this study requires long-term results, and in order to evaluate the efficiency of soil ecosystem to provide ecosystem services, it is necessary to compare crop systems with more sustainable systems such as forests and pastures.
Original Article
Fatemeh Kazemiyeh; Asma Eidi; mehdi motalem
Abstract
IntroductionPlanning for proper waste management and attention to its harmful effects on the environment in any country is one of the most important and necessary principles in order to provide long-term benefits and move towards sustainable development. The overall purpose of this study was to analyze ...
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IntroductionPlanning for proper waste management and attention to its harmful effects on the environment in any country is one of the most important and necessary principles in order to provide long-term benefits and move towards sustainable development. The overall purpose of this study was to analyze the barriers to rural waste management (a case study of the central part of Urmia). In order to achieve a comprehensive knowledge of the obstacles, problems and limitations that have led to poor rural waste management in the study area, and this comprehensive understanding of the current situation, pave the way for the adoption of targeted programs to remove barriers and proper rural waste management among the villages.Materials and methodsThe research was applied in terms of purpose and field in terms of data collection.The statistical population of the study included all villagers in the functions of the central part of Urmia city in which rural waste management was performed (N = 136). The questionnaire was the main research tool that was designed using content review and interviews with experts and faculty members of the university and its content validity was confirmed. To evaluate the reliability, 30 questionnaires were completed and the Cronbach's alpha value was 0.91, which indicated the acceptable reliability of the questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and exploratory factor analysis technique.Results and discussionThe results of factor analysis showed that rural waste management barriers in six groups of educational-cultural barriers (variance dimension 18.13), health - environmental (variance dimension 18.06), knowledge (variance dimension 12.53), environmental (variance dimension 10.96) Disposal management (variance dimension 10.24) and equipment (variance dimension 6.92) were classified as 76.84% of the total variance changes related to rural waste management barriers in the study area. They explained. The first rank in prioritizing the items of educational-cultural barriers, the item of lack of culture required for less consumption, in the items of health-environmental barriers, abandonment and disposal of waste by the villagers in the nearest place (in Passages, river routes, roadsides, etc.) and the occurrence of parasitic diseases for the villagers, in the context of knowledge barriers, lack of knowledge and lack of knowledge of villagers about the economic value of reusing agricultural waste, In the disposal factor, the lack of separation plan at the source and as a result of mixing wet, dry and special wastes with each other and in the environmental factor, the presence of insects and rodents and their increase at certain times of the year at the disposal site And until the collection of waste and finally in the items of equipment, the passages were allocated to the shortage and conversion of conversion industries for reuse of agricultural wastes and wastes.ConclusionEmpowering people through awareness and information, education using appropriate tools and appropriate to the special cultural and social conditions in the field of waste management can be helpful and practical and operational. Coherent and purposeful management for waste management and success in improving environmental issues in the study area requires specific methods and strategic plans. Therefore, it is necessary to take the necessary planning and measures in this regard. It is also recommended to use the participation of people and NGOs to separate at the source and to organize informal activities of collection and recycling of materials in recycling programs, while it is necessary for municipalities, organizations and affiliated bodies. Assist the government in providing the facilities and equipment needed for rural waste management.
Original Article
Parisa Mashayekhi; Hosein Sharifi
Abstract
Introduction: In recent years, the increased water, soil, and environmental degradation, due to the excessive use of chemicals, has encouraged researchers into organic farming. Despite all the positive effects associated with the consumption of sewage sludge and municipal compost on the soil physical ...
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Introduction: In recent years, the increased water, soil, and environmental degradation, due to the excessive use of chemicals, has encouraged researchers into organic farming. Despite all the positive effects associated with the consumption of sewage sludge and municipal compost on the soil physical and chemical properties, there is still a great concern in terms of environmental and health. Depending on the source, composts often contain relatively large amounts of heavy metals, so accurate measurement of heavy metal contents in these compounds is important. Material and methods: In this study, 20 compost samples from different sources, including manure, municipal waste and sewage sludge sources were selected. Five methods of digestion in three replicates were used to extract the heavy metals of the compost samples, including nitric acid, dry ashing, nitric–perchloric acid, sulfuric acid and sulfosalicylic acid methods. The elements wrer Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Co, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe.Results and discussion: Analytical results indicated that the nitric–perchloric acid procedure was the most efficient for recovering Cd, Pb and Cr from the organic samples. After that dry ashing method extracted the highest amount of Cd, Pb and Cr from all compost samples (on average).Since perchloric acid is potentially hazardous during digestion procedure, dry ashing was recommended as an alternative method. The recovery of Cd and Pb in the organic compounds is affected not only by the digestion method, but also by the type of compost. For example, the nitric–perchloric acid procedure recovered more Cd and Pb from municipal waste and sewage sludge than manure and Poultry fertilizers. In the case of other elements including nickel, cobalt, copper, manganese, zinc and iron, sulfosalicylic acid has the highest efficiency in extracting these elements from compost samples. Extraction of these elements was only affected by the type of extraction method and the type of organic composition had no effect on it Conclusion: Different digestion methods used in this study and also different compost sources that were tested had a very significant effect at the level of (P < 0.05) on the extraction of all heavy metals. Despite the fact that the organic compounds used in this experiment had a relatively wide range in terms of various structural and chemical properties; the digestion methods used for the heavy and micronutrient elements in these compounds had a relatively specific trend in terms of the extraction potential of these elements. In general, in the case of heavy metals, cadmium, lead, and chromium, nitric acid + perchloric acid, and then dry digestion method, had the best efficiency in extracting these elements. For the other elements including nickel, cobalt, copper, manganese, zinc, and iron, sulfosalicylic acid was the most effective in extracting these elements from compost samples.
Original Article
Farhad Misaghi; Zeinab Bigdeli; Mostafa Razzaghmanesh
Abstract
Background: Urbanization in the world is increasing and the world's urban population is becoming denser in cities. One of the effects of urbanization is to increase the percentage of impermeable surfaces in these areas. Today, many important cities in the world, to reduce the effects of their city development ...
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Background: Urbanization in the world is increasing and the world's urban population is becoming denser in cities. One of the effects of urbanization is to increase the percentage of impermeable surfaces in these areas. Today, many important cities in the world, to reduce the effects of their city development on the quality and quantity of runoff, pay attention to the concept of sustainable development and use modern green management technologies, including the Best Management Practices (BMP) and Low Impact Development (LID) methods. Green roof is a multi-layer system that covers the roof and balcony of a building with vegetation and absorbs and retains part of the rain, and affects the processes of evapotranspiration, treatment, volume and intensity of runoff peak runoff. Reduces the dimensions of the downstream drainage system and improves the quality of the climate, preserves the beauty of the city and prevents wastage of building energy.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as a field experiment in the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan. The test period was from April to August 2018. In this study, the effect of using superabsorbent (zeolite) on water uptake and retention, maximum and minimum runoff volume, drainage volume, sedimentation and runoff time of rainfall at rainfall intensities of 35, 45, 55, 65 and 75 mm/hr on a green roof with a slope of 5% has been studied in cold dry climates.Results and Discussion: Accordingly, with increasing rainfall intensity, runoff volume also increases and runoff volume in barren soil is more than other treatments and its downward trend is soil containing 1% zeolite, soil containing 3% zeolite and cultivated soil, respectively. Also, the volume of drainage increased with increasing rainfall intensity and the highest amount of drainage volume belongs to barren soil. Sediment measured in runoff also increases with increasing rainfall intensity in treatments other than grass treatment.Conclusion: Barren soil has a very high runoff volume due to the closure of its surface layers and clogged pores. Addition of zeolite to the soil significantly reduced runoff volume and retained more water than barren soil. The rate of soil erosion was high in 1% zeolite and the lowest rate of erosion was in grass. In barren soils, infiltration is low, and runoff flows rapidly, but with the addition of zeolite to the soil, runoff start time is 3 % longer.
Original Article
Hamid Hajizadeh; Asghar Fallah; sare hoseini
Abstract
Background and purpose: The forest ecosystem, as a valuable natural resource, provides various functions and services for human beings, which the maintenance of it should be the main goal of human activities. Therefore, nowadays, the study and analysis of the attitudes and behaviors of native communities ...
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Background and purpose: The forest ecosystem, as a valuable natural resource, provides various functions and services for human beings, which the maintenance of it should be the main goal of human activities. Therefore, nowadays, the study and analysis of the attitudes and behaviors of native communities to conserve forest ecosystem become very important due to their environmental problems and challenges. Therefore, the purpose of the study is investigating and analyses the attitude and environmental behavior of native communities in edges of Shiadeh and Diva forests of Babol city in Mazandaran Provence. Materials and methods: This research is an applied research that in terms of nature and method is part of descriptive analytical research based on survey. In this study for collecting information used documentary and field methods. The statistical population of the study included 150 native households in the villages along the Shiadeh and Diva forests who benefited from the services of the forest ecosystem of the region. The instrument of the study was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a number of forestry experts and its items reliability achieved using Cronbach's alpha test. In the study, a single sample t-test used to analyze data. Socio-economic variables in this study included eight variables: age, marriage, gender, occupation, household size, education, cost and income.Results and discussion: In this study, the reliability of the questionnaire items was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test (0.87%), which shows its reliability. Also, the results of a survey of respondents' interest to the biosphere value attitude of respondents towards forest ecosystem services showed that 80.67% of the respondents had a positive view of environmental issues and 79.20% of the subjects had an altruistic view of environmental issues and 24.84% of the respondents had a selfish view of environmental issues. Also, 82.62% of native communities were willing to conserve the services of the forest ecosystem in the region. The results of data analysis showed that among the items of biosphere value attitude, altruistic, selfish and conservative, " Forests and rangeland level of the country is decreasing", " My family cares to the environment, especially the forests", " I do not have enough financial potential to pay for the conservation of the Shiadeh and Diva forests" and " to conserve the environment, I warn others and abide by forest conservation laws" items took the first rank respectively. Also, the results of one-sample t-test for the environmentalist attitude of native communities showed that respondents with conservative and selfish attitudes had the highest and lowest average behaviors, respectively.Conclusion: According to the results, the conservation value attitude in the research area has a higher average than other value attitudes. This indicates that native communities the environment and surrounding resources belong to themselves and strive to conserve.Keywords: Rural Communities, Environmental Behavior, Shiadeh, Diva, New Environmental Attitude
Original Article
Hadi Dordaneh; Zia Badehian
Abstract
Introduction: The Zagros forests, which are one of Iran's most important forest ecosystems, contain a diversified vegetation that includes trees, shrubs, and herb-layer species. Identification and precise knowledge of their ecological role in this ecosystem can help in natural resources protection and ...
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Introduction: The Zagros forests, which are one of Iran's most important forest ecosystems, contain a diversified vegetation that includes trees, shrubs, and herb-layer species. Identification and precise knowledge of their ecological role in this ecosystem can help in natural resources protection and sustainable development. In order to study the effects of physiographic factors (aspect, slope and elevation) on the woody plants species diversity and also soil carbon stock in the central Zagros, the maple tree (Acer monspessulanum Var. cinerscens ) forest in Hashtadpahlu region which located in Lorestan was selected.Material and methods: Within the forest, 37 circular plots, each measuring 1000 m2, were placed in a systematic-random for this purpose. Richness and diversity indices were calculated for woody species within plots. Soil samples were taken from a depth of 0-30 cm to measure the quantity of carbon stock in the soil and the value of soil organic carbon and bulk density for soil samples were measured.Results and discussion: In this forest, 11 different woody plant species (trees and shrubs) from seven different families were investigated. The results showed that the highest diversity of shrub species was observed in northern aspect and the lower slopes (Class of %5-20), while the elevation has no significant effect on the shrub diversity. Also, the physiographic factors had no significant effect on shrub species richness and tree species diversity and richness. The most soil carbon stock was measured in the eastern aspect while the other physiographic factors had no significant effect on carbon stock. The reduced carbon supply on the northern slopes relative to the rest of the slopes could be owing to heavy grazing, low density and poor vegetative quality of wood species, reduction of tree litter and other plant species and climatic conditions in this slope. As a result, the most important factors impacting the number of species diversity indices in the Acer forest are the aspect and slope.Conclusion: The richness and diversity of wood species in the Acer sp. forest are appropriate. and physiographic factors have played an important role in the values of their indices. Physiographic parameters have an impact on the carbon stock of the soil. As a result, environmental variables should be considered in the management of Zagros forests due to its extensive distribution.
Original Article
Soolmaz Shamsaie; Mozhgan Ahmadi Nadoushan; Ahmad Jalalian
Abstract
IntroductionIndustrialization, urbanization, and population growth are considered as the main causes of urban air pollution that is responsible for millions of deaths per year worldwide. Besides, the impact of urban air pollution on health is considerable. Respiratory, lung diseases, and heart attacks ...
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IntroductionIndustrialization, urbanization, and population growth are considered as the main causes of urban air pollution that is responsible for millions of deaths per year worldwide. Besides, the impact of urban air pollution on health is considerable. Respiratory, lung diseases, and heart attacks are largely due to urban air pollution. However, there is a lack of air pollution monitoring stations (hereafter simply stations) in most cities worldwide because of their high expenses, and, thus, access to high spatial and temporal coverage of air pollutants and their distribution is limited. To address this issue, the main purpose of this study was to estimate CO concentration in Isfahan, Iran, based on air pollution monitoring stations and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data from 2018 to 2019. Materials and methodsIn the present work, we used ANFIS and Random Forest (RF) algorithms to estimate the CO concentration level. To implement the ANFIS algorithm, based on collected air pollution data from the stations and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) data from MODIS imagery, the basic fuzzy rules were extracted. Further, with the integration of fuzzy rules and artificial neural network algorithm, ANFIS algorithm was implemented to model the dispersion of CO level in Isfahan city. To model the dispersion of CO using the RF algorithm, air pollution data and AOD data were used. Since the number of trees and the number of variables in each node are two basic parameters in the success of the RF algorithm, a 10-fold cross-validation method was used to identify value for these two variables.Results and discussionOur findings indicated that the RF algorithm was more efficient and accurate in spatial modeling the dispersion of CO because it achieved better RMSE and MAE results than the ANFIS algorithm. The RMSE error value of the RF and ANFIS algorithms were 0.724 and 0.809 ppm, respectively. Furthermore, the MAE error value of the RF and ANFIS algorithms were 0.636 and 0.792 ppm, respectively. In the case of spatial dispersion of CO pollutants, the ANFIS algorithm showed that the amount of this pollutant varies in the city. For example, the central and northern regions of Isfahan had the most pollution and the eastern and western regions of Isfahan had the least pollution based on the ANFIS algorithm. Regarding the RF algorithm, it was observed that by moving from the southeast to the northwest of Isfahan, the amount of CO pollutant increases, and the northwestern regions of Isfahan had the highest CO pollution. The examination of numerical values obtained from the ANFIS algorithm showed that the lowest amount of CO pollution in Isfahan city was equal to 1.43 ppm and the highest amount was 2.13 ppm. In contrast, obtained results from the RF algorithm showed that the lowest amount of CO pollution in the city was equal to 0.57 ppm and the highest amount was 2.27 ppm.ConclusionOverall, it can be concluded that since ANFIS and RF algorithms are appropriate and accurate methods in modeling environmental problems due to their nonlinear modeling, the ability to reduce the negative effects of outgoing data, and less sensitivity to the local minimum problem. It should be noted that a significant part of the error observed in the results of ANFIS and RF methods was related to the intrinsic properties of MODIS imagery (i.e., cloud cover and mixed pixel problem due to the coarse resolution of MODIS imagery), point measurements of air pollution data collected from the stations, and recorded data error at the stations.
Original Article
Mina Mohajer; Niloufar NezhadMoghaddam Zanjani
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroduction. All people (natural as well as legal persons) are responsible for environmental protection. This means that any person obliges to compensate for the damages which is called legal responsibility. In this article the inner relation between civil liability and social responsibility ...
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Extended AbstractIntroduction. All people (natural as well as legal persons) are responsible for environmental protection. This means that any person obliges to compensate for the damages which is called legal responsibility. In this article the inner relation between civil liability and social responsibility in context of environmental responsibility is explored. Materials and Methods. This research is conducted qualitatively by context analysis approach. National as well as international documents related to civil liability, corporate social responsibility and environmental responsibility of natural and legal persons and their interconnections were defined and evaluated by library studies. To explore the relation between environmental civil liability and social responsibility, their parameters were analyzed separately and their districts, objectives and principals were analyzed comparatively. To understand the relationship between environmental civil liability and social responsibility, first they were explained and analyzed separately; then, in terms of territory, goals, customary practice and pillars, an analytical comparison is made between these two responsibilities and in each section, it is stated which of the logical relations is established between them.Results and Discussion. Earth is the only living ecosystem, and due to the interaction between the main elements of life, the destruction and pollution of each elements of the environment, human life is in great danger. Results showed that there is obvious a logical relation between civil liability and social responsibility in which there are some common features between them in term of considering social values. However, there are differences between these two responsibilities in which civil liability is merely considering present needs and values, while social responsibility considers present and future generations simultaneously. Conclusion. There is a structural difference between civil liability and social responsibility in context of environmental protection in which civil liability as a branch of legal responsibility is going to improve social life, while social responsibility is seeking to upgrade human-environment relation to protect the environment. In civil liability, the main objective is to compensate damages to persons and assets, while social responsibility emphasizes to prevent environmental damage.
Original Article
Amin Fathi Taperasht; Hossein Shafizadeh-Moghadam; Mahdi Kouchakzadeh
Abstract
Background and purpose: The climate of an area over a long period is called the climate. Climate identification and classification have long been of interest to meteorologists. Researchers have classified the earth into homogeneous climatic zones using different methods and climatic variables such as ...
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Background and purpose: The climate of an area over a long period is called the climate. Climate identification and classification have long been of interest to meteorologists. Researchers have classified the earth into homogeneous climatic zones using different methods and climatic variables such as rainfall and temperature. They have used the results of climate zoning to assess water scarcity and water resources on a small and large scale to anticipate practical measures to control drought in vulnerable areas. The purpose of this study is to update and analyze the Spatio-temporal analysis of Iran's climatic classification based on the Domarten index and the Mann-Kendall test. Because in studies based on climate classification maps, up-to-date maps can better help understand the study area.Materials and Methods: For this study, data related to temperature and precipitation variables were extracted monthly from 153 synoptic stations from 1995-2019 from the Meteorological Organization of Iran. First, the data of average annual temperature and total annual precipitation were obtained from monthly data and then, using isothermal and isothermal maps, were obtained using the kriging model. The final climate zoning map was prepared using the De-Martonne index based on rainfall and temperature. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test was also used to evaluate the significance or non-significance of the De-Martonne climate index and determine the trend.Results and Discussion: The results showed that based on the Kriging model, R2 and RMSE for precipitation data were 0.58 and 167.51 mm, respectively, and for the data were 0.83 and 2.23 ° C, respectively. This indicates better performance of the model for temperature data. This is related to the high variance of precipitation data in the country. Iran's climatic zoning based on the De-Martonne index showed six main climatic types in Iran. Most of the area of Iran is an arid climate and then a semi-arid climate. The study results showed that arid climate is 76.40%, the semi-arid climate is 19.65%, and other climates make up less than 4% of the area of Iran. Also, the area of arid and semi-arid climates with an area of 96.05% of the area of Iran has increased compared to previous research, which may be due to reduced rainfall and increased temperature. Also, the results of the Mann-Kendall test showed that Khorramdareh, Miyaneh, Ramsar, Boroujerd, Piranshahr, Tabriz, and Bijar stations have a significant upward trend (wetting trend), and Dezful, Malayer, Sabzevar, Bandar Anzali, Tehran (Mehrabad), Tehran (Shemiran), Qazvin and Dushan Tappeh stations have a significant downward trend (drying trend) at the level of 5%.Conclusion: This study showed that Iran has six climatic regions, including; The climate is arid, semi-arid, Mediterranean, semi-humid, humid, and very humid. Also, comparing the results with the results of research done by other researchers in the past showed that the area of arid and semi-arid climates in the study period has increased compared to previous periods. Also, 14% of stations with a downtrend (8 stations) have a significant downtrend, and 7% of stations with an uptrend (7 stations) have a significant uptrend at 95%.
Original Article
Fatemeh Sepahvand; Karim Naderi Mahdei; Saeed Gholamrezai; Masoud Bijani
Abstract
Introduction: In Iran, out of 88.5 billion water resources, about 83 billion cubic meters or 93.5% is allocated to the agricultural sector and therefore agriculture is the largest consumer of water. Increasing population, increasing cultivation area, and agricultural production have increased the consumption ...
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Introduction: In Iran, out of 88.5 billion water resources, about 83 billion cubic meters or 93.5% is allocated to the agricultural sector and therefore agriculture is the largest consumer of water. Increasing population, increasing cultivation area, and agricultural production have increased the consumption of these resources. Eventually, increased consumption leads to a decrease in the water table and drainage of aquifers. Statistics show that many of the plains are currently in crisis. Romeshkan plain is one of the plains which has faced a significant reduction of resources in the recent decades. The purpose of this study was to develop the strategies for the sustainable management of water resources in this plain. Romeshkan plain is a forbidden plain, but there are still many exploitations in it. Crops are planted in this plain that need a lot of water.Materials and methods: The present study is an applied and descriptive research (non- Experimental). This research has investigated the strategies of sustainable management of groundwater resources in Romeshkan plain using the Fuzzy Delphi technique. The sample size was 28 faculty members, experts, , and farmers in Khorramabad and Romeshkan. The sample size was estimated using the purposeful snowball sampling method. Secondary data were also obtained from government departments to identify and describe the Romeshkan plain. Data on water resources of Romeshkan plain were required. These data show how much water resources have dwindled over the last three decades.Results and discussion: The results showed that despite the criticality of the Romeshkan plain, the livelihood of rural communities is mainly dependent on the agricultural sector. Also, hydrophilic crops are widely cultivated. In this plain, the structure of supply and exploitation of water resources is traditional. The agricultural lands of this plain do not have a new irrigation system. The results of this research show 5 types of strategies (economic, technological, environmental, policy-oriented, and social). The priority of the strategies has been to "develop sustainable rural employment." This will certainly require "human development of water-related actors and empowerment of rural communities." "Developing the right technologies", which was another strategy, could also help reform the traditional structure of supply and consumption of these resources. Conclusion: Now the conditions of Romeshkan plain are critical. The results of this study showed that sustainable management of groundwater resources in this plain will not be achieved solely based on technological strategies. And economic, social, policy and environmental strategies must also be considered. Reform of the water consumption structure should be considered in parallel with the development of non-agricultural employment. Because the development of employment reduces the pressure on these resources.
Original Article
Hamid Reza Rahmani; Zahra Khanmohammadi
Abstract
Introduction: Vegetables are the main food of the world's population, especially in developing countries. Currently, many vegetables, especially leafy vegetables, have a high percentage of nitrate due to the overuse of nitrogen fertilizers to accelerate vegetative growth. Many researches have been done ...
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Introduction: Vegetables are the main food of the world's population, especially in developing countries. Currently, many vegetables, especially leafy vegetables, have a high percentage of nitrate due to the overuse of nitrogen fertilizers to accelerate vegetative growth. Many researches have been done on nitrate accumulation in crops worldwide, because of the harmful effects of excess nitrate in edible plants for humans and live stocks. Due to the necessity of such studies in country as well as the control of nitrate concentration in leafy vegetable and cucurbits, this study was done to investigate and monitor the nitrate concentration in some leafy vegetables and cucurbits (cucumber, tomato, potato, eggplant, pepper, onion, scallion and leafy vegetables) produced in some greenhouse and farms of Isfahan province. Materials and Methods: In this study 142 different leafy vegetables (coriander, basil, chives, parsley, garden cress, dill, tarragon, mint, fenugreek) and cucurbits (fruit vegetables) including (cucumber, tomato, eggplant, pepper, onion, scallion and potato in coarse and fine sizes) collected from greenhouses and agricultural fields of Isfahan, Dorcheh, Falavarjan, Tiran, Dastgerd, Dehaghan and their surroundings. Nitrate content of plant samples was measured by spectrophotometer based on colorimetric method after reduction and production of aminoazo color complex. Then the nitrate concentration in the samples was compared with the maximum allowable nitrate concentration in agricultural products provided by the National Standard Organization of Iran.Results and discussion: The results showed that the mean concentration of nitrate in cucumber samples was 1.48 times more than the Iranian National Standardization Organization (90 mg kg-1 of fresh weight); whereas the mean concentration of nitrate in potato, tomato and pepper samples was lower than the standard limits provided by National Iranian Standards Organization (170., 150 and 200 mg kg-1 of fresh weight respectively). The mean concentration of nitrate in fine sizes of potato, tomato and pepper was more than nitrate concentration in coarse sizes. Between the studied cucurbits, the highest and lowest average nitrate concentration were observed in cucumber and tomato respectively. Also the average nitrate concentration in cucumber skin was 16.7 times more than the mean nitrate concentration of its fruit. In general, the mean concentration of nitrate in leafy vegetables was more than the Iranian National Standardization Organization (1000 mg kg-1 of fresh weight). Between the studied leafy vegetables, the average concentration of nitrate in mint (457 mg kg-1 of fresh weight), fenugreek (262 mg kg-1 of fresh weight) and tarragon (695 mg kg-1 of fresh weight) was just lower than the Iranian National Standardization Organization. The others leafy vegetables probably have nitrate limitation for consumption. Conclusion: According to the results, it seems that fruit size is not a suitable criterion for plant nitrate content and the management aspects of farms play a major role in plant nitrate content. On the other hand, the changes of nitrate content in the farms are very high, so it cannot be clearly stated that the consumption of vegetables is restricted in terms of nitrate content. However, it seems that the consumption of vegetables produced in the studied areas may be restricted for consumers’ health in some cases.
Original Article
Alireza Amolikondori; Mohammad Feizian
Abstract
Introduction: Diverse gap sizes have formed in temperate Hyrcanian forests as a result of different silvicultural operations. Understanding the consequences of these practices on forest stand dynamics can help in deciding the choice of silvicultural methods. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to ...
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Introduction: Diverse gap sizes have formed in temperate Hyrcanian forests as a result of different silvicultural operations. Understanding the consequences of these practices on forest stand dynamics can help in deciding the choice of silvicultural methods. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of canopy gaps on the carbon stock of beech trees and compare it with the adjacent stand and also the interaction between tree attributes and their carbon stock. Material and methods: The created gaps from single-tree cutting were classified in three classes of small, medium and large area with five replicates for each. Trees were also identified in the adjacent forest to each gap at a distance of 20 m from four directions of them. Tree height, DBH, surface area, volume, length, diameter of crown and carbon stock of trees were measured. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the average carbon stock index of beech trees in canopy gaps and in different situations as well as for large diameter trees. Independent t-test was applied to compare the average carbon storage in the height classes of the trees and also between the adjacent forest stands with the canopy edges. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation between the index of carbon stock amount with some structural features of beech trees in the edge of the canopy gaps and the adjacent forest stand.Results and Discussion: The findings revealed that the carbon stock of beech trees along the gaps' edges differed significantly (p≤0.05). No significant difference in carbon stock was observed for beech trees among different directions at the edge of the gaps (p≤0.05). There was no significant difference between the mean value carbon storage of trees at the edge of the gaps and the adjacent forest (p≤0.05). The highest mean of carbon was observed in the large-sized trees (3725.28 ± 584.49) at the large gaps. The results of correlation showed that with increasing DBH, height, length and diameter of the crown and the volume of the crown, the amount of carbon storage of trees increased at the edge of the gaps and also in the adjacent forest (p≤0.01). Conclusion: Findings indicate the effect of canopy gap area resulting from the implementation of single-tree selection method in beech forest. The correlation between the structural characteristics of beech trees such as DBH, height and crown area with carbon stock shows that when applying silvicultural methods (tending and logging) in Hyrcanian forests, structural characteristics Beech trees, especially the abundance of large-sized trees, should be considered with more carbon stocks in them.
Original Article
kimia fotovvat; leila khazini; Yousefali Abedini; Mohammadreza Yousefi
Abstract
IntroductionToday, with the expansion of the activity of industrial units, the concentration of pollutants in the air has increased and humans are exposed to them through inhalation, ingestion and dermal absorption. Among all pollutants, heavy metals have received a great deal of attention from environmentalists ...
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IntroductionToday, with the expansion of the activity of industrial units, the concentration of pollutants in the air has increased and humans are exposed to them through inhalation, ingestion and dermal absorption. Among all pollutants, heavy metals have received a great deal of attention from environmentalists due to their toxic nature. High concentrations of heavy metals in the environment can increase the risk of adverse effects on human health. Activity of copper casting units and its alloys made Naji Industrial Town of Zanjan as a main source of heavy metals in the atmosphere; therefore, evaluating the concentration and health effects of heavy metals emitted from the town is of particular importance.Materials and methodsTo evaluate the concentration and health effects of heavy metals emittion from the industrial units of Naji Industrial Town, sampling of total suspended particles in the town and its adjacent areas (10 stations) was performed in January and May 2021. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to identify heavy metals. In this analysis identified heavy metals silver, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, antimony, vanadium and zinc. The risk of cancer and non-cancerous diseases due to respiration, ingestion and skin absorption of heavy metals in total suspended particles is also evaluated for both age groups of children and adults.Results and discussion The concentrations of detected heavy metals were compared with national ambient air quality standards. The concentration of chromium and iron in all stations within Naji Industrial Town is higher than the standard level. Also, the concentrations of silver, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, antimony, vanadium and zinc in all stations adjacent to the Industrial Town is higher than the standard. The results of assessing the risk of non-cancerous diseases by exposure to heavy metals in total suspended particles, both in winter and spring, showed that exposure to heavy metals in all stations does not pose a risk to public health. The highest risk of cancer in winter and spring was due to exposure to the arsenic (at station 2, inside the industrial town) and cadmium (at station 4, inside the industrial town), respectively. In spring, the risk of cancer due to exposure to arsenic and cadmium was higher in all stations except Station 2 than in winter. However, in the spring, the risk of cancer in all stations was lower than in the winter. The risk index values for the age group of children are higher than the age group of adults; therefore, children are more at risk for various types of cancer and non-cancerous diseases while exposing to heavy metals in the air.ConclusionThe results of the assessment of exposure to heavy metals released from Naji Industrial Town on human health show that the risk of non-cancerous diseases does not threat the people of the study area; but the risk of cancer caused by the arsenic and cadmium is high at most of the stations surveyed.AcknowledgementThis study was conducted with the financial support of the Small Industries and Industrial Towns Organization of Iran. We appreciate the support and cooperation of this organization. We are also grateful for the sincere cooperation of the agents of Naji Industrial Town of Zanjan and the Environmental Protection Organization of Zanjan Province.
Original Article
Mohammad Javad Amiri; Hamid Jourkesh; Ahmad Nohegar
Abstract
Introduction: Flood is caused by a sudden increase in the water level of a river due to heavy rainfall, in which excess water flows out of the basin and the riverbed and enters adjacent areas, causing extensive damage to the region's ecosystems and infrastructure. In order to determine and implement ...
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Introduction: Flood is caused by a sudden increase in the water level of a river due to heavy rainfall, in which excess water flows out of the basin and the riverbed and enters adjacent areas, causing extensive damage to the region's ecosystems and infrastructure. In order to determine and implement a strategic plan in the direction of crisis management, understanding the mechanism and development of the flood phenomenon and the amount of runoff created as a result is a priority.Material and methods: In this study, three events of flood on 16 February 2017, 26 March, 2019 and 23 January 2020, when the average rainfall in the Shiraz watershed was 100 mm every three days, were selected and interacted with a synoptic approach. Atmospheric conditions and flood patterns were identified. Next, using by HEC-HMS hydrological model, the amount of rainfall to runoff conversion in each of the sub-basins in the Shiraz watershed was simulated.Results and discussion: The results showed that the maximum precipitation occurs in February and the minimum in July. The maximum annual rainfall is 627 mm in the mountainous areas of Qalat and Golestan and the minimum is 245 mm in Maharloo lake. Synoptic results showed that the establishment of low altitude and cold-water trough at the level of 500 hPa in the eastern Mediterranean along with the establishment of dynamic low pressure system in Iran caused surface air instability in Fars province and by injecting moisture from the Persian Gulf to the massif. The weather has caused floods in Shiraz. The results of rainfall-runoff modeling showed that the highest runoff in Sadra and Qalat sub-basins were 5773 and 5076 thousand m3, respectively, and the maximum peak discharge in Sadra and Qalat was 666 and 389 m3/sec, respectively. It happened at 17:00. The highest volume of rainfall penetration in Qalat and Chenar Rahdar was 5423 and 2546 thousand cubic meters, respectively, and the lowest level of penetration in the Quran Gate was 247 thousand m3, the main reason being the high density of residential-commercial use in this sub-basin.Conclusion: Therefore, it is suggested that in order to manage the flood crisis in Shiraz, controlling runoff produced in northern sub-basins such as Qalat, Golestan and Sadra and increasing the level of permeability can be effective in controlling floods.
Original Article
Ehsan Malekipour; MohammadHossein Sharifzadegan
Abstract
Introduction: The transaction cost (TC) -rooted in institutional economics-related to the concept of efficiency. One of the tasks of planners is promoting the efficiency of planning process. Thus identification of effective factors of producing TC -including searching information, negotiation, creating ...
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Introduction: The transaction cost (TC) -rooted in institutional economics-related to the concept of efficiency. One of the tasks of planners is promoting the efficiency of planning process. Thus identification of effective factors of producing TC -including searching information, negotiation, creating and application of monitoring mechanisms- is important. Because through this, planners can rely on institutional design of governance structures to reduce TC. In this regard, from 1990 efforts has begun in urban planning in the word. Many key actors including citizens are engaged with detailed plans in Iran’s planning system. The aim of present article is reducing the transaction costs of Isfahan’s detailed plan for different actors through introducing the effective factors on creating TC in the plan, determining the key factors among them, and developing possible scenarios with high consistency for governance structure of the plan in order to pave the way for redesigning this process.Materials and methods: The research is a case study. Its data collection and data analysis methods are qualitative and quantitative, thus can be called a mixed method research. Effective factors on TC were determined through thematic analysis of interviews conducted with key actors of detailed plan by using Atlas ti. The questionnaire of cross impact matrix were filled by experts and their data was analysis using structural analysis and MicMac method in order to determine five key factors/descriptors among all. For each key factor, various variants considered. Based on the experts’ opinion about the impact of these variants on each other as the input of ScenarioWizard possible scenarios with high consistency were developed for governance structure of detailed plan. Results and discussion: As preparing detailed plan encompasses both searching and information costs and also bargaining and decision costs to reach an acceptable agreement with other parties about land development rights, whole the costs of preparing a detailed plan are TC. The costs of monitoring the plan such as costs related to article 100 of municipality law, are also TC. Effecting factors in creating TC in the process of Isfahan detailed plan are categorized in three broad themes of institutional environment, quality of governance, and capital. These three categories include 23 effective factors among which 5 factors of rules and regulations, bureaucracy, trust between actors, level of participation and access to information are recognized as key factors/descriptors. Considering different variants devoted to these factors, three scenarios with high consistency were developed for governance structure of detailed plan. One of these scenario is toward less concentration and the others is seeking more concentration in planning system.Conclusion: Comparing the effective factors of TC resulted from this research with that of theoretical background shows although there are differences in categorizing and naming the factors but their nature is the same. The key effective factors were identified through expert panel, among the total effective factors, are mostly related to implementation, monitoring and revision phases of detailed plan, in contrary to producing phase. Scenariowriting process for governance structure of detailed plan to reduce its TC in and conducting institutional design in a systematic and understandable way in this research, in compare with similar researches merely analyzing TC, fill the present gap in the body of knowledge. In three developed scenarios the variants of each five variables/descriptors are in one direction, forming a completely concentrated or deconcentrated scenario. Such a situation emphasizes this realty that the governance of urban land use is possible through patterns or systems formed of consistent elements and follows a unified logic. These patterns are either toward more concentration or deconcentration in planning system which has a historic background in present era in different cities.
Original Article
zahra jafari; Amir Salemi
Abstract
AbstractIntroduction: Reaction of disinfection reagents, particularly chlorine, with natural organic material existing in raw water, results in production of a wide range of organic compounds, also known as disinfection byproducts. Despite their sever impacts on human health, only a tiny fraction of ...
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AbstractIntroduction: Reaction of disinfection reagents, particularly chlorine, with natural organic material existing in raw water, results in production of a wide range of organic compounds, also known as disinfection byproducts. Despite their sever impacts on human health, only a tiny fraction of disinfection byproducts is regulated and controlled.Materials and methods: In the present work, a novel solid-phase microextraction Arrow coupled with GC-MS has been developed, optimized and implemented for determination of seven non regulated disinfection byproducts; trichloroacetonitrile, dichloroacetonitrile, 1,1-dichloro-2-propanone, chloropicrin, bromochloroacetonitrile, 1,1,1-trichloro-2- propanone and dibromoacetonitrile. A central composite design was used to optimize the extraction parameters. Results and discussion: The method was sensitive enough to detect traces of the target compounds, with LOD values of 1.4-62 ng L-1. Also, quantitative analysis was possible over a wide linear range of about four orders of magnitude (50 to 100000 ng L-1 with R2 values of more than 0.997) with reasonable precision (RSD% values of less than 21.6% at 50 ng L-1. relative recoveries were between 60 and 95 %.Conclusion: The optimized technique was also successfully implemented for determination of the target compounds in ten drinking water samples and as result, most of them were observed in various concentration levels.
Original Article
Mir Javad Gheybi; sajjad chehreghani; Mahdieh azimi youshanlouie; Zahra Darvishi Qulunji
Abstract
Investigation of landfill environmental effects utilizing rapid assessment matrix method (RIAM), a case study of the municipal waste landfill, Urmia cityAbstractBackground and purpose: With the uncontrolled population growth, the safe disposal of waste is a major problem for metropolises. The issue of ...
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Investigation of landfill environmental effects utilizing rapid assessment matrix method (RIAM), a case study of the municipal waste landfill, Urmia cityAbstractBackground and purpose: With the uncontrolled population growth, the safe disposal of waste is a major problem for metropolises. The issue of landfills and their location is at the end of the waste disposal life cycle. Waste burial is the most common method of disposal in urban communities of Iran and other countries of the world. Therefore, its environmental impact assessment is very important to reduce the negative environmental impact. Therefore, in this study, the environmental effects of the Urmia landfill utilizing the RIAM method were evaluated.Materials and Methods: In this study, to assess the environmental impact, field information was collected from the landfill of Urmia city. Then, the effect of different activities in the project was evaluated utilizing the RIAM method. Also, important and influential factors have been classified by a group of environmental experts into four sections: physical-chemical, biological-ecological, cultural-social, and economic-operational. Each factor is scored based on the importance of the situation and the time value. The scoring method is such that via multiplying the criteria related to the importance of the situation, the total value of this criteria is determined. Also, for the provisional value criteria, its sub-criteria are summed. After obtaining these criteria, by multiplying these two criteria, the environmental score (ES) of the project is calculated.Results and Discussion: Based on the study, it was observed that the highest negative score for biological-ecological components was -402 if the disposal continued in this way. Also, the lowest negative score amongst other available components for economic-operational components is equal to -109. The only positive point is related to the socio-cultural components which are part of subsistence. Also, the score for physical-chemical components and socio-cultural components were -351 and -114, respectively. The reasons for these negative scores are the lack of proper attention to the volume of waste produced by the people, the lack of leachate treatment system, the lack of vegetation in the municipal waste landfill, unprincipled, and unsanitary waste burial, transportation distance, and so on. Disposal operations with the current method, in addition to creating environmental pollution, are also very costly. Most of the cost in this method is spent on transportation, manpower and excavation, and earthmoving operations. In addition to these financial costs, unfortunately, in recent years, with the disappearance of agricultural lands around the municipal landfill, people have migrated from the surrounding villages. This causes a lot of pollution and prevents the conversion and recycling of waste.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that if waste disposal operations continue in the same trend, irreparable environmental damage will be inflicted on the region's ecosystem. To prevent these damages, it is necessary to provide practical solutions and in the management, the department reviews the continuation of this method. Also, due to the landfill reaching its limit and waste disposal operations nearing an end, it is suggested that if a new place for waste disposal is selected, it should be based on studies such as geology, botany, geotechnics, etc. It also seems that the establishment of a waste recycling plant can be a great help in reducing the volume of waste.
Original Article
Balal Oroji
Abstract
Introduction: Implementing control plans, monitoring, and formulating traffic and management laws requires obtaining basic information about the origin of particles, physicochemical properties, and their behavior in the atmosphere. Gathering this information requires studying the various dimensions of ...
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Introduction: Implementing control plans, monitoring, and formulating traffic and management laws requires obtaining basic information about the origin of particles, physicochemical properties, and their behavior in the atmosphere. Gathering this information requires studying the various dimensions of the nature of particles, most of which will not be directly possible. The challenge of air pollution in the metropolis of Tehran requires fundamental studies, and in this study, we tried to present new dimensions of physicochemical and fundamental properties of atmospheric particles in Tehran.Materials and Methods: The particle collection process to evaluate their concentration and chemical composition was performed by a high volume sampler for 1 to 24 hours and an average flow of 1.7 m3/min on fiberglass filters. Also, to determine the aerodynamic diameter distribution of the particles, a cascade sampler (Anderson impactor) with a flow of 28.3.3 L/min was used for 72 hours to 7 days. After sampling, the samples were prepared to determine the total concentration and aerodynamic distribution in the laboratory.Results and Discussion: The results showed that the mean particle concentration during the sampling period was 118.6 ± 11.9 µg/m3. During the sampling period, the highest concentration of collected particles was 154.61 ± 22.1 and the lowest was 129/12 ± 23.15 µg/m3. The results of SEM analysis of the collected samples showed that the particles were present in a spherical, irregular, fibrous shape as well as crystalline shape. The predominant elements in these samples are K, Ca, Cl and Fe, which are found in combination with Ti, Zn. Cluster-like and amorphous structures rich in O, Zn, Mg, Fe, K, Si, and Na were observed in particles with dimensions of 2 to 7 micrometers.Conclusion: According to the results and comparison with other work done in this field, more particulate matter is emitted during fuel combustion processes by industry and urban transportation. Larger particles are also produced and emitted by vehicles, construction, and industry during human activities such as road dust.
Original Article
Fahimeh Rashidabadi; Asghar Abdoli
Abstract
Quantitative assessment of fish abundance is the basis of scientific research and management of their population. Demographic studies of stream-dwelling salmonids have shown that variation in their abundance s on a spatio-temporal scale is common, and brown trout populations are no exception. Understanding ...
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Quantitative assessment of fish abundance is the basis of scientific research and management of their population. Demographic studies of stream-dwelling salmonids have shown that variation in their abundance s on a spatio-temporal scale is common, and brown trout populations are no exception. Understanding this variation is crucial for several reasons, including designing and interpreting environmental impact assessment studies and monitoring fishery management strategies. The present study aimed to estimate the spatial and temporal variations in the density of brown trout in some of the Lar National Park streams and investigate the relationship between the density of fish in these streams and the density of benthic invertebrates as their primary food sources. In general, the purpose of this study was to assess the status of trout for conservation planning and better management of its populations in the future against human impacts and climate change. Since the Lar National Park streams are small, fish densities were calculated using the Le Cren depletion method to achieve reliable population estimates. After two removal steps, the total number of fish caught was standardized and expressed as density per 100 m2 of the river channel. To investigate the temporal changes of fish abundance, the study results in 2009 were qualitatively compared with the results of another study in 2017.According to the 2009 results, the highest brown trout density was recorded in the Delichay (44 per 100 m2), Lar (43.2 per 100 m2), and Siah Palas sites (33.4 per 100 m2), respectively, and the lowest density were recorded in the Lar (Kharsang, 10.5 per 100 m2) and Lar (Sorkhak, 11.5 per 100 m2). In 2017, the highest density of trout was documented to Siah Palas (175 per 100 m2), Delichay (Vararo, 118 per 100 m2), and Elam (112 per 100 m2) streams, and the lowest density was recorded in the Delichay (downstream, 48 per 100 m2) and Absefid (49 per 100 m2) streams.The distribution and abundance of stream-dwelling salmons are primarily regulated by food and space. The abundance of brown trout on a local scale indicates variety in quality and habitat access for brown trout in the Lar National Park. We speculated that habitat diversity has influenced the density of brown trout in various streams in the region by affecting the abundance of aquatic invertebrates, which are the main source of prey. However, the results of regression (R2= 0.02, p value = 0.72) and correlation (Spearman, r = 0.24) analyses showed no significant relationship between the density of fish and benthic invertebrates in the Lar National Park streams. Despite the enough abundance of prey in the Lar streams, the fish were low in density. The cause of this incongruence is probably related to the salmon fishing in Lar National Park in the past.Comparing fish densities in 2009 and 2017 showed that the trout density in 2017 had a better condition than the trout density in 2009. Considering that in 2014, the Department of Environment stopped issuing fishing licenses in this area, one of the reasons for the increase in fish density is probably a positive effect of the fishing prohibition on this species.Since brown trout abundances in the Lar National Park streams are spatially-temporally variable, it is necessary to provide reasonable management strategies and continuous monitoring to prevent them from global warming and conserve them in the streams of the Lar National Park. Furthermore, due to climate change and being at risk of other populations of brown trout in different habitats in Iran, this population should be protected as a support population.
Original Article
S. Hajipour; M. Mohammadi Deylamani; M. Momen Zadeh; Mansour Afshar Mohammadian
Abstract
Introduction: Today, with the increase in world population and the subsequent development of industries and factories, the amount of effluents entering the environment, which often contain heavy metals and various other pollutants, is increasing. Heavy metals have devastating effects on plant and animal ...
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Introduction: Today, with the increase in world population and the subsequent development of industries and factories, the amount of effluents entering the environment, which often contain heavy metals and various other pollutants, is increasing. Heavy metals have devastating effects on plant and animal health in various ecosystems. In the process of environmental purification, plants are able to absorb heavy metals and can absorb these pollutants from soil and water and store them in their roots and shoots. Material and methods: In this regard, in order to investigate the uptake and accumulation of heavy metals by plants, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications using vetiver plant. Plants treated with industrial effluent and control plants were irrigated with municipal water. Also, pots containing soil without plants were considered to measure the amount of elements in the soil during the six-month experiment period, they were regularly irrigated with other pots with industrial effluent. In order to investigate the effect of irrigation with effluent on the yield of vetiver plant, after a six-month period of experiment, heavy element analysis and anatomical and physiological studies were performed on plants treated with industrial effluent and control plants. Transfer and accumulation factors, which are two important factors in measuring plant ability for phytoremediation, were also examined. Results and discussion: The results of this study showed that among the most heavy metals in industrial effluents, which included zinc and chromium, most of the mentioned elements were stored in the roots of vetiver and less were collected in the aerial parts. Also, the results of physiological traits experiments showed that the factors of soluble sugars and proline in the treated plants increased compared to the control and the concentration of malondialdehyde in the treated plants decreased compared to the control. The results of root studies in control and treated plants showed that root diameter, central cylinder diameter and number of vascular clusters in treated plants increased compared to control. Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study showed that in the process of absorption of heavy metals, changes were made in some anatomical and physiological traits of treated plants. Examination of transfer and bioaccumulation factors also showed that vetiver has the ability to absorb zinc and chromium through plant stabilization.
Original Article
Mohamad Reza Gili; Davoud Ashourloo; Hosein Aghighi; Ali Akbar Matkan; Alireza SHakiba
Abstract
Introduction:Given that agriculture has the most important role in ensuring food security (Johnston & Kilby,1989), it is necessary to prepare a map that shows the spatial distribution, land area, and type of crops cultivated with high accuracy (Cai et al., 2018). Agricultural land cover is relatively ...
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Introduction:Given that agriculture has the most important role in ensuring food security (Johnston & Kilby,1989), it is necessary to prepare a map that shows the spatial distribution, land area, and type of crops cultivated with high accuracy (Cai et al., 2018). Agricultural land cover is relatively dynamic and variable at relatively short intervals. This makes it difficult to classify crops on satellite imagery (Bargiel, 2017). The lack or absence of ground truth data is another cause. Therefore, methods that are less dependent on ground samples and use phenological features derived from time series of bands and vegetation indices to classify crops will be more appropriate (Ashourloo et al., 2020). The purpose of this study is to use a deep learning method based on convolutional networks to classify the crop types and improve the performance of this network by using feature channels as an input image to the network and increasing the classification accuracy. Materials and methods:In this study, the visible and near-infrared bands of Sentinel-2 satellite on 10 different dates from 2019 for an area in Idaho, USA, as an important agricultural area, and the cropland data layer for extracting the crop types ground labels was used (Han et al., 2012). Then, in MATLAB software, the time series of spectral bands were constructed and using them, temporal profiles of NDVI for any crop were extracted to identify the unique phenological features of crops. Then, the functions developed based on the phenological characteristics of crops were applied to the time series of the bands and a feature channel was obtained for each crop that in two separate processes, once bands and once again feature channels were used as input to the CNN and the network was trained and the results of network performance on crop classification in the test site, were compared.Results and discussion:In the first stage, the time series of bands formed the input of the deep convectional neural network and the network was trained in the training area, using the tempo-spectral information of bands as the input channels and crops ground samples as the related labels. Due to the spectral overlap of the crops in some time periods, network training was associated with a relatively high loss and therefore, for the test area, the overall classification accuracy was 69% (percent) and the kappa coefficient was 0.55. In the next step, the functions that were developed as phenological features for crops were applied on the time series of the bands, and for each crop, a feature channel was obtained as the special feature of that crop. Then the algorithm was implemented using these feature channels in the test area and the overall accuracy was upgraded to 86% and the kappa coefficient to 0.82 compared to which indicated a significant improvement in the results compared to the previous case.Conclusion:The deep convolutional neural network is very sensitive to the type of input channels for detecting agricultural crops and selecting the channels with suitable tempo-spectral characteristics for different types of crops, has a great impact on the accuracy of network training and can reduce the loss of training network and increase its efficiency in the classification of various crops.
Original Article
Hossein Azhdari Bajestani; Saeed Alimohammadi
Abstract
Introduction: Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPL) are the most common types of groundwater pollution. Surfectant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation (SEAR) is one of the most common methods of DNAPL-contaminated aquifer remediation. Due to the high cost of the chemicals used in this method (surfectants or ...
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Introduction: Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPL) are the most common types of groundwater pollution. Surfectant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation (SEAR) is one of the most common methods of DNAPL-contaminated aquifer remediation. Due to the high cost of the chemicals used in this method (surfectants or cosolvents), it is necessary to choose the appropriate wells pattern, and the optimal pumping rates. UTCHEM simulation software has the ability to model the fate and transport of DNAPL and the application of the SEAR method. The main problem with this software is the long time required to run multiple senarioes when using optimization algorithms. The purpose of this study is to use two machine learning methods (Artificial Neural Network and K nearest neighbor) as sorrugate simulation model and imbedding the best one into the LINGO software to optimize the SEAR method. Material and methods: in the implementation of The SEAR method, the quantitative and qualitative aquifer data are required to model how to diffuse, transmit and delete DNAPLs in UTCHEM software. For this purpose information from the Camp Lejeune site in North Carolina, USA were used. In this study, by examining a variety of alternative models based on machine learning methods and implementing 250 different scenarios in UTCHEM software, two models, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method, and k-nearest neighbors (KNN) were used to simulate the SEAR method and developing alternative model. In order to validate the two alternative models, 50 new scenarios were implemented in UTCHEM software and their percentage of removal was obtained. Also, using two alternative models, the percentage of removal of 50 scenarios were determined. in order to evaluate the performance of alternative models , the root mean square error (RMSE) was used and was compared with the results of other researchs. Finally an alternative model with more accuracy was used in LINGO software to optimize the Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation method (SEAR).Results and discussion: RMSE values in the results obtained from alternative models ANN and KNN in the validation stage were 0.67 and 1.66 respectively, which indicates the high accuracy of both alternative models, especially ANN. The average run time of each UTCHEM software in this study was 45 minutes, while in the alternative model it was reduced to a few seconds; LINGO software also examined about 21,500 different scenarios in 30 minutes to determine the optimal scenario, while the time required for this task is more than 16,000 hours if the alternative model is not used. Based on the position and discharge of active wells in the optimum scenario, it was found that firstly the existing wells upstream and downstream of the Pollution have the most impact on the remediation and secondly, the time factor is more effective than the wells pumping discharge in the remediation. The optimized scenario obtained in this study remediates the DNAPL-contaminated area by up to 95% at a lower cost than the costs reported in the Camp Lejeune project over a period of 30 days.Conclusion: Based on the results obtained in this study, it was found that the use of machine learning algorithms such as ANN and KNN, along with LINGO optimization software, which is one of the most powerful software for solving linear and nonlinear optimization problems, in addition to having the right accuracy, significantly reduces the time required to find the optimal scenario.
Original Article
Asghar Abdoli; Maryam Peymani; Seyed Daryoush Moghaddas
Abstract
Introduction: The introduction of invasive fish species into aquatic ecosystems causes various adverse ecological and socio-economic impacts. The first step in analyzing the effects of these species is to identify the risk. Then, different tools have been developed to identify potential invasive species ...
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Introduction: The introduction of invasive fish species into aquatic ecosystems causes various adverse ecological and socio-economic impacts. The first step in analyzing the effects of these species is to identify the risk. Then, different tools have been developed to identify potential invasive species and evaluate potential degree of their invasiveness to support decision-makers in analyzing the invasive risk of these species. This study aimed to assess the invasive potential of the non-native species redbelly tilapia (Coptodon zillii, Gervais 1848) in the Shadegan wetland basin (the Karun and Jarahi catchments) using some of these tools.Materials and methods: The level of risk for C. zillii in the Trinational risk assessment protocol was determined based on the results of the two components "Probability of Establishment" and "Consequences of Establishment". In the German-Austrian Blacklist Information System (GABLIS), the invasive potential of the species was evaluated according to the distribution in the study area. The non-native species was screened by the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit (AS-ISK) model according to the threshold of the assessment area; and the rank of species invasion was calculated based on the probability of species establishment, expansion and environmental effects, using the Harmonia+ method. Also, the climate matching between introduced and native range of the species was carrying out with the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system.Results and discussion: The results of trinational risk assessment indicated that the species posed high potential rank of placing at each step of, introduction, establishment and expansion potential and the possibility of economic and environmental impacts in the study area. The results of the GABLIS protocol showed that the non-native species C. zillii has been widely distributed in the risk assessment area and it placed in blacklist and the subset management list (b3). In the AS-ISK risk assessment, the risk score of the species was 44, that was higher than the tool threshold (22.5) for the study area. This score indicates that this species has a high invasive risk in the wetland. The overall risk score in the Harmonia+ method, which is a function of invasiveness and species impacts, was assessed as high for the redbelly tilapia; based on the results, the risk of establishment and dispersal of this species in the study area is high, and its environmental impacts are significant. Also, there was a high climate match between risk assessment area and the native range of the species in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system. Conclusions: The trinational risk assessment methods, GABLIS, AS-ISK and Harmonia+ models were able to show the invasiveness of the non-native C. zillii in Shadegan wetland basin as literature and field evidence demonstrate that the species has exerted strong and adverse impacts on native fishes and local people livelihood in risk assessment area. Given the results of risk assessment methods and the risks posed by this species, it is highly recommended that large-scale control and management measures should be seriously implemented.
Original Article
Zhaleh Amini; Reza Anvaripour; masoud Hatami-manesh; Jaber Aazami
Abstract
Introduction; Due to the potential toxicity and ecological risk of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems, measuring and evaluating their concentration in different parts of aquatic environments is very necessary. Therefore, the present study measures the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, As and Zn and evaluates ...
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Introduction; Due to the potential toxicity and ecological risk of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems, measuring and evaluating their concentration in different parts of aquatic environments is very necessary. Therefore, the present study measures the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, As and Zn and evaluates the spatial distribution of their ecological risk in the surface sediments of Anzali International Wetland.Materials and methods; 50 stations in different parts of the wetland were selected for sampling. After preparation and acid digestion of samples, the concentrations of these metals were determined by an atomic absorption spectrometer. In order to zoning the toxicity and ecological risk of metals, the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method was used.Results and discussion; The total mean concentrations of metals were Zn (79.24 71 6.71), Cr (19.4 21 21.04), Ni (18.96 62 5.62), Pb (13.3 72 72.50), As (7.62 96 4.96) and Cd (1.12 ± 3.16) mg/kg, respectively. Investigation of potential acute toxicity, RI, mHQ and PLI indicated low pollution status in wetland sediments. The environmental risk of the metals in the sediments were evaluated as (Cd> As> Pb> Ni> Zn> Cr). In addition, the distribution of toxicity and ecological risk of metals in different parts of the wetland does not follow the same pattern and the western parts of the wetland have more risks. Conclusion; According to the results, Potential acute toxicity, PLI, mHQ and ecological risk of heavy metals in the sediments of the region are assessed as low and medium. The intense expansion of human activities in the areas around the wetland, along with the deposition and entry of various pollutants in this ecosystem, confirms the need for continuous monitoring of the wetland and assessment of its ecological health risk.
Original Article
somaye arazi; mohammadhosein irannezhadparizi; Ahad sotoudeh; bahman kiani
Abstract
Background: Landscape of an area consists of uniform parts of that land that have components of patchs, passages and bed of land landscape. Since the density and distribution of vegetation in the landscape of the land of the passage of time is affected by many variables and changes. Variety and uniformity ...
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Background: Landscape of an area consists of uniform parts of that land that have components of patchs, passages and bed of land landscape. Since the density and distribution of vegetation in the landscape of the land of the passage of time is affected by many variables and changes. Variety and uniformity of plants studies the effectiveness of the indicators of richness, diversity and uniformity of vegetation from the structure of the landscape.Materials and Methods: In this study, two variables of size and shape of patchs on the structure of the Adoroshk watershed were selected because these two variables are known as important components in the planning of areas for conservation purposes. For this purpose, first the identification and preparation of the map of the structure of the land address of Adoroshk was performed and then the desired map in Arc GIS 10.3 software with suitable image format and ready to enter FRAGSTATS 4.2 software and then two variables of ratio of environment to area and size The patchs in the structure of Adoroshk land were calculated. Data obtained from identification and counting of vegetation in the area, which were the result of linear transect and plot method, were also entered in SPSS software environment and through Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, Hill, Brillouin and MacArthur Plant diversity was measured using the Margalf, Mann-Henick index of plant richness in each spot of the habitat. The Pilo, Alatalo and Hip indices were also used to measure species uniformity. The correlation between the variables was determined from Pearson correlation.Results and Discussion: In this study, 60 plant species were identified and counted in 338 plots and the findings of this study indicate a significant relationship between the two physical variables of size and shape of habitat spots and richness. The diversity and uniformity of rangeland plant species in the Adoroshk watershed.Conclusion: The priority of paying attention to circular patchs that have a minimum ratio of environment to area in the design and management of Adoroshk watershed was proven during the planning and protection of vegetation.
Original Article
Seyed Hossein Hashemi; Mojdeh Rezvani; Mahdi Mohammadi
Abstract
Introduction: Due to the growth and development of new types of communication and information technologies around the world, the use of digital services is widely increasing and our country, Iran, is no exception to this rule. Information technology and digital services industries consume significant ...
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Introduction: Due to the growth and development of new types of communication and information technologies around the world, the use of digital services is widely increasing and our country, Iran, is no exception to this rule. Information technology and digital services industries consume significant amounts of energy in various forms as well as in various sectors such as production, distribution and use of relevant equipment and services and as a result, produce various pollutants, including greenhouse gases, and release them into the environment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the eco-friendliness of digital services and IT industry of Iran in the web hosting and cloud services sectors through evaluating North-west data center of Iran as a representative of the IT industry of Iran in the web hosting and cloud services sectors.Material and methods: For this purpose, in this study, first the effective aspects of information technology on the environment as well as the environmental standards related to data centers were identified through library studies and review of existing domestic and foreign literatures and after that, 8 servers of “Iran Server” were investigated. In the next step, after estimating the amount of energy consumed and carbon dioxide produced by North-west data center of Iran (which has 319 active servers), the efficiency and environmental compatibility metrics of this data center were calculated and finally, by analyzing and summarizing the obtained results, eco-friendliness of North-west data center of Iran as a representative of IT industry of Iran in the web hosting and cloud services sectors, was investigated.Results and discussion: The results of energy consumption and pollutants production of North-west data center of Iran indicate that this data center consumes an average of 185.16 MWh of electricity per month, and followed by that produces 533.26 tons of carbon dioxide per month. Also, the values of Carbon Usage Effectiveness (CUE), Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) and Energy Reuse Effectiveness (ERE) metrics in this data center respectively equivalent to 2.88 (kg CO2 per kilowatt hour), 4.03 and 4.03 and also the values of Energy Reuse Factor (ERF) and Green Energy Coefficient (GEC) are zero. These values indicate that the energy consumption of Iran's data centers is supplied from non-renewable energy sources and this energy is finally released in the form of excess heat in the environment after consumption in different sectors, which emits a large amount of greenhouse gases including CO2 in the environment And inflicts numerous and irreparable damages on the environment such as air pollution, global warming, climate change, etc. Conclusion: A general summary of the information obtained from the study of various aspects of eco-friendliness of North-west data center of Iran as a representative of IT industry of Iran in the web hosting and cloud services sectors and its comparison with other green data centers in the world shows, this data center has not met the necessary metrics to comply with environmental standards related to green or eco-friendly data centers and as a result is not very compatible with the environment and is far from other green data centers in the world.
Original Article
Maliheh Jamali; Javad Bayat; Seyed Mohammad Reza Talakesh; Seyed Hossein Hashemi; Reza Deihimfard
Abstract
Introduction: As a result of human development and population growth, there is a corresponding need for essential resources of human. Industrial and agricultural activities have greatly polluted most agricultural lands. Petroleum compounds and heavy metals, both are the common pollutants of soils that ...
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Introduction: As a result of human development and population growth, there is a corresponding need for essential resources of human. Industrial and agricultural activities have greatly polluted most agricultural lands. Petroleum compounds and heavy metals, both are the common pollutants of soils that have been irrigated by untreated wastewater, which pose a potential threat to the environment. Soil pollution of the agricultural lands will lead to a decline in cultivation, and finally decrease food production. Agricultural lands in the southern part of Tehran are being irrigated with untreated wastewater for more than 30 years to produce a variety of vegetables, legumes, cereals.
Material and methods: In this study the concentration of heavy metals and petroleum compounds were determined in 83 sampling points at two depths (0 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm). The study area was divided into two separate zones, in which 44 points were located in zone 2 and 39 points were located in zone 1. Petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn, were measured at top and subsoil by using MOOPAM method, ICP-AES method, respectively. ArcGIS and R software were applied to create distribution maps of the pollutants and some statistical analyses.
Results and discussion: The results showed that the soil of agricultural land in the area is highly polluted, as the concentration of Cr, Pb, Co and Ni has exceeded the standard level e,g. 0.22 mg/kg for Cd and 620 mg/kg for Pb. The concentration of petroleum compounds in wastewater irrigated lands in both top and subsoil were higher than that of ground water irrigated lands. High level of As, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were observed in ground water irrigated lands compare with wastewater irrigated lands. Cr and Pb were almost 89 and 8 times higher than the standard limit of agricultural lands of Iran, respectively. The spatial distribution map of petroleum compounds showed that only the southeast of the area fall into heavily contaminated class. The distribution map of heavy metals also revealed that most parts of the studied area fall into the heavily contaminated class. Soil organic matter has more concentration in topsoil.
Conclusion: Overall, the south of the studied area has been more affected by wastewater irrigation, agrochemicals and ground water pollution in terms of heavy metals and petroleum compounds. Our study revealed various anthropogenic pollution sources, more effectively by wastewater irrigation and application of agrochemicals. Therefore, a management plan should be applied to the agricultural lands of this region to control and reduce the level of contamination.
Original Article
Mahsa Tamjidi; Yousef Rashidi
Abstract
Introduction:Dust is one of the most important atmospheric phenomena It happens in spring and summer in many regions, including Iran and neighboring countries And it is one of the important challenges of the 21st century And this phenomenon in the global scale of arid and semi-arid regions and due to ...
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Introduction:Dust is one of the most important atmospheric phenomena It happens in spring and summer in many regions, including Iran and neighboring countries And it is one of the important challenges of the 21st century And this phenomenon in the global scale of arid and semi-arid regions and due to climate change, vegetation change, progressive processes of soil erosion and disturbances resulting from them, the sensitivity of the regions to rapid erosion which will have important reactions on the climate of the region and desertification. The purpose of this research is to determine the intensity of the pollution production rate of suspended particles less than 10 microns using modeling and comparing the output results with the measured data. and changing the intensity of the pollution production rate based on the measured data and calculating the formula for determining the PM10 emission rate It is caused by the dust incident in Ahvaz city.Material and methods:Ahvaz metropolis considering the complex topography In a dry area and in the vicinity of the main and primary sources of dust, it has special conditions In this study, the concentration of suspended particles less than 10 microns was investigated on the 15th of June 2019. On this date, the maximum PM10 concentration in Ahvaz city was 1422 micrograms per cubic meter on June 15. that the concentration of these particles was more than 9 times the standard concentration of free air of the Environmental Protection Organization of Iran (150 micrograms per cubic meter). From the concentration data of the environmental protection organization measurement station and surface meteorological and upper atmosphere data of Ahvaz station have been used to implement CALPUFF model and concentration outputsResults and discussion: By studying library documents, the basic calculation formula for determining the emission rate of PM10 pollutant has been estimated, and then it has been compared with the data of the monitoring stations located in the city of Ahvaz, and by modifying the calculation formula and implementing the CALPUFF diffusion and dispersion model, it has been calculated according to the actual concentration recorded by the online station. The monitoring of the Environmental Protection Organization was reached and finally the emission rate of suspended particles less than 10 microns from the centers around the city of Ahvaz was determined.Conclusion: The emission rate of PM10 pollutant has been obtained using the calculation formula and the implementation of the CALPUFF diffusion and dispersion model, which is important in the prediction of the dust phenomenon and provides the possibility of calculating the amount of production and the movement path of the particles. He thought about taking the necessary decisions to reduce the possible damages caused by this phenomenon. And using the combination of measurement and modeling, he achieved a methodology to calculate PM10 dust emissions from city centers.
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