Original Article
somaye arazi; mohammadhosein irannezhadparizi; Ahad sotoudeh; bahman kiani
Abstract
Background: Landscape of an area consists of uniform parts of that land that have components of patchs, passages and bed of land landscape. Since the density and distribution of vegetation in the landscape of the land of the passage of time is affected by many variables and changes. Variety and uniformity ...
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Background: Landscape of an area consists of uniform parts of that land that have components of patchs, passages and bed of land landscape. Since the density and distribution of vegetation in the landscape of the land of the passage of time is affected by many variables and changes. Variety and uniformity of plants studies the effectiveness of the indicators of richness, diversity and uniformity of vegetation from the structure of the landscape.Materials and Methods: In this study, two variables of size and shape of patchs on the structure of the Adoroshk watershed were selected because these two variables are known as important components in the planning of areas for conservation purposes. For this purpose, first the identification and preparation of the map of the structure of the land address of Adoroshk was performed and then the desired map in Arc GIS 10.3 software with suitable image format and ready to enter FRAGSTATS 4.2 software and then two variables of ratio of environment to area and size The patchs in the structure of Adoroshk land were calculated. Data obtained from identification and counting of vegetation in the area, which were the result of linear transect and plot method, were also entered in SPSS software environment and through Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, Hill, Brillouin and MacArthur Plant diversity was measured using the Margalf, Mann-Henick index of plant richness in each spot of the habitat. The Pilo, Alatalo and Hip indices were also used to measure species uniformity. The correlation between the variables was determined from Pearson correlation.Results and Discussion: In this study, 60 plant species were identified and counted in 338 plots and the findings of this study indicate a significant relationship between the two physical variables of size and shape of habitat spots and richness. The diversity and uniformity of rangeland plant species in the Adoroshk watershed.Conclusion: The priority of paying attention to circular patchs that have a minimum ratio of environment to area in the design and management of Adoroshk watershed was proven during the planning and protection of vegetation.
Original Article
Jalalaldin Shahbaz; Zaniar Fatehi; Kamran Chapi
Abstract
Introduction: Global warming is the most important challenge facing man in the 21st century. Warmer weather will increase evapotranspiration, which will exacerbate droughts. One of the main causes of global warming is man himself. Humans have accelerated the Earth's climate change by producing large ...
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Introduction: Global warming is the most important challenge facing man in the 21st century. Warmer weather will increase evapotranspiration, which will exacerbate droughts. One of the main causes of global warming is man himself. Humans have accelerated the Earth's climate change by producing large amounts of greenhouse gases. For this reason, information about changes in the earth's temperature in the next decades has always been considered. The results of the researchers show that climate change has obvious and significant effects on temperature and rainfall in different parts of Iran in the next decades. By predicting and estimating the extent of these effects, climate change impacts can be mitigated with adequate preparedness, low cost, and greater speed.Material and methods: In this study, the effect of climate change on the mean maximum and minimum annual and seasonal temperatures in Arak under the emission scenarios of RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5 for the 2040s was investigated. To use the output of General Circulation Models at regional and local scales is that they are using downscaling models, are downscaled. In this study, Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) to downscale output of General Circulation Models CanESM2 were used. This model had an acceptable ability to simulate the average maximum and minimum seasonal and annual temperatures in the study area. Results and discussion: According to the obtained results, the mean maximum temperature in winter and spring will decrease under all three scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5, which can indicate that the daily temperature will be cooler in these seasons. However, the mean maximum temperature will increase in summer and autumn, which may indicate that the daily temperature will be warmer in these seasons. The mean minimum temperature in winter and spring under all three scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5 will decrease and increase in summer seasons. These results show that in the 2040s, the city of Arak has colder night temperatures in winter and spring and warmer temperatures in summer and spring. Due to the fact that warmer weather increases the demand for water and electricity, and because Arak is an industrial city with a dry climate, it can face serious challenges of water and electricity shortage in the future.Conclusion: According to the results obtained in this study, in the 2040s, Arak will have colder winters and springs, and warmer summers and autumns. The highest effect of climate change on the temperature of Arak is related to the average minimum temperature in autumn, which under the scenarios of RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5, the average minimum temperature in autumn increased by 206.88, 196.37 and 192.27 percent, respectively. The mean annual maximum and minimum temperature under all three scenarios will increase in the 2040s. The highest increase in the mean annual maximum and minimum temperature is related to RCP8.5 and RCP2.6 scenarios, respectively, which they are equal to 4.14 and 4.38.
Original Article
Mehrnaz Molavi; Ali Rahimi; Abdolbaset Dorzade mehr
Abstract
Problem Statement: Nowadays, the use of tourism as a driving force to serve economic and social development in human societies has become a pervasive thing. Creative tourism is a new and interesting topic in the field of tourism, which, by crystallizing the cultural values of the land in accordance with ...
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Problem Statement: Nowadays, the use of tourism as a driving force to serve economic and social development in human societies has become a pervasive thing. Creative tourism is a new and interesting topic in the field of tourism, which, by crystallizing the cultural values of the land in accordance with the existence of numerous sub-cultures in Iran, plays an essential role in the strategic plans of tourism in this land.Necessity of research: Regarding the change in the tourism trend and the importance of finding meaningful experiences for tourists, as well as paying attention to the effective factors in the direction of exploiting the existing geological, cultural, natural and biological capacities in the studied area, as well as using creativity and innovation in this field in order to Creating success in tourism businesses by providing a new solution doubles the necessity of conducting research and planning in this field.Objective: The creative and innovative strategy should examine the new trends of creative tourism in the domestic tourism market, both in supply and demand, and thus identify and create the most reliable future development trends. The creative development of tourism needs to be improved through learning, knowledge, skill and competence. The main goal of creative tourism is to provide active experiences to tourists through active participation in courses and learning experiences. Regarding the mentioned materials, the purpose of the current research is to evaluate the internal and external strategic factors and determine the appropriate strategy for the development of creative tourism in Zahedan city.Research method: The research method is descriptive-analytical and its type is applied-developmental. The information has been collected in two ways: documents and surveys (questionnaires and interviews). The statistical population of the research is 20 experts in the field of urban tourism, and the resulting data were analyzed using SOWT and QSPM models.Findings and Results: According to the results obtained from the SOWT technique, the overall strategy for the development of creative tourism in Zahedan is defensive (WT) with a final weight of 7.98. The results of the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) also show that out of the 4 strategies of the WT Group, the priority is the strategy of "Creating cultural and artistic places for the supply of creative cultural products" (with an attractive score of 11.966).conclusion: In order to realize creative tourism in the studied area, according to the findings of the research, suggestions such as creative marketing through information and communication technology, training of local industries and products, holding a festival of local dialects, training in sewing local and native clothes, and also cooking food It is presented locally at the provincial and national level, etc., by using the methods of creating partnership between tourists and the environment.
Original Article
Asghar Abdoli; Fahimeh Rashidabadi
Abstract
Quantitative assessment of fish abundance is the basis of scientific research and management of their population. Demographic studies of stream-dwelling salmonids have shown that variation in their abundance s on a spatio-temporal scale is common, and brown trout populations are no exception. Understanding ...
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Quantitative assessment of fish abundance is the basis of scientific research and management of their population. Demographic studies of stream-dwelling salmonids have shown that variation in their abundance s on a spatio-temporal scale is common, and brown trout populations are no exception. Understanding this variation is crucial for several reasons, including designing and interpreting environmental impact assessment studies and monitoring fishery management strategies. The present study aimed to estimate the spatial and temporal variations in the density of brown trout in some of the Lar National Park streams and investigate the relationship between the density of fish in these streams and the density of benthic invertebrates as their primary food sources. In general, the purpose of this study was to assess the status of trout for conservation planning and better management of its populations in the future against human impacts and climate change. Since the Lar National Park streams are small, fish densities were calculated using the Le Cren depletion method to achieve reliable population estimates. After two removal steps, the total number of fish caught was standardized and expressed as density per 100 m2 of the river channel. To investigate the temporal changes of fish abundance, the study results in 2009 were qualitatively compared with the results of another study in 2017.According to the 2009 results, the highest brown trout density was recorded in the Delichay (44 per 100 m2), Lar (43.2 per 100 m2), and Siah Palas sites (33.4 per 100 m2), respectively, and the lowest density were recorded in the Lar (Kharsang, 10.5 per 100 m2) and Lar (Sorkhak, 11.5 per 100 m2). In 2017, the highest density of trout was documented to Siah Palas (175 per 100 m2), Delichay (Vararo, 118 per 100 m2), and Elam (112 per 100 m2) streams, and the lowest density was recorded in the Delichay (downstream, 48 per 100 m2) and Absefid (49 per 100 m2) streams.The distribution and abundance of stream-dwelling salmons are primarily regulated by food and space. The abundance of brown trout on a local scale indicates variety in quality and habitat access for brown trout in the Lar National Park. We speculated that habitat diversity has influenced the density of brown trout in various streams in the region by affecting the abundance of aquatic invertebrates, which are the main source of prey. However, the results of regression (R2= 0.02, p value = 0.72) and correlation (Spearman, r = 0.24) analyses showed no significant relationship between the density of fish and benthic invertebrates in the Lar National Park streams. Despite the enough abundance of prey in the Lar streams, the fish were low in density. The cause of this incongruence is probably related to the salmon fishing in Lar National Park in the past.Comparing fish densities in 2009 and 2017 showed that the trout density in 2017 had a better condition than the trout density in 2009. Considering that in 2014, the Department of Environment stopped issuing fishing licenses in this area, one of the reasons for the increase in fish density is probably a positive effect of the fishing prohibition on this species.Since brown trout abundances in the Lar National Park streams are spatially-temporally variable, it is necessary to provide reasonable management strategies and continuous monitoring to prevent them from global warming and conserve them in the streams of the Lar National Park. Furthermore, due to climate change and being at risk of other populations of brown trout in different habitats in Iran, this population should be protected as a support population.
Original Article
samaneh habibi; Mahmoud Behrouzi; ahmad Nohegar
Abstract
Introduction: Emissions of particulate matter from car exhaust, tire wear, engine lubricants and street fence wear contain heavy metals which is dangerous for urban ecosystem; However, most of the particles are deposited on the canopy and soil of plant which absorbed by the plant. Pollution-resistant ...
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Introduction: Emissions of particulate matter from car exhaust, tire wear, engine lubricants and street fence wear contain heavy metals which is dangerous for urban ecosystem; However, most of the particles are deposited on the canopy and soil of plant which absorbed by the plant. Pollution-resistant species with high capacity to absorb suspended particles can be used to remove suspended particles from the urban environment. For this reason, in this study, concentrations of heavy metals in leaves and soil of tree species in Bandar Abbas were measured and evaluated. Also the species with the highest potential for adsorption of heavy metals were identified.Materials and methods: In order to achieve the research approach, at first three tree species including: Azadirachta indica, Conocarpus and Prosopis juliflora were selected as the dominant plants in Bandar Abbas and in 30 points of the fields with 5 points of non-polluted environment outside the city (control), and sampled from the surface soil and leaves of these species, and after preparing and digesting the samples, the concentration of heavy metals (cadmium, manganese, zinc and lead) emitted from urban traffic, were measured using atomic absorption spectrometry in soil and tree leaf samples. Next, the difference in heavy metal concentrations between tree species was analyzed by ANOVA and between soil and leaves and between urban and control environments was analyzed by t-student test. Then, to determine the tree species with high accumulation of heavy metals, two indices of heavy metal accumulation (BCF) and bioaccumulation index (MAI) were used.Results and discussion: The results showed that the pattern of heavy metals in soil and leaves of tree species was Mn> Zn> Pb> Cd. The maximum concentrations of heavy metals in the soil and leaves were Conocarpus, Azadirachta indica and Prosopis juliflora, respectively. Spatially, the highest concentration of heavy metals in the sampling points was related to Imam Hossein street, which has an east-west extension and passes through the north of Bandar Abbas and the north-south streets of the city are connected to it; However, the minimum concentration of heavy metals was observed in the Persian Gulf streets. The concentrations of Mn and Pb in the soil of plant species were different and their differences were significant at 95% level, but concentration of Cd and Zn wasn't different in the soil of tree species. in Pb, Mn and Zn concentrations weren't differences in the shoots of the studied tree species and their differences were not significant at 95% level; However, the concentration of Cd in the shoots of the species was different and the difference between the species was significant at 95% level. There was a significantly difference in the concentration of heavy metals between soil and leaves at 95 and 99%; Also, the concentration of heavy metals in soil and leaves between urban and control field was significantly different at 95%. The pattern of BCF index in all species was Zn> Pb> Mn> Cd and heavy metals had moderate accumulation for tree species. Bioaccumulation index (MAI) showed that Conocarpus has the highest adsorption potential of heavy metals and the lowest adsorption potential was observed in Prosopis juliflora. In the spatial distribution of this index, Imam Hossein street and the streets that originate from it, have the highest index of bioaccumulation of heavy metals.Conclusion: Conocarpus, by absorbing pollutants from urban traffic, purifies the polluted air of Bandar Abbas; but Prosopis juliflora, which is one of the migratory trees in the city of Bandar Abbas, with strong and deep roots, dries up the surface and groundwater of the region. On the other hand, its potential to absorb urban air pollutants is very weak. Therefore, Conocarpus despite their resistance to drought and heat, have a high potential in purifying urban pollution, can replace Prosopis juliflora.
Original Article
Zohreh Talebi; Seyyed Ali Ayyoubzadeh; Hossein Mostafavi; Mohammad Mehdi Hoseinzadeh; Hossein Shafizadeh
Abstract
ABSTRACTBackground and Purpose: Change is an integral part of all river systems. Most rivers now operate under fundamentally different conditions to those that existed prior to human disturbance. Human interventions indirectly change geomorphic processes such as sediment transport, erosion and sedimentation ...
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ABSTRACTBackground and Purpose: Change is an integral part of all river systems. Most rivers now operate under fundamentally different conditions to those that existed prior to human disturbance. Human interventions indirectly change geomorphic processes such as sediment transport, erosion and sedimentation along the rivers, and the spatial distribution and rate of these processes often including profound changes to river morphology. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the morphological quality, especially for the rivers of Iran, which are characterized by a very high level of human pressure. For this reason, In this research, a morphological evaluation from the upstream to the middle of the Talar River (Northern Iran - Mazandaran) using the Morphological Quality Index (MQI) and with the aim of determining changes in its morphological quality has been considered.Materials and Methods: Talar River was divided into two landscape units, three segments and 23 reaches based on the hierarchical approach and according to the physiographic condition. The evaluation of Talar river has been done after drawing and analyzing the spatial units using Morphological Quality Index (MQI).Results and Discussion: The results obtained from 28 MQI parameters in 23 reaches show that about 15% of the reaches have a "good" condition, almost 35% of the reaches have a "moderate" condition, and more than 50% have a "poor" and "very poor" condition, which means significant damage to the river corridor in the reaches. The subject of investigation and the need to pay attention to the corrective solutions and restoration of the river and its banks. Along the Talar River, due to the large amount of agriculture, urban development and road crossing, the reaches that are in the urban area have poor and very poor morphological quality class, and the reaches that are in the forest area, virgin and untouched, have The morphological quality has been evaluated as good. Also, the results of the evaluation indicate that the average quality class of the investigated reaches is in "moderate" conditions.Conclusion: Considering that the urban and agricultural development and sediment collection takes place in the boundary of the river bed and the vegetation cover and the river corridor have been destroyed in most of the reaches, measures such as observing the boundary of the river bed and boundary as well as planting plants On the river bank and removing sediment based on annual yield will help to restore the river in many reaches. In addition, the results of this evaluation have shown that the MQI morphological quality index method can be a suitable and effective tool in diagnosing hydromorphological challenges. Also, the morphological quality index provides the conditions for evaluating the morphological condition, but it is not enough for the general hydromorphological classification alone, and it should be integrated through the use of a special method to evaluate the changes in the hydrological regime.
Original Article
Hossein Moradi; Mojtaba Esmailzadeh; Fatemeh Davatgar
Abstract
Background and purpose: Free radicals are considered as harmful and damaging compounds to plant and animal cells with food spoilage and damage to human health. Phenols are a large group of hydroxyl compounds that include compounds such as flavonoids and anthocyanins. Mountain Dog-rose, red hawthorn and ...
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Background and purpose: Free radicals are considered as harmful and damaging compounds to plant and animal cells with food spoilage and damage to human health. Phenols are a large group of hydroxyl compounds that include compounds such as flavonoids and anthocyanins. Mountain Dog-rose, red hawthorn and black hawthorn are three medicinal fruits with valuable compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamins, in the north of the country, they have very favorable vegetative and reproductive growth.Materials and methods: In order to investigate and determine the maximum amount of extraction of antioxidant compounds, different extraction methods were used in these three fruits. The fruits of these plants were collected from Nava area (52.209 and 35.854, altitude 2300 meters above sea level) located in Amol city and after drying with four solvents water, ethanol, hydroalcohol (water and ethanol 50:50) and methanol were extracted. Then the amount of phenol, flavonoid and percentage of DPPH free radicals were measured for each fruit and extraction method.Results and discussion: The results of this research showed that the different extraction methods of Dog-rose fruit have a significant difference at the level of 1% (p<0.01) on phenol and antioxidant and at the level of 5% (p<0.05) on flavonoid. Also, based on the comparison of the average extraction methods in the Dog-rose fruit, the use of hydroalcohol solvent (water and ethanol) caused a significant difference compared to other solvents and was able to show the highest amount of total phenol in this plant. The effects of different extraction methods on the fruit of the Red hawthorn; All extraction methods (water, hydroalcoholic, ethanolic and methanolic) were effective on the amount of phenol, flavonoid and antioxidant and were significant at 1% level. Based on the comparison table of the average extraction methods in the red hawthorn fruit, the extracts obtained from the hydroalcohol solvent showed the highest number in phenolic and flavonoid traits and were the superior treatment. Extraction methods were significant in flavonoid and antioxidant traits at the level of 1% (p<0.01) and in phenol at the level of 5% (p<0.05) in black hawthorn fruit. Also, based on the results of the comparison table of the average extraction methods in the fruit of black hawthorn, hydroalcohol solvent was the best solvent in extracting phenolic compounds compared to other solvents.Conclusion: The phenolic compounds of the three medicinal fruits of mountain Dog-rose, red hawthorn and black hawthorn were more favorable by hydroalcohol solvent than other solvents, i.e. water, ethanol and methanol. Also, the highest amount of phenol among the three tested fruits was observed in the mountain Dog-rose fruit. While in the red hawthorn, hydroalcohol (water and ethanol) and in the black hawthorn, methanol contained the most measured flavonoids. In general and considering the importance of phenolic compounds, it is suggested to use hydroalcohol solvent to extract these types of compounds in these plants.
Original Article
Keyvan Ezimand; Hossein Aghighi; Davod Ashourloo; Alireza SHakiba
Abstract
Introduction: The urban heat island (UHI) as a climatic effect of urbanization can negatively impact the flora and fauna involved in urban and suburban ecosystem, the presence of pollutants, air quality, energy and water consumption, as well as human health and economy. Therefore, spatiotemporal analysis ...
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Introduction: The urban heat island (UHI) as a climatic effect of urbanization can negatively impact the flora and fauna involved in urban and suburban ecosystem, the presence of pollutants, air quality, energy and water consumption, as well as human health and economy. Therefore, spatiotemporal analysis of the urban heat island changes has been considered as an effective approach to understand the impact of urbanization on the urban and suburban ecosystem, which also can support sustainable urban development and planning. Accordingly, this study contributes a novel approach to identify the trend and predict the pattern of UHI changes using statistical analysis, Shannon's entropy and chi-score statistics.Material and methods: The study area of this research is the city of Rasht and its surroundings, a region located in the north of Iran. This research was implemented using remote sensing imaged from 1991 to 2021 that was collected by LANDSAT 5 and 8 with a fixed time interval of 10 years. All those images captured in summer. In order to conduct this research in the pre-foresight stage, first, the required preprocessing, including atmospheric and radiometric corrections applied to the satellite images. Then, the surface biophysical characteristics of the study area were extracted from the satellite images. In the third step, the land surface temperature was computed using satellite images in 2021. In the fourth step, Multivariate linear regression between surface biophysical characteristics and the land surface temperature in 2021 was applied and then cellular automata-Markov chain model was utilized to predict the land surface temperature for 2031. Finally, the pattern of changes in urban heat island of Rasht city was investigated using statistical analysis in different geographic directions and different time periods.Results and discussion: The results of this study indicate that the highest positive correlation (R=0.89) was between NDBI and LST. Moreover, the highest negative correlation (R=-0.81) was between the greenness and LST. Our results also showed that the lowest correlation (R=0.42) was between the brightness and LST.The predicted LST corresponding to surface biophysical characteristics using Multivariate linear regression model illustrates the low error of this approach (RMSE=1.33K) in 2021. This means that the predicted values in 2021 are close to the real values, and therefore, this model can be trusted to predict LST in 2031. Statistical analysis of the pattern of observed and expected changes of UHI clearly illustrated that Rasht urban expansion and the UHI expansion will consistency continue to increase from 1991 to 2031. However, the expansion rate changes over time and space. Moreover, these analyses also showed that the UHI of Rasht city have a high degree of freedom and a high degree of sprawl. Thus, and as a result, its degree of goodness is negative.Conclusion: The pattern of UHI changes is highly dependent on the pattern of built-up land changes: as a result, sustainable development, resilience and environmental Protection of Rasht requires to directly monitor and control the pattern of urban growth, such as prevent changes in built-up areas and agricultural lands in suburban areas by incorporating a vertical form of development as well as constructing green roofs and walls and using high-reflectance building materials.
Original Article
Negin Fallah Haghighi; Ghasem Ramezanpour Nargesi; Gholamhossein Abdollahzadeh; Zeinab Sharifi
Abstract
Cultural development has been identified as one of the key requirements for promoting other aspects of sustainable development. On the other hand, recognizing the level of cultural development capabilities and facilities at the environmental level can be effective for planning to reduce inequality gaps ...
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Cultural development has been identified as one of the key requirements for promoting other aspects of sustainable development. On the other hand, recognizing the level of cultural development capabilities and facilities at the environmental level can be effective for planning to reduce inequality gaps among different areas. Therefore, the purpose of the present exploratory research, which was conducted through hybrid indexing, was to measure the environmental differences in the level of cultural development indicators of Iran's provinces. Accordingly, 31 provinces were examined based on 19 cultural development indicators. The research method was based on constructing a composite indicator. In the first step, the weight of the indicators was calculated by the principal component analysis and the composite indicator of cultural development at the provincial level was calculated by the TOPSIS method. The coefficient of variation and the Williamson coefficient were also calculated to investigate the inequality in the distribution of indicators. Finally, GIS software and hierarchical cluster analysis were applied to classify the level of cultural development of the provinces. The results indicate the existence of high inequality in the indicators related to book publishing. Furthermore, the provinces of Tehran, Mazandaran, Khorasan Razavi, Isfahan, Bushehr were in the best situation and Lorestan, Kurdistan, Sistan and Baluchestan, West Azerbaijan and Golestan, respectively, have the lowest rank in terms of the composite indicator. The findings of leveling the provinces and also cluster analysis confirmed the existence of gap in the level of cultural development of provinces. Therefore, improving the cultural development of provinces with low-level development should be taken more into account by the cultural planners.
Original Article
Zahra Dehghan Manshadi; Parastoo Parivar
Abstract
Introduction: The management of social-ecological systems such as cities is extremely complicated due to the interdependence of subsystems, the cause-and-effect relationships that exist between them, and the impacts on sustainability. The necessity of ecological capacity and the ability of cities to ...
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Introduction: The management of social-ecological systems such as cities is extremely complicated due to the interdependence of subsystems, the cause-and-effect relationships that exist between them, and the impacts on sustainability. The necessity of ecological capacity and the ability of cities to sustain their potential to provide goods and services to both current and future generations cannot be overstated. Understanding how arid ecosystems adapt to disturbances is critical for the sustainable management of such areas, given the global extent of this type of ecosystem and its fragility, both structurally and functionally. The purpose of this study is to assess the impacts of urban growth on the carrying capacity of Isfahan, which is located on Iran's central plateau.Material and methods: In this study, system dynamics modeling was used to determine the cause-and-effect relationships between variables affecting Isfahan's carrying capacity. After problem articulation, the model boundary was defined in the initial step of the modeling process by developing the subsystem diagram. After the population, environment, landscape, and carrying capacity subsystems were evaluated, a cause-and-effect diagram was made. The flow diagram and scenario were also made to evaluate the state of Isfahan's carrying capacity.Results and discussion: The pressure factors on the urban carrying capacity were detected and analyzed by assessing key variables in the system, such as water sustainability and air quality, as well as changes in the landscape structure of Isfahan using landscape metrics. The research findings indicate that approximately 90% of the urban water demand is dedicated to the domestic sector; therefore, the first scenario is related to the management of water consumption in this sector and its influence on the Water Supply–Demand Index. This scenario showed that if domestic water demand is not controlled, the result of this index will reach nearly 0.7 by 2040, indicating greater vulnerability to the region's water resources. The second scenario is related to the city's increasing trend of construction and the number of industries, the impact of which has been shown on the carrying capacity.Conclusion: The current study's findings, based on two enlarged scenarios, demonstrated that water demand, changes in the structure of the urban landscape, and the growth of industries all have a major impact on Isfahan's carrying capacity. Therefore, by controlling and managing water consumption in the domestic sector, limiting industrial growth, preventing the destruction of gardens, enhancing urban green and open areas, and limiting the increase of impervious urban surfaces, Isfahan's carrying capacity will improve.
Original Article
Lotfali Kozegar Kaleji; parviz aghaei; sajad saeedi
Abstract
Abstract:Introduction: One of the most important and complex social developments in the world in the last half century is the development of urbanization. Due to scattered growth in many cities in the world, natural resources are not used properly. The increase in environmental concerns, economic and ...
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Abstract:Introduction: One of the most important and complex social developments in the world in the last half century is the development of urbanization. Due to scattered growth in many cities in the world, natural resources are not used properly. The increase in environmental concerns, economic and social inequalities as a result of the expansion of urban areas, caused attention to new urban design and planning strategies, including the smart urban growth strategy. In fact, the smart growth strategy is one of the most acceptable approaches to face such a situation, which, while preserving the environment, meets the needs of today's urban society.Materials and methods: The current research is of a practical and practical type, the purpose of which is to overlap the environmental indicators of the Bashgah Naft neighborhood with an emphasis on the smart growth approach, with a descriptive-analytical method. It goes on. The process of collecting research information is a review of library texts and the most used sources are specialized books and magazines and the use of the global information network. The studied area of Bashgah Naft neighborhood is from District 21 of Tehran city. According to the last census of 2015, the population of the neighborhood is 60,163 people. The sampling is based on random method and using the Cochran formula with an error rate of 5%, the statistical sample is 381 people. Independent sample t-tests are used in data analysis.Results and discussion: According to the presented theoretical foundations and also after examining the indicators of urban environment and indicators of smart urban growth and examining the background of their researches, the indicators of urban environment were overlapped with an emphasis on the approach of becoming smart urban and in the form of 4 criteria, 12 sub-criteria and 47 Indicators were proposed and the relationship between the indicators and their sub-criteria and criteria has been determined. The research indicators were examined using the t-test of one sample, and after measuring the t-test in the indicators and sub-criteria, it was determined that only 4 indicators out of 47 indicators and 2 sub-criteria out of 12 sub-criteria are average. Regarding 44 indicators and 10 other sub-criteria, according to their significance level, in some of them, due to the positive difference of the mean and the numbers of the upper and lower limits obtained, it indicates the intensity in that index or sub-criteria, and in the rest of them, according to The negativity of the average difference and the numbers of the upper and lower limits obtained indicates the weakness of that index or subcriterion.Conclusion: According to the assumption of the research that the Naft Club neighborhood is moderately compatible with the overlapped indicators of the urban environment with an emphasis on the smart growth approach; After conducting the desired test and analyzes, it can be concluded that the level of compatibility of Naft Club neighborhood with the overlapped indicators is not up to the average level.
Original Article
Maryam saberiyansani; Yousef Rashidi; Seyed Hossein Hashemi
Abstract
AbstractBackground and purpose:Estimating the production of air pollution from mobile and stationary sources is one of the main pillars of air quality management, and considering the performance of cars in different conditions, calculating the number of emissions of pollutants from mobile sources is ...
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AbstractBackground and purpose:Estimating the production of air pollution from mobile and stationary sources is one of the main pillars of air quality management, and considering the performance of cars in different conditions, calculating the number of emissions of pollutants from mobile sources is one of the challenges of compiling the emission list. The international vehicle emission modeling software (IVE) is used in the studies of compiling the country's air pollution emission list.materials and methods:In this research, in order to investigate the deviation of the model values from the reality, a comparison between the IVE model and the emission measurement of domestic passenger cars at 0 km in the ISQI laboratory dynamometer chassis test based on the Euro 4 emission standard and the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) has been carried out.Results and discussion:Comparison of domestic car dynamometer chassis test emission data for three important gases, NOx, CO, HC, with emission results modeled by IVE model showed different values, except for one case in NOx emission, where the model was equal to the Quick car, so that NOX emission It was in the range of 0.01 to 0.05, and the model showed the number of 0.03, and in the case of CO, it was in the range of 0.26 to 0.96, which the model showed the number of 0.48, and also HC is in the range of 0.03 to 0.08, which the model results are equal to 0.03Conclusion:Based on the comparison of the results, although the IVE model is somewhat close to the reality, but relying on the hypothetical conditions to estimate the amount of passenger car pollutants is unreliable, and the results of the model cannot be considered a correct estimate of the emissions, but by applying appropriate correction coefficients for each The car is usable.key wordsAir pollution, IVE model, motor vehicles, NEDC cycle, dynamotor chassis
Original Article
ehsan khodarezaie; Korous Khoshbakht; Hadi Veisi; Mohammad Reza Nazari
Abstract
IntroductionEnergy use in agriculture has grown faster than other sectors of the global economy. In developing countries, most agricultural systems consume significant amounts of energy to increase production and food security. Energy consumption leads to the emission of greenhouse gases and environmental ...
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IntroductionEnergy use in agriculture has grown faster than other sectors of the global economy. In developing countries, most agricultural systems consume significant amounts of energy to increase production and food security. Energy consumption leads to the emission of greenhouse gases and environmental pollutions in the agriculture sector. Besides, the use of fossil fuels in the production process and transfer of inputs emits greenhouse gases, which in turn cause global warming and climate change. Analyzing and good understanding of energy flow and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in agricultural production systems can help to optimize crop management practices thereby reducing environmental problems. Iran's average energy consumption is three times higher than the world average.Groundwater is the main source of agricultural water in arid and semi-arid areas. Electricity used in irrigation pumps consumes a large of energy and emits GHGs. Qazvin plain is one of the most important agricultural plains in Iran, which along with the use of groundwater, has the largest irrigation canal network in the country. Differences in agricultural water supply sources can lead to differences in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions as electricity and other inputs may be affected. Wheat, barley, alfalfa and maize silage are major crops in Qazvin plain. Alfalfa and maize silage need relatively a high irrigation water requirement. This paper evaluates the energy flow and Global Warming Potential (GWP) of alfalfa and maize silage farms with two different water supply sources (well and canal) in Qazvin plain.Materials and MethodsThe data were collected through face-to-face interviews with farmers in the year 2018. Energy indices were estimated based on the analysis of farm inputs and outputs. Global Warming Potential was calculated using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method and SimaPro 8.2 software. GHGs were calculated using the conversion coefficients presented by the IPCC GWP 100 method. Results and DiscussionThe output energy values of maize silage and alfalfa were calculated as 232726, 191812 MJ ha-1 for well water irrigation system and 234167 and 248060 MJ ha-1 for the canal water irrigation, respectively. Results showed higher net energy values for alfalfa (172778 MJ ha-1) and maize silage (167618 MJ ha-1) in canal water irrigation system compared to well water irrigation (131300 MJ ha-1 and 60112 MJ ha-1 for corn silage and alfalfa, respectively) mainly because of the relatively lower input energy. The results showed that the highest and lowest values of input energy were related to alfalfa production with well water irrigation (131700 MJ ha-1) and maize silage with canal water irrigation (66548 MJ ha-1), respectively. Also, the energy use efficiency of maize silage (3.5) and alfalfa (3.3) were higher in canal water irrigation systems compared to well water irrigation systems (2.3 for maize silage and 1.46 for alfalfa). In the well water irrigation systems, GWP was calculated to be 7466.9 kg CO2-eq ha−1 and 7995.7 kg CO2-eq ha−1 for maize silage and alfalfa, respectively. These values were 5533.3 kg CO2-eq ha−1 and 4947.6 kg CO2-eq ha−1 for maize silage and alfalfa in the canal water irrigation systems, respectively. Electricity and direct emission showed the highest share of total energy consumption and GHG emission.ConclusionGenerally, our results showed that energy consumption and GWP were lower in the canal irrigation systems than well irrigation systems mainly as a result of electricity used for water pumping in well irrigation operations. It can be inferred from the present study that for efficient use of resources and decreasing environmental problems in the study area, practices such as optimal management of irrigation water, conservation tillage, and optimal management of chemical fertilizers can help to achieve these goals.
Original Article
Alireza shahmohammadi; Hadi Veisi; Korous Khoshbakht; Mohammad Reza Nazari
Abstract
Introduction: Climate and ecosystem changes in coordination with other factors have challenged many basic paradigms of natural resource management. Extensive changes have led to environmental transformations requiring managers to evaluate their management and actions. Ecological transformations are a ...
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Introduction: Climate and ecosystem changes in coordination with other factors have challenged many basic paradigms of natural resource management. Extensive changes have led to environmental transformations requiring managers to evaluate their management and actions. Ecological transformations are a severe type of irreversible change that gradually, and continuously affects community composition and ecosystem functioning. The purpose of this research was to know the correlation between water, energy, and food in Varamin Plain by the method of the mental model and the dynamics of water, energy, and food correlation under political scenarios.Materials and methods: In this research, by using the mental modeling of the beneficiaries of Varamin Plain and university experts, it was done to know the relationships of the model of water, energy, and food nexus. Then, using the systems dynamics model to determine the cause-and-effect relationships between the variables, the variables were quantified. The data relating to the mental model were collected through dialogue and participation with the farmers and managers of the region using the Mental Modeler software. The data relating to the correlation dynamics model was also collected through organizations, regional stakeholders, and authoritative articles and simulated in Vensim software.Results and discussion: The results of system dynamics modeling showed that the state of surface water resources, aquifer volume, and water security of the plain during a period of 20 years would be equal to -158 million cubic meters, 2700 million cubic meters, and -162 million cubic meters respectively; which shows the reduction of resources in comparison with the base situation. The application of scenarios for the allocation of the environmental needs of the Bandalikhan wetland showed that the plain would not have the ecological ability to allocate water to the wetland so in the next 20 years, the water security of the plain will reach -180 million cubic meters. Also, applying the scenario of increasing irrigation efficiency without increasing the cultivated area from 58% to 70% was effective in improving the reduction of agricultural water demand and increasing the cultivated area. The increase in the cultivated area up to 41,600 hectares had a positive effect on agricultural water demand, but more than this amount caused the pressure on water resources to increase.Conclusion: Examining the results and comparing the data showed that during a period of 20 years, the Varamin Plain will have an unfavorable situation regarding water resources and food production. Managing the resources of Varamin Plain requires a change in organizational, agricultural, and development beliefs and values. The development of solar systems in order to meet the energy needs, the establishment of the Varamin sewage treatment plant, and the development of the refinery in the south of Tehran, moving towards sustainable intensification is effective in creating the stability of the resources of the plain in order to properly exploit the resources.
Original Article
Ali Sayyadi; Mohammad Javad Amiri; Mohamad Yazdi
Abstract
Background and purpose: evaporation-transpiration is one of the essential parts of the water cycle balance. Over 0.72% of the country's water resources are unavailable due to evaporation-transpiration. These factors show the importance and necessity of optimal use of water and accurate prediction of ...
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Background and purpose: evaporation-transpiration is one of the essential parts of the water cycle balance. Over 0.72% of the country's water resources are unavailable due to evaporation-transpiration. These factors show the importance and necessity of optimal use of water and accurate prediction of actual evaporation and transpiration in various applications such as agriculture and water resource management, including irrigation planning and plant growth modelling. Accurate evapotranspiration estimates are essential in studies such as climate change, sustainable development and water resources control. This research aims to investigate the process of thermal changes and the rate of evaporation-transpiration of the Tabriz metropolis using remote sensing.Materials and methods: In this research, due to the high accuracy and adaptability of the Sabal algorithm, as well as remote sensing techniques, the Sabal algorithm and Landsat satellite images were used to estimate evaporation and transpiration. For this purpose, Landsat satellite images in sensors ("OLI_TIRS") from 2013-2021 have been prepared from the website of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Also, in this research, the techniques of thermal remote sensing and geographic information system were used, which were combined effectively and efficiently. This study used ARC Gis 8.10 software to prepare the output and Envi 3.5 software to process, analyze and analyze Landsat images.Results and discussion: This research showed that since 2017, the orange and red parts of LST have increased. Pixels with temperatures of 315 to 320 and 320 degrees and above have prevailed in the studied area. The NDVI index showed that yellow and red pixels (0.2-0.4) and (<0.6) have increased. The index (BT) has increased, and 310-315 pixels have been replaced by 320-315 and 320 and above. The evaporation-transpiration results showed an upward trend in evaporation-transpiration, and it increased from 2017 to 2021 in part outside the city centre.Conclusion: According to the results of this research, evaporation-transpiration has increased outside the city centre; in the parts where the temperature increase has been recorded, the rate of evaporation-transpiration has also increased, and a significant relationship has been documented. It is also suggested that according to the results of the research in the years 2017, 2019 and 2021, visible changes have been recorded outside the city centre in evaporation-transpiration to use the daily, monthly and annual formula in future research.
Original Article
Hamid Nazaripour; Hossein Jahantigh; Mokhtar Jafari
Abstract
Introduction: Drought, as one of the major natural hazards, affects the environment, society, agriculture and economy. Several indices have been developed for drought quantification based on ground data and remote sensing. Traditional drought quantification methods are based on meteorological data and ...
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Introduction: Drought, as one of the major natural hazards, affects the environment, society, agriculture and economy. Several indices have been developed for drought quantification based on ground data and remote sensing. Traditional drought quantification methods are based on meteorological data and conventional criteria and are usually not available in near real time. On the other hand, data based on remote sensing are continuously available and can be used to detect several aspects and characteristics of drought. The purpose of this research is to investigate and compare different indices derived from remote sensing and meteorological data for local scale drought monitoring (eastern part of Kurdistan province).Materials and methods: Seven drought indices were compared, including Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), Vegetation Drought Index (VDI), Vegetation Health Index (VHI), Vegetation Supply Water Index (VSWI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Remote sensing indicators are derived from MODIS data. The meteorological index SPI is obtained by combining the data of rain gauge stations and gridded precipitation data. The digital maps of the seven drought indicators have been prepared for the period of 2002-2021 with the same time interval (16-days). To analyze the characteristics of each drought index, a comparative method including the selection of specific periods of drought and spatial drought identification characteristics has been used. The comparison of drought indicators was done in the month of May, which is the growing season. Finally, Pearson's correlation analysis has been used to evaluate the behavioral similarity of the indicators.Results and discussion: The spatial comparative analysis between the drought indicators showed that all the indicators have certain adaptation in the distribution of the regional scale of drought; especially those derived from similar data sets. Meanwhile, the difference of local scale distribution was found among different groups of indicators. The results showed that the general trend of the vegetation supply water index has a better compliance with the standardized precipitation index. Based on the correlation analysis, it was proved that the vegetation supply water index can be a better reflection of the amount of rainfall and the severity of drought due to the lack of rainfall. In addition, the land surface temperature (LST) contributes more to the VSWI results than the reflectance information. A two period (32-day) delay of the indicators indicating the state of vegetation is a good indicator of the meteorological drought conditions in the study area. The absence and lack of rainfall in at least five periods (80 days) before can have a serious effect on the state of vegetation in the existing conditions. Plain and mountainside areas located in the central, eastern and south-eastern parts of the study area are more sensitive to drought conditions than other parts due to the dominance of grain farming, especially rainfed farming.Conclusion: Considering the many advantages of remote sensing drought indicators in the analysis of drought in real time, but meteorological drought indicators are still the priority for drought monitoring. This position is due to the dependence of hydrological and agricultural systems on meteorological conditions. Mainly, these hydrological and agricultural systems in different regions respond to meteorological fluctuations with different time delays. Understanding these complex relationships between meteorological, hydrological and agricultural systems can be useful in early preparation programs against drought and its management.
Original Article
Narges Hosseinpour mohammadabadi; Ahmad Shahivandi; Mahmoud Mohammadi
Abstract
Introduction: The reduction of urban green space and its importance makes it necessary to adopt comprehensive strategies. In addition to physical development, the main issue in this discussion is the category of human development, which means the participation of local people and their control over the ...
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Introduction: The reduction of urban green space and its importance makes it necessary to adopt comprehensive strategies. In addition to physical development, the main issue in this discussion is the category of human development, which means the participation of local people and their control over the development process. According to the survey conducted and according to the per capita green space obtained in the research, the per capita green space in Mehrabad district of Isfahan is 4.4 square meters, which is why it faces the challenge of lack of green space. The present study was conducted with the aim of measuring the desire for quantitative and qualitative development of private green space in Mehrabad neighborhood by using participatory planning and measuring the effects of this development on the lives of residents.Materials and methods: To achieve this goal, first; Dimensions, criteria, sub-criteria and indicators of participatory planning and private green space development were identified. Then, these indicators were set in a questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale, and this questionnaire was distributed among 30 residents of Mehrabad neighborhood using Cochran's formula. After measuring validity and reliability, the questionnaire was distributed among 375 residents. Then, using SPSS software and step-by-step regression model, inferential analysis of criteria and indicators was done.Results and discussion: In the inferential analysis of criteria and indicators, two step-by-step regression analyzes were performed. In order to analyze in a step-by-step regression, a table was set under the title of average scores of dimensions of participatory planning, the desire to develop private green space and the dimensions of the effects of private green space development on the lives of neighborhood residents. A total of 61 indicators were considered. Since the data used in the regression must be interval or relative, so the average of each dimension is considered. In the first step-by-step regression analysis, the effects of the economic, social and cultural aspects of participatory planning on citizens' willingness to quantitatively and qualitatively develop private green spaces were examined, and it can be said that among the dimensions of participatory planning, only The economic dimension and cultural and social dimensions are not effective on the neighborhood residents' desire to develop private green spaces. In the second analysis, step-by-step regression was used, and the desire for quantitative and qualitative development of private green space was considered as an independent variable, and each of the dimensions of the effects of private green space development were considered as dependent variables, which can be It was concluded that the quantitative and qualitative development of private green space has an impact on the physical, cultural and environmental dimensions of the residents of the neighborhood and does not affect the social and economic dimensions.Conclusion: The analysis of the obtained information shows that between the social, economic and cultural dimensions of participatory planning, residents have a social and cultural desire to develop private green space and their problem is in the economic dimension and lack of Land and cost are for green space and the development of private green space has a favorable effect on the physical, environmental and cultural dimensions of the residents of the neighborhood and does not have a favorable effect on the social and economic dimensions.
Original Article
َAmin Ghasami; Nasser Mehrdadi; Mohammad Javad Amiri
Abstract
The discharge of urban and industrial wastewater is a phenomenon that occurs in cities and coastal areas. In our country, due to having a long coastal strip and numerous cities and villages adjacent to the sea in the north and south of the country, the discharge of sewage into the sea is an environmental ...
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The discharge of urban and industrial wastewater is a phenomenon that occurs in cities and coastal areas. In our country, due to having a long coastal strip and numerous cities and villages adjacent to the sea in the north and south of the country, the discharge of sewage into the sea is an environmental issue that should be carefully investigated and evaluated.In this research, the MIKE 21 FM numerical model will be used for hydrodynamic simulation and pollution transfer. This model belongs to the Danish Institute of Hydrodynamic Studies (DHI) and is used in engineering fields in the fields of environment, water, coasts and ports. The graphical and user-friendly environment of this model and the extensive capabilities and facilities and assurance of the results and outputs of this model are among its expensive features.The spread of pollution in water environments is an increasing phenomenon. Concern about the environmental and economic consequences caused by the spread of pollution in aquatic environments has forced researchers to conduct a lot of research in this direction and provide models to investigate this phenomenon and predict its effects. One of the methods that can help in predicting and moving pollutants in water environments is numerical modeling.This research included four main sections with different topics. The first issue was the investigation of the treated wastewater from the Bandar Abbas treatment plant, which is discharged into the Gorsuzan estuary. Although, by examining the external features of the discharge area and the resulting bad smell, high turbidity and formation of foam in the water inlet, this issue is evident.Another issue is hydrodynamic and qualitative modeling of the marine environment. For this purpose, two-dimensional Mike model has been chosen. First, hydrodynamic modeling is limited to the entire Persian Gulf. Then, from the results obtained from the calibrated model of the Persian Gulf, the water level data at the border of Bandar Abbas area have been extracted and the local hydrodynamic model has been established. Finally, the qualitative model has been established and implemented based on the discharge location and qualitative data of wastewater discharged into the environment and other available data from sampling and measurements. In this way, the spread of pollution has been investigated.The results show that the discharge of treated sewage into this estuary and even outside the estuary and near the coast will not solve the problems of this area, according to the trials and errors and checking the depth and average speed and direction of currents in the area, the only way The solution is to use atfal with a minimum length of 2000 meters and a depth of about 7 meters. In this case, the possibility of creating eutrophic conditions in the estuary and coastal areas of Bandar Abbas will be greatly reduced due to the discharge of treated wastewater.
Original Article
bahar beishami; SAMANEH ESMAILI
Abstract
One of the challenges faces the world is climate change, due to greenhouse gas emissions. The requirement for preventing this change is development of the renewable energy usage. Among the types of renewable energy, solar energy is considered by many countries around the world, due to its high capacity ...
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One of the challenges faces the world is climate change, due to greenhouse gas emissions. The requirement for preventing this change is development of the renewable energy usage. Among the types of renewable energy, solar energy is considered by many countries around the world, due to its high capacity and availability throughout the year. Regarding the human's long-standing efforts to provide the best temperature for the environment and to save the resources, he has to plan strategies for applying the solar energy, including passive solar systems. Passive solar systems apply the building elements as solutions to use solar energy. Since most of the energy consumed in the building sector is spent on providing thermal comfort, the passive solar systems significantly help to reduce energy consumption; therefore, their usage can be considered an efficient strategy in the process of sustainable development, especially in less developed and rural areas.Many economic planners believe that to realize this form of development, it is necessary to concentrate on the rural tourism infrastructure. Basically, villages are the place for tourists' accommodation and receiving services, i.e. Eco-lodge. Tourism can accelerate this development through the use of solar energy. Applying the renewable energy efficiently in in rural areas, Eco-lodge and generally in the tourism industry is of great importance because of limiting the industry's share in environmental problems, helping to reduce the cost of operating ecotourism resorts, making the business economically attractive, and paving the way for sustainable development.
Original Article
mohaddeseh mir; hamid mohammadi
Abstract
Introduction: In arid and semi-arid regions, the existence of wetlands is very important. The results obtained from various researches have shown that wetlands, in addition to environmental benefits, such as soil stabilization, temperature regulation, reducing air dryness, etc., also have economic benefits ...
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Introduction: In arid and semi-arid regions, the existence of wetlands is very important. The results obtained from various researches have shown that wetlands, in addition to environmental benefits, such as soil stabilization, temperature regulation, reducing air dryness, etc., also have economic benefits for local communities. As their livelihood depends on the wetlands, many local communities have been forced to migrate due to successive droughts and the drying up of the wetlands. Hamon Wetland is one of the natural ecosystems that has had valuable environmental and economic benefits for local communities in the Sistan region, but due to the droughts, many human and financial losses have been caused in the Sistan region. The purpose of this study is to investigate the benefits of the users of the Hamon Wetland when the wetland is flooded and to investigate the damages caused to the users during the drought.Material and methods: In this article, in order to investigate the interests of Hamon wetland users, with the consultation of local communities and previous researches, three occupations of agriculture, fishing and animal husbandry were selected for the purpose of interview. The data used in the questionnaires were extracted and the interests of farmers, fishermen and ranchers were checked by the market price method, the conditional valuation method was used to check the damage caused in the wetland.Results and discussion: The results show that in the year 2020, the profit from the fishing sector is 7967002800 rials.. The benefit of livestock sector is 77452923610 rials and Agriculture is 318165282120 rials. The investigation of the damage caused in 2022 also determined 11,683,454,1600 Rials of damages have been imposed on the operators of damage was imposed on the operators. Also, the willingness to pay for the preservation and restoration of the Hamon wetland was 23,445,559,200 rials. According to the results of this study and the comparison of the comparisons that the beneficiaries of Hamon Wetland have had and the results that are presented to them due to the drought. We find that it is necessary to take serious measures in order to properly manage the wetland(Hamoun wetland water rights) and creating alternative livelihoods for wetland beneficiaries should be on the agenda.Conclusion: This research shows that the economic results of the local communities with the exploitation of the lagoon are very high. have had and caused a lot of damage to them due to the drought. . Therefore, according to the exploitations that took place during the flood of Hamon lagoon, including the use of water for agriculture, the movement of fishermen for the purpose of catching fish and and the harvesting of fodder by ranchers and even the entry of livestock to graze in the reeds These human activities can be one of the important factors in the destruction and reduction of water resources of Hamon lagoon.
Original Article
Mohammad Javad Amiri; Hamid Jourkesh; Ahmad Nohegar
Abstract
Introduction: Flood is caused by a sudden increase in the water level of a river due to heavy rainfall, in which excess water flows out of the basin and the riverbed and enters adjacent areas, causing extensive damage to the region's ecosystems and infrastructure. In order to determine and implement ...
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Introduction: Flood is caused by a sudden increase in the water level of a river due to heavy rainfall, in which excess water flows out of the basin and the riverbed and enters adjacent areas, causing extensive damage to the region's ecosystems and infrastructure. In order to determine and implement a strategic plan in the direction of crisis management, understanding the mechanism and development of the flood phenomenon and the amount of runoff created as a result is a priority.Material and methods: In this study, three events of flood on 16 February 2017, 26 March, 2019 and 23 January 2020, when the average rainfall in the Shiraz watershed was 100 mm every three days, were selected and interacted with a synoptic approach. Atmospheric conditions and flood patterns were identified. Next, using by HEC-HMS hydrological model, the amount of rainfall to runoff conversion in each of the sub-basins in the Shiraz watershed was simulated.Results and discussion: The results showed that the maximum precipitation occurs in February and the minimum in July. The maximum annual rainfall is 627 mm in the mountainous areas of Qalat and Golestan and the minimum is 245 mm in Maharloo lake. Synoptic results showed that the establishment of low altitude and cold-water trough at the level of 500 hPa in the eastern Mediterranean along with the establishment of dynamic low pressure system in Iran caused surface air instability in Fars province and by injecting moisture from the Persian Gulf to the massif. The weather has caused floods in Shiraz. The results of rainfall-runoff modeling showed that the highest runoff in Sadra and Qalat sub-basins were 5773 and 5076 thousand m3, respectively, and the maximum peak discharge in Sadra and Qalat was 666 and 389 m3/sec, respectively. It happened at 17:00. The highest volume of rainfall penetration in Qalat and Chenar Rahdar was 5423 and 2546 thousand cubic meters, respectively, and the lowest level of penetration in the Quran Gate was 247 thousand m3, the main reason being the high density of residential-commercial use in this sub-basin.Conclusion: Therefore, it is suggested that in order to manage the flood crisis in Shiraz, controlling runoff produced in northern sub-basins such as Qalat, Golestan and Sadra and increasing the level of permeability can be effective in controlling floods.
Original Article
maryam hasanbigi; Maryam Morovati; peyman karami; mehdi elahi
Abstract
Introduction: Extracting honey from beehives is one of the economic activities for local communities, which is effective in the direct and indirect employment of villagers and as a result, the sustainable development of these areas. Among the pollinating insects, bees play a much more prominent role, ...
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Introduction: Extracting honey from beehives is one of the economic activities for local communities, which is effective in the direct and indirect employment of villagers and as a result, the sustainable development of these areas. Among the pollinating insects, bees play a much more prominent role, and usually the location of the hives can determine the extent of benefit from this ecosystem service. Among the bees of Iran, Carnica hybrid(Apis mellifera meda) has a special place in honey production. Despite the various studies conducted on this hybrid, so far the study has not investigated the suitable conditions for the placement of beehives of this species, so this study seeks to identify the suitable areas for the establishment of beehives as well as the uses/covers that use these services. Awareness of the areas that are prone to beehive placement can be one of the priorities of the planners in the field of agriculture and animal husbandry in Markazi Province.Materials and methods: In this study, in order to model the areas that are susceptible to pollination, among the environmental variables that are somehow effective on the quality and quantity of pollination, In this regard, variables such as spring density, height, topographic humidity, light shade, average spot size, land use/cover, variety of landscape, edge density, distance from agricultural land, average wind speed up to a height of 10 meters, roughness of vegetation and Vegetation density was used. This means that after collecting the points of the hives and pre-processing them, they are ready to do the modeling. Since it is difficult to access all the areas that are not suitable for the establishment of hives in the modeling process, alternative methods such as pseudo-absence methods are used. But identifying suitable areas for recording pseudo-absence points can also justify the analysis with errors. Therefore, first, using the output of presence-only models, pollination desirability was calculated. Then, by subtracting the desirable areas from the entire surface of the land, pseudo-absence points were randomly created in the remaining areas. After the preparation of this group of points, the presence/pseudo-absence models were ready to be implemented. In order to evaluate distribution models, TPR variables and the Kappa index were used. TPR, which is also referred to as sensitivity, is a numerical value that identifies the percentage of presence points that are detected again after applying the presence point threshold. Also, a random forest model was used to calculate the impact of this data set on environmental changes.Results and discussion: The presence-only models in this study were implemented with adequate power. The value of AUC was calculated as 0.89, 0.90 and 0.76 respectively for Bioclim, Domian and single class support vector machine models. The results of the evaluation of the used models showed that all the models have well predicted the presence of beehives in the areas of pseudo-absence of beehives. And the Kappa index for this category of models has been calculated to be at least equal to 0.83. On the other hand, based on the TPR criterion, many of the hive points have been detected again after applying the hive threshold limit, which can indicate the good level of prediction of the used models. Also, the findings showed that the diversity of the landscape has a greater impact on the quality of pollination than the proximity to agricultural lands. And the height of up to 1813 meters above sea level, as well as the wind speed of 3.47 meters per second, are the best conditions for the presence of beehives. Among the different cities of Arak, Farahan, Khandab, Shazand and Khomein have the highest value for pollination.Conclusion: Planning for the protection of natural areas as well as areas prone to the establishment of beehives can be done by emphasizing the location of Arak, Farahan, Khandab, Shazand and Khomein cities. The findings of this study show that the use of species distribution models can be effective for identifying suitable areas for beehive establishment and pollination activity. On the other hand, combining the findings of this group of studies with other spatial data that determine the patterns of the landscape can provide a clear view of the influence of the landscape.
Original Article
Moodamadali Pouyan; Shahindokht Barghjelveh
Abstract
Background and purpose: Environmental pollutions caused by growing dumps of increasing urban construction wastes have adverse effects on the health of environment. This research was carried out with the aim of planting plants resistant to heavy elements in the construction waste recovery center of Gud ...
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Background and purpose: Environmental pollutions caused by growing dumps of increasing urban construction wastes have adverse effects on the health of environment. This research was carried out with the aim of planting plants resistant to heavy elements in the construction waste recovery center of Gud Abali - Tehran.Materials and methods: The method is experimental-analytical research program which was carried out cross-sectionally in 2022. The sample plants of this research were ‘oleander’, ‘eucalyptus’, ‘bitter olive’, ‘murd’, ‘rose’, ‘pistachio’ and ‘pine’. First, the samples were planted in the construction waste recovery soil of Gud Abali Mining Centre; then they were kept for several months with the care and irrigation of the region’s light and temperature conditions, and then the findings were analyzed in final step.Results and discussion: The findings showed that increased concentration of heavy elements of Cd and Pb in the recovery soil mining center of Gud Abali causes a major decrease of diversity and density of the plant species of the region, and the findings also showed that with the management of planting plants, the adverse effects of the heavy elements on plant diversity and density are reduced. The findings showed that ‘eucalyptus’ did not grow at the beginning of the growing season due to the high absorption of heavy elements, but other plants like ‘oleander’, ‘bitter olive’, ‘murd’, ‘rose’, ‘pistachio’ and ‘pine’ continued to grow.Conclusion: The management of planting plants resistant to heavy elements can reduce the adverse effects of heavy elements on plant diversity and density of the region. In this regard, plant remediation is recommended in order to manage the concentration of heavy elements in the effluent soil of Gud Abali Construction Waste Recovery Center of Tehran.
Original Article
Sajjad Rahimi-Moghaddam
Abstract
Introduction: Climate changes and indiscriminate harvesting as well as overgrazing of different Iranian rangelands have caused the destruction and reduction of vegetation in the rangelands. This has been especially severe for medicinal plants, in the last decade. By identifying the plant communities ...
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Introduction: Climate changes and indiscriminate harvesting as well as overgrazing of different Iranian rangelands have caused the destruction and reduction of vegetation in the rangelands. This has been especially severe for medicinal plants, in the last decade. By identifying the plant communities and analyzing the ecological nature of each species, it is possible to plan for the optimal management based on ecological principles for the present and the future. Based on top-mentioned issues, the current research was conducted regarding ecological evaluation of cultivating medicinal plants in different rangelands of Lorestan province through analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach and ArcGIS software in order to restore the rangelands and protect the medicinal plants. Material and methods: The studied area was the rangelands of Lorestan province in the west of Iran. Required data included soil, long-term climatic (1970-2020), and topographic data. Climatic and topographical data were obtained from the WorldClim database. Soil data were gathered by the International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC). Studied medicinal plants were Asafoetida, Galbanum, Liquorice, Keluss, and Borago Oxtongue flower. The judgment of 15 experts was used for pairwise comparisons and weighting of ecological data for each medicinal plant using Delphi method, and the weight of each of the options and criteria was calculated in Expert Choice11 software. Then, to match the environmental requirements of the medicinal plants with the characteristics of the rangelands, Natural breaks –Jenks classification method was employed in ArcGIS software.Results and discussion: The results showed that the role of annual mean temperature with a weighting coefficient of 0.309 in cultivating medicinal plants more than other factors, followed by elevation and annual cumulative rainfall (0.212). Also, among the studied factors, the lowest weight belonged to soil organic carbon percentage (0.057). For annual mean temperature, more than 53% of rangelands in Lorestan province experienced a temperature between 10 and 15 °C. The rangelands received an average of 350 mm. More than 60% of the rangelands are located at an elevation between 2000 and 3000 m. For slope, more than 54% of rangelands had a slope between 25 and 60%. The soil of Lorestan rangelands had a heavy texture, so that more than 75% of the rangelands had clay loam soil texture. More than 59% of the rangelands had soil organic carbon of 2-5%. Also, more than 74% of the rangelands had pH between 7.7 and 7.9. Also, the rangelands were divided into three classes (very good, good, and medium) in terms of potential and having suitable ecological conditions for growing Asafoetida, Galbanum, Liquorice, Keluss, and Borago Oxtongue flower. 98, 97, and 94% of the rangelands were placed at the very good and good categories for cultivating Asafoetida, Galbanum, and Keluss, respectively. However, these values were 26 and 27% for planting Liquorice and Borago Oxtongue flower, respectively.Conclusion: Overall, the rangelands of Lorestan province had a good potential growing Asafoetida, Galbanum, and Keluss, and they had a medium potential for cultivating of Liquorice and Borago Oxtongue flower. However, the suitability of medicinal plants cultivation varied over based on the geographical position of the rangelands, and the recommendation for cultivating each medicinal plant should be considered according to each geographical zone.
Original Article
Hoda Yazdanpanah; Mohsen Abdollahi; Abbas Poorhashemi; Mansour Pournouri
Abstract
Introduction: International community includes states which enact and execute the rules and regulations of international law. The base of international law derives from the need of states to coexist in international community. In other words, the states cannot be forced to accept a new rule when they ...
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Introduction: International community includes states which enact and execute the rules and regulations of international law. The base of international law derives from the need of states to coexist in international community. In other words, the states cannot be forced to accept a new rule when they do not agree. However, sanctions are based on a mutual structure including diplomatic protest and countermeasures influencing the behavior of states. In addition, some sanctions have been enacted in environmental law, after breach of obligation for more protection of environment based on erga omnes. In addition to the sanctions, some mechanisms have been enacted by the international organizations and states for support and protection of environment before breach of obligation. The present study aims to explain and evaluate development of new sanctions and mechanisms in international environmental law for efficient and effective protection of environment and offer solutions for handling legal challenges in executing the obligations and assessing the adequacy of classic sanctions and mechanisms in international environmental law. Material and methods: The method was descriptive-analytical and the data were collected based on library study and reference to documents by searching the Internet. Therefore, with a descriptive and analytical method and relying on library resources and existing data, in the first part, the existing mechanisms and executive guarantees in the field of environmental protection are reviewed, and in the second part, new mechanisms and executive guarantees and reasons are examined. Their formation is discussedResults and discussion: The main research question states; whether new sanctions and mechanisms are emerging in international environmental law for more protection of environment based on theoretical foundations; investigate the new sanctions and mechanisms emerging in international environmental law to further protect the environment. in this research express the inefficiency of classic sanctions including civil and criminal ones and classic mechanisms for protection of environment by separating the concept of sanction from mechanism. Based on the results, new limitations such as green taxes, environmental insurance, and Environmental Damage Fund (EDF) have been emerging and developing due to the specific nature of environmental issues and its relationship with the necessity of creating and developing new sanctions and mechanisms, and given that the development fails to be enough for protection of environment due to the existing limitations, despite development of classic sanctions and mechanisms.Conclusion: in environmental law, two types of new sanctions have been identified and developed for efficient and effective protection of environment, which include "pay compensation without agreement and going to the court in cases of severe damage to the environment" and "compliance and noncompliance control of member states to environmental conventions".
علمی - پژوهشی
Nafiseh Sadat Moosavi; Ebrahim Sedaghati; Pezhman Khodaygan; Narges Hatami
Abstract
Introduction: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF-phylum Glomeromycota) are one of the most important beneficial soil microorganisms that form a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with roots more than 80% of terrestrial plant species. These fungi improve the mineral nutrients (especially phosphorus) and ...
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Introduction: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF-phylum Glomeromycota) are one of the most important beneficial soil microorganisms that form a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with roots more than 80% of terrestrial plant species. These fungi improve the mineral nutrients (especially phosphorus) and water uptake and enhance plant tolerance to various biotic and abiotic stresses such as pathogens, salinity, drought and heavy metals contamination. Hence, they play a key role in the establishment of plant communities in different ecosystems. The present study aimed to identify AMF species associated with different plants roots based on morphological characteristics, comparison of spore’s population and determine the percentage of root colonization in the Kolah'ghazi protected region in Isfahan Province.Materials and methods: At first, 12 plants were selected from the predominant plants that are AMF host. The sampling was conducted from a depth of 5 to 30 cm in the rhizosphere of each plant and the soil and root samples were collected. Roots fragments were stained in lactoglycerol blue and the percentage of root colonization was calculated. AMF spores were extracted of each air-dried soil sample (300-500 g) by wet sieving and centrifugation in sugar solution methods. Also, spore population were determined in a gram of soil with three replications. Then, the isolated spores were identified based on morphological characteristics such as the color, shape, size, wall structure, hyphal attachment, etc.Results and discussion: Microscopic observations indicated that all the sampled plant roots were colonized by AMF. The percentage of AMF colonization ranged from 9-92% among plants species and the highest and lowest of it were observed in Thymus vulgaris and Alyssum homolocarpum plants, respectively. The highest of spore density was in the rhizosphere of the Th. vulgaris and the lowest was related to Lepidium draba. The statistical analysis, it was found that there is a positive correlation between the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization and the number of spores in most plants. Based on morphological criteria, 12 species of AMF belonging to 8 genera Claroidoglomus (C. etunicatum and C. luteum), Funneliformis (F. caesaris and F. geosporum), Glomus (G. ambisporum), Rhizophagus (Rh. aggregatum and Rh. fasciculatus), Septoglomus (Se. africanum, Se. constrictum and Se. deserticola), Entrophospora (E. infrequens), Gigaspora (Gi. gigantea) and Scutellospora (Scutellospora sp.) were identified. Se. africanum is new for mycoflora from Iran and other identified species have previously been reported from different regions and crops.Conclusion: Due to the importance of AMF, identification and reproduction of these fungi for exploiting their potential in regenerate arid areas, especially protected areas, can be necessary. However, further research is needed to more accurately identify of AM species.
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