تاثیرتغییرپذیری های کاربری و پوشش سرزمین بر کیفیت هوای شهر تهران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف:
تغییر در کیفیت هوا و خطر­های آن با رشد سریع مناطق شهری و صنعتی و تغییر در سایر کاربری‌ها در دهه‌های اخیر در رابطه است. یکی از مهم‌ترین تاثیر­ها، تغییرپذیری­ های  کاربری سرزمین فرسایش بادی و در نتیجه افزایش ذرات معلق، در مناطق مسکونی است. به این دلیل،  تاثیر تغییرپذیری­ های کاربری سرزمین، بر افزایش غلظت ذرات معلق در هوای شهرها بخصوص تهران دارای اهمیت است.
مواد و روش­ ها:
تغییر پذیری ­های کاربری سرزمین و متریک‌های سیمای سرزمین  در سال‎های 1985، 2000 و 2014 بررسی شد. سپس رابطه بین تغییر در کاربری سرزمین با غلظت ذرات معلق در شهر تهران با استفاده از روش‌های تحلیل روند مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. برای تعیین مهم‌ترین جهت‌های باد و تغییر در کاربری سرزمین که بر کیفیت هوای شهر تهران تأثیر گذاشته از شاخص‌های تابع احتمال شرطی (1CPF) و شدت نسبی جهتی (2DRS) استفاده شد.
نتایج و بحث:
نتایج نشان داد که مساحت کاربری کشاورزی در دوره 1985 تا 2000 دارای روند افزایشی  بوده در حالی که این روند در 2000 تا 2014  وارونه بوده است. تغییر در مساحت زمین­ های بایر روندی معکوس نسبت به کاربری کشاورزی در دو دوره زمانی ذکر شده داشت. همچنین کاربری شهری در کل دوره، روند افزایشی داشته است. نتایج متریک ­های سرزمین، به وجود آمدن لکه‌های کوچک‌تر و سیمای سرزمین لکه لکه شده را نشان داد. نتایج تحلیل روند بیان کرد که غلظت ذرات معلق در کل روند افزایشی داشته اما در سال 2007 یک افزایش ناگهانی در غلظت ذرات معلق دیده شد. مقایسه بین غلظت ذرات معلق قبل و بعد از سال 2007 گویای این بود که بین این دو دوره اختلاف معنی‌داری وجود دارد. همچنین نتایج CPF و DRS قبل از سال 2007 نشان داد که جهت خاصی برای ­منبع­­ های انتشار ذرات معلق وجود ندارد. اما برای سال‌های بعد از 2007، ارزش نمودار CPF و DRS در جهت­ های خاصی مانند جنوب تا غرب افزایش یافته است.
نتیجه‌گیری:
نتایج، نشان‌دهنده این است که جهت‌های خاصی بر افزایش غلظت 10PM در شهر تهران مؤثرند که با جهت بیشترین تغییرپذیری­ ها در کاربری سرزمین مطابقت دارد. در نتیجه تغییرپذیری­ ها کاربری سرزمین از عوامل مؤثر در افزایش میزان ذرات معلق شهر تهران به شمار می­ رود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of land use/cover changes on Tehran’s air quality

نویسندگان [English]

  • Abutaleb Sabr
  • Mazaher Moeinaddini
  • Hossein Azarnivand
Department of environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction:
In recent decades, air quality change and its risks are correlated with the expansion of urban and industrial areas and other land-use changes. One of the important effects of land use/cover changes (LUCC) is wind erosion and as a result, an increase in particulate matter (PM) concentration in residential areas. For this reason, the effects of LUCC on PM concentration in Tehran’s airshed was studied.
Material and methods:
Data on LUCC and landscape metrics were studied in the years 1985, 2000 and 2014. Then, the relationship between LUCC and PM concentration in Tehran was investigated by trend analysis methods. To find the most important wind directions with strong effects on Tehran’s air quality, conditional probability function (CPF) and directional relative strength (DRS) were used.
Results and discussion:
LUCC results showed that the area of agricultural land-use has been expanded from 1985 to 2000, yet decreased from 2000 to 2014. The trend was vice versa for barren lands during the mentioned time periods. In addition, the urban area has increased in the whole period. The landscape metric results showed that landscape patches became smaller and the landscape has been fragmented. The results of the PM10 concentration trend analysis revealed that it has been increased dramatically since 2007. Comparison of the average concentration of PM10 before and after 2007 showed a significant difference. The results of CPF and DRS illustrated that no specific wind direction was detected before 2007, but afterwards both increased in specific directions (south to west), which is compatible with most LUCC and fragmented areas in these directions.
Conclusion:
Our results showed that specific wind directions may lead to an increase in the PM10 concentration which is compatible with LUCC directions. Therefore, LUCC could be a significant reason for the increase in PM10 concentration in Tehran.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Remote sensing
  • Land use/cover change (LUCC)
  • Particulate Matter (PM)
  • Trends analysis
  • Tehran

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فصلنامه علوم محیطی
دوره 16، شماره 3
مهر 1397
صفحه 79-100

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