تأثیر آتش‌سوزی بر تنوع و سطح های غذایی فون خاک در جنگل‌های هیرکانی (مطالعه موردی: جنگل‌های گلندرود)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه جنگلداری مناطق خشک، دانشکده کویرشناسی، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران

2 گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف:
تنوع و فراوانی فون خاک‌های جنگلی، نقش مهمی در چرخه عنصر­های غذایی دارد و عامل­ های زیان­بار ازجمله آتش‌سوزی، سبب برهم خوردن تعادل این جامعه ­ها می ­شود. در تحقیق حاضر به تأثیر آتش‌سوزی بر تنوع، غنا و زیست‌توده زنده فون خاک پرداخته شده است.
مواد و روش‌ها:
این تحقیق در پارسل­ های 20 و 21 سری 11 حوزه آبخیز 48، اداره کل منبع­ های طبیعی و آبخیزداری- نوشهر انجام شد. تعداد 10 پلات 30Í30 سانتی­ متری با عمق 30 سانتی­متر در هر یک از دو تیمار جنگل آتش‌سوزی شده و جنگل شاهد (مجموعاً 20 پلات) به‌صورت تصادفی و به روش دستی نمونه ­برداری شد. خاک داخل پلات ­ها از محدوده گودال به داخل ظرفی تشت مانند تخلیه شده و پس از جداسازی ماکروفون‌ها در داخل کیسه ­های پلاستیکی قرار گرفته و برای شناسایی و اندازه‌گیری زیست‌توده به آزمایشگاه انتقال داده شد. سپس وزن هر یک از این موجود­ها، با ترازوی دیجیتال (دقت 0001/0 گرم)، اندازه­ گیری و سپس در سطح راسته و خانواده شناسایی شدند. برای محاسبه شاخص ­های غلبه، تنوع زیستی و غنای فون خاک، از نرم‌افزار Past و برای انجام تجزیه ­های آماری، از آزمون تی غیر جفتی در محیط نرم افزار SPSS استفاده گردید.
نتایج و بحث:
از کل ماکروفون‌های شناسایی‌شده بیشترین فراوانی مربوط به کرم خاکی بوده است و تمام گونه ­ها به‌جز سوسک‌های راسته سخت بالپوشان و مورچه‌ها در منطقه شاهد بیشتر از آتش‌سوزی شده است. زیست‌توده کلی سطح ­های تغذیه­ ای تفاوت معنی‌داری در بین دو تیمار آتش‌سوزی نشان نداد؛ این در حالی است که میزان آن در منطقه آتش‌سوزی شده 35/2 و در شاهد 70/1 گرم بر متر مربع بود. از بین خرده ­ریزخواران زیست‌توده، کرم خاکی و سخت بالپوشان افزایش و هزارپایان، خرخاکی‌ها و دیپلورا در منطقه آتش‌سوزی شده نسبت به منطقه شاهد کاهش یافتند.
نتیجه‌گیری:
نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که با گذشت 5 سال پس از آتش‌سوزی، به‌جز شاخص یکنواختی و غلبه گونه‌ای، دیگر شاخص­ ها اختلاف معنی داری را بین جنگل شاهد با آتش سوزی شده نشان ندادند. این مطلب نشان ­دهنده بازگشت جنگل به حالت اولیه و بازسازی جامعه ­های فون خاک به زمان قبل از آتش‌سوزی می‌باشد. از سوی دیگر، مقایسه جمعیت فون خاک در سطح ­های تغذیه­ ای نیز نشان‌ داد که موجود­های خرده ­ریزخوار در منطقه آتش‌سوزی شده نسبت به دیگر گروه‌ها بیشترین آسیب و کاهش جمعیت را در اثر آتش‌سوزی داشته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of fire on the diversity and trophic levels of soil fauna in Hyrcanian forests after 5 years (case study: Galandroud forest)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zeinab Ahmadi 1
  • Davoud Kartoolinejad 1
  • Mariam Molashahi 1
  • Masoumeh Shayanmehr 2
1 Department of Arid Land Forestry, Faculty of Desert Studies, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
2 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction:
The diversity and abundance of soil fauna in the forest have an important role in nutrient cycle, and destructive factors (e.g., fire) would cause a disturbance in the balance of soil communities. In the current study, the effect of fire on biodiversity, richness, abundance, fresh biomass and trophic levels of soil-dwelling invertebrates in Galandroud forest were investigated and discussed.
Material and methods:
This research was conducted in districts 20 and 21 of series 11 from watershed 48 of Natural Resources and Watershed Management Department of Nowshahr. Ten 30×30 cm quadrates with 30 cm depth were randomly placed in both fired and control forests (20 quadrates in total) across two distinct using hand-sorting methods. The soils were collected into a pan, and transferred to the laboratory for identification and measuring the fresh biomass after separating the fauna into plastic bags. Then, the fresh biomass of soil animals was separately measured using a digital balance (with an accuracy of 0.0001 g) and then identified at family and order levels. The PAST software was used to calculate the dominance, biodiversity and richness indices of the soil fauna. Statistical comparisons were done with independent sample t-test using SPSS software. Moreover, the trophic levels of the soil fauna were determined and the abundance and biomass of each five main trophic groups were investigated within two fired and control forests.
Results and discussion:
Among the identified macrofauna, the earthworms were the most abundant. The abundance of almost all species was more in the control forests rather than the fire-burned ones, except for coleopteran beetles and the ants. The total biomass of trophic levels did not show any significant difference between the two forests, while it’s amount in the burned and control forests was 2.35 and 1.70 g.m-2,respectively. Among detritivore biomass, the biomass of earthworms and coleopteran beetles increased, while it decreased for millipedes, slaters, and Diplura in the burned forests compared to the control. According to the similar studies that have been done so far, most faunal assemblages have shown a negative response to the fire in the short term, and then their populations revived or even increased compared to the control area.
Conclusion:
The results revealed that almost all indices did not show a significant difference between fired and control forests after 5 years, with an exception for evenness and dominance. These findings reflect the restoration of the forest and soil fauna communities and return to the conditions before the fire. However, comparison of the faunal population at trophic levels showed that detritivores in the burned forests experienced the most reduction among all groups and damaged the most from the fire.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Fire
  • Soil faunal biomass
  • Hyrcanian forests
  • Trophic levels
  • Biodiversity index
  • Detritivores
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