تغییرات احساس دلبستگی به مکان در جابه جایی های ساکنان در محیط های مسکونی پس از وقوع سوانح طبیعی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران

2 گروه معماری منظر، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: دلبستگی به مکان مبنایی برای درک ماهیت پیچیده روابط انسانی با مکان اطرافش می‌باشد. بر این اساس، انسان‌ها نیاز اساسی به ارتباط اجتماعی دارند، به‌گونه‌ای که باید روابط بین فردی را ایجاد و حفظ کنند و احساس امنیت، پذیرش و تعلق را از این روابط به دست آورند. سوانح طبیعی باعث آسیب‌های فیزیکی به محلات مسکونی و ایجاد ناراحتی‌های روانی می‌شود. پژوهش‌های انجام شده در مورد تأثیر مخاطرات طبیعی نشان داده است که رابطه پیچیده‌ای بین دلبستگی به مکان و خطر درک شده وجود دارد. مفهوم احساس دلبستگی از یک‌سو متأثر از جنبه‌های انسانی برآمده از حوزه‌های روانشناسی و جامعه‌شناسی و بخش دیگر آن برخاسته از حوزه معماری می‌باشد که در خلال رویدادهای مختلف مانند جابه‌جایی ساکنان پس از سوانح دستخوش تغییرات قرار می‌گیرد. در مطالعات به جنبه کالبدی احساس دلبستگی افراد پس از سوانح کمتر توجه شده است. از این رو، در این پژوهش مفهوم دلبستگی به مکان در سطح محلات مسکونی بر اساس سه مؤلفه معماری مسکن، بافت شهری و منظر طبیعی سنجیده می‌شود. مؤلفه معماری مسکن شامل معیارهای مقیاس، تراکم، حریم شخصی، مبلمان، خوانایی، دید و منظر و انسجام است. مؤلفه بافت شهری دارای زیرمؤلفه‌های خدمات شهری، دسترسی، سلسله‌مراتب، چیدمان کارآمد، تنوع فعالیتی، پاسخگویی به نیازها و عناصر شهری و در نهایت مؤلفه منظر طبیعی دارای زیرمؤلفه‌های فضای سبز و آسایش اقلیمی می‌باشد.
مواد و روش‌ها: روش انتخابی در این پژوهش ترکیبی (کیفی و کمی) است. در مرحله اول با مراجعه به منابع موجود و اسناد کتابخانه‌ای، فهرستی از مؤلفه‌های مؤثر بر احساس دلبستگی افراد در فضای مسکونی استخراج و سپس با استفاده از روش کیفی متغیرهای موردمطالعه برحسب کلیت آنها در گروه‌های مختلف دسته‌بندی شدند. با بهره‌گیری از پژوهش پیمایشی، شهرک ولایت واقع در شهر نکا بعنوان موردپژوهی انتخاب گردید. پس از برداشت میدانی و گونه‌شناسی محله مسکونی ولایت، 340 پرسشنامه محقق‌ساخته با روش نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای و مطابق با نرم‌افزار G-Power در‌ بین اقشار مختلفی از ساکنان توزیع شد. در مرحله اعتبارسنجی ابزار پژوهش، روایی صوری و محتوایی پرسشنامه توسط متخصصان موردتأیید قرار گرفت. سپس به کمک تحلیل‌های آماری، ویژگی‌های کالبدی محله مسکونی به‌عنوان متغیر مستقل و شاخصه‌های مفهوم دلبستگی بعنوان متغیر وابسته موردارزیابی قرار گرفت که با در نظر گرفتن بار عاملی هر سنجه و میزان خطای پنهان، جایگاه هر یک از متغیرها تعیین شد.
نتایج و بحث: نتایج نشان داد که بین مؤلفه‌های بافت شهری (815/0 = r)، منظر طبیعی (768/0 = r) و معماری مسکن (761/0 = r) با دلبستگی ساکنان پس از سوانح ارتباط مستقیم وجود داشت (05/0>P). همچنین مقدار ضریب رگرسیونی استانداردشده (Beta) برای مؤلفه بافت شهری شامل زیرمؤلفه تنوع فعالیتی در محیط مسکونی (001/0>P و 318/0 = β) و چیدمان کارآمد (001/0>P و 317/0 = β)، مؤلفه معماری مسکن شامل زیرمؤلفه خوانایی فضا (001/0>P و 345/0 = β) و مؤلفه منظر طبیعی شامل زیرمؤلفه آسایش اقلیمی (001/0>P و 472/0 = β) بود.
نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس یافته‌ها، می‌توان بر اهمیت نقش طراح به‌عنوان خالق فضا تأکید داشت. تصمیمات طراحان و برنامه‌ریزان در انتخاب مؤلفه‌های کالبدی مؤثر توأمان با طراحی جزء فضاها و سایر عوامل طبیعی منجر به تغییر در میزان احساس دلبستگی اهالی پس از سوانح در سطح محلات مسکونی می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Changes in Place Attachment Among Relocated Residents in Post-Disaster Housing Environments

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zahra Shobkolaie 1
  • Seyed-Abbas Yazdanfar 1
  • Saeid Norouzian-Maleki 2
1 Department of Architecture, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Place attachment is the basis for understanding the complex nature of human relationships with the surrounding environment. Humans have evolved the basic need for social communication, in such a way that they must create and maintain interpersonal relationships and gain a sense of security, acceptance, and belonging from these relationships. Natural hazards are events such as earthquakes, typhoons, floods, and landslides, which have the potential to pose a significant threat to human health and safety, property, critical infrastructure, and homeland security. The increase in losses can be explained to a large extent by higher levels of human activity and the accumulation of economic assets in hazard-prone areas. The natural hazards cause physical damage to residential neighborhoods and give rise to psychological distress. There is a growing interest in place attachment as a coping strategy in response to natural hazards. Also, some studies have shown that there is a complicated relationship between place attachment and perceived risk. The concept of attachment is influenced by human aspects arising from the fields of psychology and sociology, and the other part arises from the field of architecture, which changes various events such as the relocation of residents after the disasters. In architecture, less attention has been paid to the physical aspect of people’s sense of attachment after disasters. Therefore, in this study, the concept of attachment to a place at the level of residential neighborhoods is measured based on three components: architecture, urban environment, and nature. The architectural component consists of sub-components of scale, density, privacy, furniture, legibility, view, and coherence. The urban component has the sub-components of urban services, access, hierarchy, furniture arrangement, diversity of activities, meeting needs and elements of the city. Finally, the natural landscape component has the sub-components of green space and climate comfort.
Material and Methods: The method of this research is that after field harvest and typology compilation of the residential neighborhood of the province located in Neka city, a researcher-made questionnaire was made by random sampling method and by G-Power software with a sample size of 340 people in different valleys of distribution residents. Then, with the help of statistical analysis, the physical characteristics of the residential neighborhood as an independent variable and the characteristics of the concept of attachment as a dependent variable were evaluated.
Results and Discussion: The findings revealed that there was a direct relationship between components of the urban environment (r=0.815), the natural landscape (r=0.768), the architecture (r=0.761), and the attachment of residents after disasters (P<0.05). The standardized regression coefficients (β) for the urban components, specifically activity diversity (β = 0.318, P < 0.001) and efficient layout (β = 0.317, P < 0.001), indicate significant associations. Also, the β value for the architecture components, including legibility, was 0.345 (P<0.001), and for the natural landscape component, including climatic comfort was 0.472 (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The initial decisions of designers and planners in selecting effective physical variables combined with the design of spaces and other physical factors will lead to a change in the level of attachment of residents after disasters in Neka city.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Place Attachment
  • Natural Landscape
  • Physical Factors
  • Residential Environment
  • Natural Disasters

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فصلنامه علوم محیطی
دوره 22، شماره 4
1403
صفحه 677-694

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