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نوسان جمعیت زمستان‌گذران خانواده مرغابیان (Anatidae) در تالاب‌های حوضه بختگان، ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه تنوع زیستی و ایمنی زیستی، پژوهشکده محیط زیست و توسعه پایدار، سازمان حفاظت محیط زیست، تهران، ایرا ن

2 گروه محیط زیست ، دانشکده منابع طبیعی ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد بندرعبا س، هرمزگان، ایرا ن

3 گروه تنوع زیستی و ایمنی زیستی، پژوهشکده محیط‌ زیست و توسعه پایدار، سازمان حفاظت محیط‌ زیست، تهران، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: خانواده مرغابیان (Anatidae) به دلیل رفتار مهاجرتی، پراکنش وسیع و تراکم جمعیت زیاد به عنوان شاخص زیستی تالاب­ ها به ­شمار می­روند. تالاب‌های حوضه بختگان شامل سه تالاب بختگان، طشک و کمجان در استان فارس از زیستگاه‌های مهم گونه ­های مرغابیان در فلات مرکزی ایران است. هدف از این تحقیق ارزیابی روند نوسان‌های جمعیت زمستان­ گذران خانواده مرغابیان در تالاب‌های حوضه بختگان در بازه بلند­مدت ۵۲-ساله از سال 1967 تا 201۸ میلادی (۱۳۹۷-۱۳۴۶ شمسی) است.
مواد و روش‌ها: جمعیت و تنوع مرغابیان از داده ­های 52-ساله سرشماری سازمان حفاظت محیط­زیست به دست آمد. برای بررسی وضعیت کنونی زیستگاه، روایی داده­ ها و پایش جمعیت­ های مرغابیان از نتایج مطالعات میدانی در سال ۲۰۱۹ (1398-1397) استفاده شد. از 21 گونه مرغابیان در تالاب­ های بختگان، نه گونه با جمعیت­ بیش از 50 فرد در سال و در حداقل 20 سال مشاهده، به همراه گونه آسیب‌پذیر اردک سرحناییAythya ferina  به تفضیل بررسی شدند. روند سالانه جمعیت کل مرغابیان، تعداد گونه­ ها در هر سال، سهم مرغابیان از جمعیت و تنوع پرندگان آبزی تالاب ­های بختگان و روند آماری نوسان جمعیتی گونه ­ها تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. روند نوسان‌های بلند­مدت جمعیت گونه­ های مرغابیان با استفاده از بسته آماری RTRIM و کاربرد شاخص­ های چندگونه­ ای MSI محاسبه شد.
نتایج و بحث: در مجموع 21 گونه از مرغابیان از جمله گونه در خطر انقراض (EN) اردک سرسفید Oxyura leucocephala ، گونه ­های آسیب‌پذیر (VU) اردک مرمریMarmaronetta angustirostris  و اردک سرحنایی ‌ و گونه نزدیک تهدید (NT) اردک بلوطی
Aythya nyroca  در تالاب‌های حوضه بختگان شناسایی شدند. میانگین جمعیت مرغابیان در دوره 31-ساله (۲۰۰۸-۱۹۸۸) بیش از 169000 فرد بود ولی در ده سال پایانی (۲۰۱۸-۲۰۰۹) به ۶۶۲۳ فرد کاهش یافته است. بیشترین تعداد جمعیت کل مرغابیان در سال­ ۱۹۹۵ با ۶۳۲۵۱۰ فرد و کمترین تعداد هم با ۱۱۳۵ فرد در سال ۲۰۱۶ بوده است. بیشترین و کمترین تعداد گونه نیز در سال­ های ۲۰۰۰  و ۲۰۱۰ به ترتیب با ۱۳ و سه گونه بود. روند آماری نوسان جمعیت نشان داد که غاز خاکستری Anser anser در بلند­مدت دارای کاهش شدید با شیب 21- درصد، تنجه Tadorna tadorna  دارای کاهش شدید (4/8- درصد)، آنقوت Tadorna ferruginea  با جمعیت پایدار و شیب صفر درصد، اردک سرسبزAnas platyrhynchos  و خوتکای اوراسیایی Anas crecca دارای کاهش شدید به ترتیب با شیب 1/12- درصد  و 5/6- درصد بوده است. نتایج بیان­گر  سهم بالای تالاب‌های بختگان برای گونه‌های مرغابیان طی دهه ­های ۱۹۹۰ تا اوایل دهه ۲۰۰۰ در تالاب­ های استان فارس بود ولی در ۱۵ سال گذشته، جایگاه خود را از دست داده است. این تالاب­ ها در گذشته زیستگاه جوجه ­آور تابستانه برای اردک­ مرمری بودند ولی در سال­های اخیر، گزارشی از جوجه ­آوری آن دریافت نشده است. کاهش تراز آبی، خشک شدن پهنه­ های آبگیر و دگرگونی متغیرهای زیستگاهی از مهم­ترین عوامل کاهش جمعیت و تنوع مرغابیان بوده است.
نتیجه ­گیری: خانواده مرغابیان بیش از ۳۰ درصد تنوع گونه­ ها و بیش از ۵۳ درصد جمعیت کل پرندگان آبزی تالاب­ های بختگان را دارا هستند. در حال حاضر تنها در بخش کوچکی از تالاب طشک در محدوده چشمه گمبان امکان زمستان­ گذرانی برای مرغابیان وجود دارد. بازسازی، احیاء و حفاظت مستمر و اثربخش از زنجیره تالاب‌های حوضه بختگان مستلزم اختصاص آب مورد نیاز از منابع آبی متنوع برای پایداری زیستی آن است. در صورت افزایش سطح و عمق پهنه­ های آبی، احتمال افزایش جمعیت و تنوع مرغابیان غواص و ماهی­ خوار مورد انتظار است. به دلیل اهمیت مشارکت ذینفعان در برنامه ­های حفاظت و احیاء تالاب­ها لازم است با توجه به شرایط اجتماعی، اقتصادی، فرهنگی و سیاسی، نسبت به تخصیص حق­آبه زیستی و حفاظت مشارکتی از تالاب اقدام نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Wintering population fluctuation of the Anatidae family in the Bakhtegan Basin Wetlands, Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Farhad Hosseini Tayefeh 1
  • Saber Ghasemi 2
  • Mona Izadian 3
  • Seyyed Ghasem Ghorbanzadeh 3

1 Research Group of Biodiversity and Biosafety, Research Center for Environment and Sustainable Development (RCESD), Department of Environment, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Bandar Abbas Azad University, Iran

3 Research Group of Biodiversity and Biosafety, Research Center for Environment and Sustainable Development (RCESD), Department of Environment, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Anatidae family is considered as a biological indicator of wetlands due to their migratory behavior, wide distribution and high population density. Three wetlands of the Bakhtegan basin, namely Bakhtegan, Tashk and Kamjan in Fars province, are important habitats for Anatidae in the central plateau of Iran. The purpose of this research was to evaluate fluctuations in the wintering population of the Anatidae family in wetlands of the Bakhtegan basin in a long-term period of 52 years from 1967 to 2018.
Material and methods: Data on the population and diversity of waterbirds were obtained from a 52-year census data of the Department of the Environmental of Iran. Results of field studies in 2019 were also used to investigate their current habitat condition, data validation and monitoring of Anatidae populations. Of 21 Anatidae species recorded in Iran, nine species with a population of more than 50 individuals per year and observed at least 20 years, were investigated along with the Vulnerable species (VU) of Common Pochard Aythya ferina. Annual changes in the total population of waterbirds, the number of species in each year, the proportion of Anatidae in the population and the diversity of waterbirds in Bakhtegan wetlands and the statistical trend of population changes of species were analyzed. Trend of long-term changes in the population of Anatidae species were calculated using the RTRIM statistical package and Multi-species Indicators (MSI).
Results and discussion: A total of 21 of Anatidae species, including Endangered species (EN) of White-headed Duck Oxyura leucocephala, Marbled Duck Marmaronetta angustirostris (VU) and Common Pochard (VU) and Near Threatened species (NT) of Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca were identified in the wetlands of Bakhtegan basin. The average population of Anatidae in a 31-year period (1988–2008) was more than 169,000 individuals, but in the last ten years (2009–2018), it decreased to 6,623 individuals. The highest number of total population was in 1995 with 632,510 individuals and the lowest with 1,135 individuals in 2016. The highest and lowest number of species were in 2000 and 2010 with 13 and 3 species, respectively. The statistical trend of the population changes showed that the Greylag Goose Anser anser faced a steep decline in the long-term with a slope of -21%, the Shelduck Tadorna tadorna with a steep decline (-8.4%), the Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea with a stable population and zero percent, the Mallard Anas platyrhynchos and the Eurasian Teal Anas crecca with a steep decline and slope of -12.1% and -6.5%, respectively. Trend of changes in the last ten years for the Greylag Goose was stable (0.1%), Shelduck with an uncertain state (4.8%), Ruddy Shelduck and Mallard with a decrease and a slop of -3.8% and -9.4%, respectively, and Eurasian Teal with a strong increase (48.9%). The results indicate that Bakhtegan wetlands had a high proportion of waterbirds during the 1990s to the early 2000s, but it has lost its position in the last 15 years. Bakhtegan wetlands used to be the breeding habitat for Marbled Ducks, but there have been no reports of its breeding in recent years.The reduction of water level, drying wet areas and changes in habitat variables have been the most important factors in reduction of the population and diversity of Anatide species.
Conclusion: The Anatidae family has more than 30% of species diversity and more than 53% of the total population of waterbirds in Bakhtegan wetlands. Currently, it is possible for birds to spend the winter in only a small part of Tashk wetland in the area of Gamban spring. Reconstruction, restoration and making continuous and effective protection of the wetland chain of Bakhtegan Basin requires allocating the required water from diverse water sources for its biological sustainability. In the case of increasing the level and depth of these water areas, the possibility of increasing the population and diversity of diving ducks and Mergus species is expected. Due to the importance of the participation of stakeholders in the protection and restoration of wetlands, it is necessary to take action regarding the allocation of biological water rights and participatory protection of wetlands according to the social, economic, cultural and political conditions. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • population trend
  • census
  • RTRIM statistical package
  • Multi-species Indicator
  • Taskh
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فصلنامه علوم محیطی
دوره 21، شماره 2
تیر 1402
صفحه 205-228
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