ارزشیابی اقدام های آبخیزداری از نظر ترسیب‌کربن زی توده و دیدگاه آبخیزنشینان در خصوص بهبود وضعیت آبخیز (مطالعه موردی: زیرحوضه ده‌چناشک- حوضه آبخیز چهل‌چای)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه آبخیزداری، دانشکده مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان ، ایران

2 گروه محیطزیست، پژوهشکده علوم محیطی ، دانشگاه شهیدبهشتی ، تهران، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: افزایش غلظت دی اکسیدکربن جو به عنوان اصلی ترین عامل تغییرات اقلیمی است که تخریب در زیست بوم های طبیعی و بروز مشکل های مختلف محیط زیستی مانند برهم خوردن تعاد ل چرخه آب، عناصر غذایی و کربن در طبیعت ر ا در پی داشته است. پوشش گیاهی سطح زمین نقش اساسی در تثبیت کربن دارد که به شدت تحت تأثیر اقدام های مدیریتی بشر قرار گرفته و در طول زمان به تدریج تخریب یافته و مشکل های زیادی را در رفتار حوضه های آبخیز به وجود آورده است. بنابراین در سراسر دنیا اصلاح و احیای حوضه های آبخیز از طریق اجرای اقدام های متنوع مکانیکی و بیولوژیکی مدنظر سیاست گذاران، مدیران وکارشناسان قرار گرفته است. از جمله این اقدام ها می توان به انجام پروژه های آبخیزداری متنوع (نهال کاری، علوفه کاری و تراس بندی)با مشارکت صاحبان منافع به منظور بهبود شرایط در زیرحوضه ده چناشک از حوضه آبخیز چهل چای استان گلستان که یکی از آبخیزهای بحرانی استان بشمار می رود، اشاره کرد. بنابراین پژوهش حاضر به منظور سنجش اثرهای پوشش زمین ها و اقدام های گوناگون مدیریتی بر میزان ذخیره کربن خاک و همچنین بررسی دیدگاه بهره برداران درباره بهبود وضعیت آبخیز به صورت مقایسه ای در دو زیرحوضه ده چناشک (تیمار ) و چمانی بالا (شاهد) صورت گرفت .
مواد و رو ش ها: در پژوهش حاضر، اثر اقدام ها ی مدیریتی بر میزان ترسیب کربن در مکان های تحت اقدام های مدیریتی (تیمار) و انواع مختلف پوشش زمینها (جنگلی، زراعت و باغی) بررسی شده است. زمین های زراعی و باغی به عنوان شاهد و فعالیت های تراس بندی با کشت محصول های زراعی و باغی از نظر ترسیب کربن مقایسه شدند. همچنین اثر اقدام های مدیریتی بر بهبود پوشش گیاهی و کاهش فرسایش خاک از دیدگاه آبخیزنشینا ن و با استفاده از ر و ش پرسشنامه ارزیابی گردید . نمونه برداری به صورت تصادفی - سیستماتیک انجام شد . در امتداد هر ترانسکت به طو ر تصادفی سه پلات انداخته شد . در هر پلات، زیتود ه بالای سط ح زمین ، شامل اندام هوایی گیاهان زراعی و درختان محاسبه گردید .
نتایج و بحث: نتایج نشان داد میانگین ترسیب کربن زیتوده (تن در هکتار) در دو زیرحوضه تیمار و شاهد به ترتیب در جنگل های متراکم
( 10 / 5 و 91 / 4)، کم تراکم ( 98 / 4 و 80 / 4) و تخریب یافته ( 27 / 4 و 95 / 3) بیشتر از باغ های گردو ( 08 / 3 و 85 / 2) و سیب ( 21 / 2 و 00 / 2) و زمین های زراعی کشت شده با یونجه ( 55 / 1 و 50 / 1)، گندم ( 40 / 1 و 32 /1 ) عدس ( 38 / 1 و 30 / 1) و جو ( 26 / 1 و 19 /1 ) می باشد. در مورد اقدام های آبخیزداری اجرا شده در زیرحوضه تیمار، میانگین ترسیب کربن (تن در هکتار) در باغ های احداثی گردو ( 72 / 2) بیشتر از باغ های گلابی ( 88 / 1 ) و گیلاس ( 66 / 1) و زمین های تراس بندی شده با کشت یونجه ( 65 / 1)، گندم ( 50 /1) و عدس  (40 /1) می باشد. همچنین مقایسه آماری با استفاده از آزمون T در بین جنگل های متراکم، کم تراکم و زمین های تخریب یافته و باغ های سیب و زمین های زراعی کشت شده با جو، از نظر ترسیب کربن اختلاف معنی داری را نشان نداد ( p=0.05 ). در مورد مقایسه باغ های احداثی گردو، گلابی و گیلاس و زمین های تراس بندی شده با عدس، یونجه و گندم در مقایسه با زمین های شاهد از نظر مقدار ترسیب کربن تفاوت معناداری به دست آمد ( p=0.05 ). از طرف دیگر، ارزیابی دیدگاه آبخیزنشینان در مورد اثر اقدام های مدیریتی اجرا شده بیانگر نقش بسزای آنها در بهبود شرایط منطقه از نظر پوشش گیاهی، تثبیت خاک و کاهش فرسایش است.
نتیجه گیری: از بین اقدام های آبخیزداری انجام شده، توسعه باغ ها بویژه باغ های گردو در زمین های زراعی شیبدار به دلیل قابلیت بالاتر در جذب و نگهداشت کربن و جلوگیری از فرسایش خاک به عنوان یکی از گزینه های مدیریتی با اولویت بالا برای اجرا در منطقه پیشنهاد می گردد .

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of watershed management interventions on biomass carbon sequestration and stakeholders’ perception about watershed condition improvement (case study: Dehchenashk sub-watershed, Chehl Chai watershed)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zeinab Karimi 1
  • Vahedberdi Sheikh 1
  • Amir Sadoddin 1
  • Naghmeh Mobarghaee Dinan 2
1 Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
2 Department of environment, Environmental Science Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Increasing the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is a major cause of climate change that has led to degradation in natural ecosystems and incidence of various environmental problems such as imbalances in hydrologic, nutrients, and carbon cycles in nature. Land surface cover, which has an important role in carbon sequestration, has been strongly influenced by human activities and gradually degraded over time and created a number of challenges in the behavior of watersheds. Therefore, worldwide rehabilitation and restoration of watersheds through the implementation of a variety of mechanical and biological measures have been considered by policymakers, managers, and technical experts. For instance, various watershed management projects (tree sapling, permanent forage cultivation, and terracing) have been implemented with the participation of stakeholders to improve conditions in the Dehchenashk sub-watershed of the Chehl-Chai watershed, where is considered as the most critically degraded watershed of the Golestan Province, northeastern Iran. Therefore, this research was carried out to evaluate the effects of land cover and various management measures on the amount of carbon sequestration in surface soil layer through a comparative analysis between two sub-watersheds of Dehchenashk (treatment) and Chamanie-bala (control).
Material and methods: In the present study, the effect of management measures on carbon sequestration in areas under management measures (treatment) and types of land use (forest, croplands, and orchards) was studied. The croplands and orchards as controls and terracing and tree saplings activities (biological measures) as the treatment measures were compared in terms of carbon sequestration. Sampling was conducted using randomly selected plots along the defined transects. Within each plot, above-ground biomass was measured for crops and trees. Also, the effect of management measures on improving land cover and reducing soil erosion from viewpoints of the local stakeholders was carried out using the questionnaire survey.
Results and discussion: The results showed that the average of biomass carbon sequestration (ton/ha) in both treatment and control sub-watersheds in dense (5.10 and 4.91), low-density (4.98 and 4.80), and degraded forests (4.27, 95 and 95) was more than walnut (Juglans regia) (3.08 and 2.85) and apple (Malus pumila) (2.21 and 2.00) orchards, and croplands cultivated with alfalfa (Medicago sativa) (1.55 and 1.50), wheat (Triticum aestivum) (1.40 and 1.32), lentil (Lens culinaris) (1.38 and 1.30), and barley (Hordeum vulgare) (1.26 and 1.19), respectively. Regarding biological practices carried out in the treatment sub-watershed, the average carbon sequestration in walnut orchards (2.72) was higher than pear (Pyrus communis) (1.88) and cherry (Cerasus avium) (1.66) orchards and terraced lands cultivated with alfalfa (1.65), wheat (1.50) and lentil (1.40). Also, statistical comparison using T-test between high density, low-density, and degraded forests and apple orchards and barley croplands showed no statistically significant difference at 5% level. The amount of sequestrated biomass carbon in walnut, pear, and cherry orchards and terraced lands cultivated with lentil, alfalfa, and wheat showed significant differences in comparison with the control lands. Moreover, the evaluation of viewpoints of the local stakeholders on the effect of management measures implemented in the Deh-Chanashk sub-watershed, indicated that they believe that the implemented watershed management practices have played a significant role in improving the sub-watershed condition in terms of land cover, soil stabilization, and soil erosion reduction.
Conclusion: Therefore, among the watershed management measures undertaken, extending the orchard plantation, particularly walnut plantation, to croplands on the steep slopes is recommended as a high priority management option across the study region due to higher ability to carbon sequestration as well as soil erosion prevention.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Watershed management
  • Carbon sequestration
  • Soil erosion
  • Stakeholders’ viewpoint
  • Chehel-Chai watershed

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فصلنامه علوم محیطی
دوره 19، شماره 3
مهر 1400
صفحه 217-236

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