Roohallah Mirzaei; Mahmud Krami; Afshin Danehkar; Asghar Abdoli
Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2009
Abstract
The Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) is a semi-aquatic mammal from Mustelidae family. It is recognized as one of the top predators in freshwater systems, and thus has the potential to play an important role in the functioning of these systems. There are only 2 otter species in Iran .Information about this ...
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The Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) is a semi-aquatic mammal from Mustelidae family. It is recognized as one of the top predators in freshwater systems, and thus has the potential to play an important role in the functioning of these systems. There are only 2 otter species in Iran .Information about this species in Iran is absent. River ecosystems are one of the important habitats for otters. Jajrood River with 140 km length in the east of Tehran is one of these habitats that were selected for this study. To study otter distribution standard method was used. This method is a systematic sample survey for field signs of otters. 16 survey sites at about 5 km intervals were selected and Otter signs, habitat parameters such as vegetation cover, river width and fish of river were recorded for each 600m stretch by walking the entire it (both banks) of all river, wading in the river wherever possible. A total of 599 signs (spraints, tracks, holst,rolling places and passes) were identified over the whole study period, the most common being spraints. Otter spraints were found in 6 of the sites of river Surveyed and in the study area, three core areas could be identified.
Hamid goshtasb Maygooni; Bahman Shams; Bahareh Cheshmeh Khavar
Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2009
Abstract
This is a one year field study to evaluate the recreational requirements of the Sysangan forest park in northern part of IRAN,adjacent to the Caspian Sea. In this study, CLAWSOON (1959) method of site evaluation has been adopted. About 2500 questionaries, with 21 question in each,have been distributed ...
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This is a one year field study to evaluate the recreational requirements of the Sysangan forest park in northern part of IRAN,adjacent to the Caspian Sea. In this study, CLAWSOON (1959) method of site evaluation has been adopted. About 2500 questionaries, with 21 question in each,have been distributed among the visitors of park,during weekends &holidays,in a period of one years(june 2005-july 2006).The data so collected shows that,families and men are the major visitors of the ranging in age from 20 to 40 years old.It also shows that most of these visitors are from middle class having some sort of higher educations,working in government or private sectors.They visit the park in groups,prefering the forest and sea sides. Unadequate facilities of the park and protection of it in its natural status were among the visitors requests.Most of them believed that levying an entrance fee will promote the safty & facilities of the Sysangn park. Key words: rereation-idea- visitor-forest park-
Nooshin Khazaei; , Forod Azari Dehkordi
Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2009
Abstract
Landscape ecological metrics are quantitative tools that are used to evaluate the patterns of landscape. In this article we considered some landscape ecological metrics such as SDI (Shannon Diversity Index) or TE (Total Edge) to consider configuration and composition of the landscape patches. Then, a ...
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Landscape ecological metrics are quantitative tools that are used to evaluate the patterns of landscape. In this article we considered some landscape ecological metrics such as SDI (Shannon Diversity Index) or TE (Total Edge) to consider configuration and composition of the landscape patches. Then, a degradation model (DM) was conducted to compute the degradation hierarchy between working units. The DM was introduced as "LD" = ∑kI/V, where "LD" was degradation coefficient of landscape compartment, "k" (intensity) and "I" metrics of landscape, and "V" was vulnerability of the natural habitat (here number of patches in each working unit). Thirteen sub watersheds in Sefidrod Watershed were considered and thus, degradation model was deployed to assess the status of each working unit. On the other hand, if there are deep red pixels in an infrared image, there are more areas of older ecosystems. Therefore, to reveal relationship between a metric and the status of the ecosystems in each working unit, the pixel number of deep-redness of infrared images was plotted against each metrics. Therefore, it was cleared that SDI has the highest correlation (R2 = 0.85) with the color intensity of infrared images.
Ali Akbar Matkan; Azadeh Kazemi; Mohmmad Reza Gilly; Davod Ashourloo
Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2009
Abstract
In order to estimate different parameters such as heavy metals that existing in soil, changing point information to area are binge used. In this case, different method are existed.In this study, we used the Ordinary Kriging method for estimating amount of cadmium in soil the Esfahan province. Then map ...
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In order to estimate different parameters such as heavy metals that existing in soil, changing point information to area are binge used. In this case, different method are existed.In this study, we used the Ordinary Kriging method for estimating amount of cadmium in soil the Esfahan province. Then map for estimating spatial distribution of the total cadmium with use of GIS ability, it was classified for recognition of the polluted regions with the cadmium. Variance analysis test shown that land use is significant effect on total cadmium existed in soil. As, in urban and industry uses, mean of these heavy metals were much than their mean in the other uses. This explains that human activities are the most important factor for increase amount of heavy metals exists in soil. Examination results of total cadmium description statistics and compare those with suggested value by the other countries shown that soil of this region is contains pollution for purpose of cadmium quantity. With use of ETM+ sensor and spectral unmixing techniques, vegetation covering of region was extracted and up to date. Amount of pollution expansion distinguished in different regions of vegetation covering with fitness to map of pollution soil and vegetation covering.
Soolmaz Dashti; Masoud Monavari; Gholam Reza Sabzghabaei
Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2009
Abstract
Zakherd watershed "with area of 82.23 km2" is located in the North west of Shiraz and East of Kazeroon in Fars Province.The evaluation of ecological land capability is considered as a core of environmental studies , as well as, preventive, and remedical measures for environmental crisis.So before the ...
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Zakherd watershed "with area of 82.23 km2" is located in the North west of Shiraz and East of Kazeroon in Fars Province.The evaluation of ecological land capability is considered as a core of environmental studies , as well as, preventive, and remedical measures for environmental crisis.So before the implementation of development ,it is necessary to know about the ecological potential of land for different uses.In the Zakherd watershed evaluation is carried out by Mc.Harg method,2001 makhdoum Rural development ecological model and system of GIS. By this research ,at first regional environmental resources was identified. Digital data with accompany of attribute data is entered into the Arcview system to make data base. Therefore, by overlaying information layers in the mentioned system the ecological unit map of area with the table of characteristic unit , and then the evaluation of capability was done.The result of survey shows that to the point of whole ecological parameters , the total region is not appropriate for rural development but by omitting of elevation parameter that it's the last choice in the Makhdoum ecological model . 8.49% of land for rural development has a suitable (grade 2) and 91.51% of the other has not a suitable potential for rural use.For the complement of ecological evaluation ,valuating needs,socio- economic indicator and facilities was done in the area so the three nappe of Zakherd, Elyasabad and Hematabab was put to make clear the hairchy of rural development.By the result of search it's made clear that Hematabad nappe has better choice.
Nadia Abbas Zade Tehrani
Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2009
Abstract
This research is an attempt to develop a new method for studying the Urban Environmental Carrying Capacity with the aim of considering the process of monitoring and controlling of ecosystem health in the urban planning and management strategies.A new method was developed to address the waste production's ...
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This research is an attempt to develop a new method for studying the Urban Environmental Carrying Capacity with the aim of considering the process of monitoring and controlling of ecosystem health in the urban planning and management strategies.A new method was developed to address the waste production's spatial indicators to determine Degree of Carrying Capacity (DCC) in metropolitan Areas. The method was then examined in Tehran zones (Districts) for the year (2003).The results show that in 35 Districts (30%), The final Degree of Carrying Capacity of waste production's indicators is Critical (DCC=5) , in 23 Districts (20%) is very high to Critical (DCC=4-5), ,in 48 Districts (42%) it is from medium to high(DCC=2-4) and in 9 Districts (8%) it is from low to medium (DCC=1-2) .None of the Districts has optimal Degree of Carrying Capacity.
Leila Kokabi; Behnaz Aminzadeh
Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2009
Abstract
One of the main differences between landscape ecology and other branches of ecology is the application of spatial concepts in ecological planning. Compared to the classical planning approach based on economic land suitability, the principles of landscape ecology are helpful in conserving the ecological ...
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One of the main differences between landscape ecology and other branches of ecology is the application of spatial concepts in ecological planning. Compared to the classical planning approach based on economic land suitability, the principles of landscape ecology are helpful in conserving the ecological processes of landscapes and simultaneously their steady changes. The aim of this study is to propose the application of the principles of landscape ecology in improving the quality of urban rivers, which could help in defining sustainable landscape development. The Khoshk River, located in an arid and semi-arid climate, crosses the city of Shiraz. This river, as the case of this study, has been under pressure due to simplification of its complex natural pattern resulting from the growth of the city. The impact of unplanned development of housing, agriculture and industries have threatened Khoshk River’s natural environment. The research method is based on assessment of human and biophysical units. Zoning in different scales and determining the appropriate indicators based on the theoretical framework of the study and site characteristics help assess the ecological potentials and limitations. The results facilitate policy making and defining strategies for improving the Khoshk River ecological system. The method for analyzing the quality of urban rivers may be generalized in similar situations.
Ali Akbar Matkan; Ali Reza Shakiba; Hossein Pourali; Hossein Nazmfar
Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2009
Abstract
The healthy landfill of urban waste, such as every other engineering project, needs basic information and careful planning. Choosing different factors leads to diversity in data layers, consequently the attempts to find adequate solutions and make correct decisions directs the decision makers to apply ...
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The healthy landfill of urban waste, such as every other engineering project, needs basic information and careful planning. Choosing different factors leads to diversity in data layers, consequently the attempts to find adequate solutions and make correct decisions directs the decision makers to apply systems which not only have high accuracy but also are fast and easy to be used in operations. Today ''Geographical Information Systems'' (GIS) have the potentiality to be applied in environmental planning and engineering projects. In present study, in order to select sites for dispose of urban waste of Tabriz, in addition to SPOT images, the following data layers and maps have been utilized; the steep map of the area, the maps of land use, land slide, road network, soil, hydrographic, underground water, dominant wind aspect, and the layers related to the distance from city center, airports and other important suburban areas. The results of present research represents that the conditions in Boolean method has less certainty and regarding to definite limitations in this method, the sites selected according to Fuzzy have fewer parameters, however in studying the two Fuzzy methods applied in this study (OWA and WLC) it revealed that although Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) is simple, it has some deficiencies; one of them is "overestimating'', meanwhile Ordered Weight Analysis (OWA) ,by ordered weights, offers this chance to the decision maker to insert more important subjects which have greater role in site selection. Regarding to this ability the result of site selection by OWA has better resolution.
Mohammad Ghofrani
Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2009
Abstract
The present study has been done to find a suitable way to produce Wood-Plastic Composites (WPC) from Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in accordance with the specifications mentioned in the National Standard of Iran. The experimental samples were prepared with 45 x 45 cm area; in 5, 10, and 16 mm thickness; ...
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The present study has been done to find a suitable way to produce Wood-Plastic Composites (WPC) from Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in accordance with the specifications mentioned in the National Standard of Iran. The experimental samples were prepared with 45 x 45 cm area; in 5, 10, and 16 mm thickness; 0.8 gr/cm2 density; altering weight proportions between % 20 to 49 of residual PET based on the total weight of the samples; using hot press method and these factored were as follows: Modulus of rupture (MOR); Internal Bond (IB) in vertical direction to the surface of samples; Swelling; Water adsorption after 2 and 24 hours submersion in water. The outcome of the present study proves that there is a good possibility to produce Wood-Plastic Composites with different thicknesses from PET residuals in 200 degrees centigrade under 3 min hot press; we achieved producing layered boards of 5 mm thickness, having %20 residual PET, %10 Poly-ethylene, and %70 saw-dust, in compliance with the above mentioned standard
Saiid MirRiahi
Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2009
Abstract
The Change in Population Demographics Causes Environmental concerns. People Participation in decisions regarding the placement of landuse is of major importance to relate people with their environment. With this approach environmental sustainability is achieved. Urban lands not only have structural dimensions ...
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The Change in Population Demographics Causes Environmental concerns. People Participation in decisions regarding the placement of landuse is of major importance to relate people with their environment. With this approach environmental sustainability is achieved. Urban lands not only have structural dimensions but also have economic, social, environmental and cultural aspects. Therefore, It’s necessary to study all of aspects and find a holistic approach. The aim of this paper is to study new approach of palacement of land use in the environment.
Masoud Sheidai; Jeannete Whitton
Volume 6, Issue 1 , October 2008
Abstract
RAPD analysis was performed in twenty-two plants of T. leptotes and seventeen plants of T. incana to study the intra- and inter-specific genetic diversity and to see if RAPD markers may be of use in delimitation of the species. Hundreds of RAPD primers were used out of which forty produced bands. In ...
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RAPD analysis was performed in twenty-two plants of T. leptotes and seventeen plants of T. incana to study the intra- and inter-specific genetic diversity and to see if RAPD markers may be of use in delimitation of the species. Hundreds of RAPD primers were used out of which forty produced bands. In total, 104 bands (loci) were identified in T. incana and 71 bands were identified in T. leptotes. In total, 33 polymorphic bands were observed in T. incana, out of which 21 were specific for a single plant while 22 polymorphic bands were observed in T. leptotes plants out of which 10 bands were specific in a single plant. T. leptotes showed a higher mean gene diversity compared to that of T. incana also supported by PCO and PCA ordinations. Statistical analyses showed genetic distinctness of the two species studied and revealed the possible use of RAPD markers in the Townsendia species delimitation
Mohsen Faizi; Seyed-Bagher Hosseini; Sina Razzaghi Asl
Volume 6, Issue 1 , October 2008
Abstract
Vandalism as a concept in the field of architecture means ‘conscious and constant destruction of public property’. Nowadays, this social deviancy is regarded as a complicated problem and a serious threat in many cities all around the world. Many methods and tools have been used in urban areas ...
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Vandalism as a concept in the field of architecture means ‘conscious and constant destruction of public property’. Nowadays, this social deviancy is regarded as a complicated problem and a serious threat in many cities all around the world. Many methods and tools have been used in urban areas to prevent the occurrence of such vandalism. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce and distinguish this concept and investigate methods and techniques used in environmental and urban design, focusing on normative theory of environmental design. This theory aims to discover the most crucial aspects of quality that lead to forming resistant and stable spaces against vandalism. The findings of this paper show that the quality of elements such as ‘security’, ‘comfort’, ‘richness’, and ‘control’ are considered to be the most important criteria for evaluating vandalism in urban spaces. For preventing this environmental destruction in public spaces, we can cite certain factors such creating defensible spaces, crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED), improving the appearance of the environment, and enhancing the sense of public ownership and cooperation. Applying all these approaches in urban spaces leads to bringing a sense of affiliation to users of these spaces; in such a situation, a person feels a sense of belonging, duty, and ownership of the environment.
Janet Blake
Volume 6, Issue 1 , October 2008
Abstract
This article presents an overview of international wildlife protection law with the aim of presenting its breadth and the variety of approaches it takes which can be categorised as: protection by habitat; protection by species; protection through controlling trade; and protection as part of a wider ecosystem. ...
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This article presents an overview of international wildlife protection law with the aim of presenting its breadth and the variety of approaches it takes which can be categorised as: protection by habitat; protection by species; protection through controlling trade; and protection as part of a wider ecosystem. The international law for the protection of wildlife presents a highly complex picture since (a) it relies on a variety of discreet approaches (or a combination thereof) (b) it applies to areas both within and beyond national jurisdiction (c) it applies also to areas such as Antarctica and international marine areas in which special international law regimes apply and (d) the subject of protection – animals – do not respect legally enforced territorial boundaries. In order to make it clearer, this article analyses the relevant law in the following manner: global treaties of general application; global treaties protecting habitats and/or species; and regional treaties. Other issues addressed include the use of scientific terminologies in a legal context and the relationship between wildlife conservation and animal welfare/rights. This analysis aims (a) to clarify the nature of the obligations placed on governments as Parties to these treaties (and the actions required for their implementation) and (b) to help us to identify the most effective strategies for the future development of national protective legislation and other measures. In view of the limited space available, the protection of land-based species is the focus of this article although, of course, the treaties described here apply also to the coastal and territorial waters of the Parties.
Javid Gherekhloo; Mohammad Hasan Rashed Mohassel; Mehdi Nassiri Mahallati; Eskandar Zand; Ali Ghanbari; Maria D. Osuna; Rafael De Prado
Volume 6, Issue 1 , October 2008
Abstract
During 2005 and 2006, fourteen and seven Phalaris minor populations were found in the wheat fields of Fars and Golestan Provinces, respectively, that exhibited resistance to fenoxaprop-P ethyl and diclofop methyl belonging to the aryloxyphenoxy propionate herbicides. Seed bioassay was conducted at the ...
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During 2005 and 2006, fourteen and seven Phalaris minor populations were found in the wheat fields of Fars and Golestan Provinces, respectively, that exhibited resistance to fenoxaprop-P ethyl and diclofop methyl belonging to the aryloxyphenoxy propionate herbicides. Seed bioassay was conducted at the weed science laboratory of Ferdwosi University of Mashhad to study the resistance of the populations to the APP herbicides. Petri dish assay showed that the populations are resistant to applied herbicides with different level of resistance. Using the estimated parameters of concentration-response curves, discriminating concentration was determined fordiclofop methyl at 8.04 ppm and for fenoxaprop-P-ethyl at 1.05 ppm. A study was also conducted at the agricultural biochemistry laboratory of Cordoba University to investigate the biochemical basis of resistance to ACCase–inhibiting herbicides in the resistant populations. In vitro enzyme assays revealed a herbicide-resistant ACCase enzyme in the AR, MR4 and SR3 populations. Extracted ACCase enzyme from the shoots of these populations was highly resistant to both applied herbicides compared with the susceptible population. The results suggest that the mechanism of resistance to APP herbicides in the three most resistant populations (AR, MR4 and SR3) relates to an altered ACCase. In the case of the rest of the resistant populations, other mechanisms including enhanced metabolism, lack of absorption and translocation, and other unknown mechanisms may be involved. These results also confirmed seven populations are cross-resistant to both the herbicides studied.
Nasserali Azimi; Abdol Hamid Hajipour
Volume 6, Issue 1 , October 2008
Abstract
Planning and development are important concepts in the tourism (and ecotourism) industry and one that has several sides. Striking a balance between the requirements of these and viable economic development planning for local tourism and ecotourism is an important task. The objective of his paper is to ...
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Planning and development are important concepts in the tourism (and ecotourism) industry and one that has several sides. Striking a balance between the requirements of these and viable economic development planning for local tourism and ecotourism is an important task. The objective of his paper is to consider the planning and development of cultural tourism and ecotourism –two significant types of niche tourism for Iran - in such a way as to derive the maximum benefits from it while incurring the minimum negative impacts. In its case study this paper considers the strengths and weaknesses of Iranian tourism planning and in less extended ecotourism and makes recommendations as to the best way to develop Iran’s potential in the field of cultural tourism and ecotourism. This study has been outlined as follows: tourism planning, ecotourism planning, carrying capacity as an important tool for planning and a case study of Iran.
Roohollah Abbasi; Shahrokh Pashaei Rad; Ebrahim Ebrahimi; Masoud Sheidaei
Volume 6, Issue 1 , October 2008
Abstract
The order Hymenoptera, with more than 115000 described species, comprise about 10% of the species diversity of the planet. Vespidae, one of the major families of this order, plays an important role in biological control of plant pests. In the present study, a faunistic investigation with estimation of ...
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The order Hymenoptera, with more than 115000 described species, comprise about 10% of the species diversity of the planet. Vespidae, one of the major families of this order, plays an important role in biological control of plant pests. In the present study, a faunistic investigation with estimation of some ecological indices of interspecific associations of vespid wasps was carried out in the northernpart of Zanjan province (NW of Iran). The specimens were identified using available keys, and final identification confirmed by Dr. Josef Gusenleitnerfrom Austria which resulted into 23 species as follow identically would according: Ancistrocerus auctus, Antepipona deflenda, A. vagabunda*, Eumenes dubius crimensis*, E. mediterraneus, E. papillarius, Euodynerus disconotatus sulfuripes*, E. fastidiosus*, E. posticus*, Eustenancistrocerus amadanensis, E. israelensis*, Katamenes dimidiatus, Knemodynerus excellens, Parodontodynerus ephippium*, Stenodynerus chevrieranus, S. chitgarensis, Polistes dominula, P. Dominulus bucharensis*, P. Gallicus, P. Iranus, P. Nimpha irakensis*, Vespa orientalis, Vespula germanica These species and taxa which were marked with an asterisk regarded as the first records for Zanjan province and Iran respectively. Interspecific association indices were determined for all species. Results showed that Ancistrocerus auctus with Euodynerus posticus,Antepipona vagabunda with Euodynerus fastidiosus & Eustenancistrocerus israelensis &Parodontodynerus ephippium, Euodynerus fastidiosus with Eustenancistrocerus israelensis&Parodontodynerus ephippium, Eustenancistrocerus israelensis with Parodontodynerus ephippium, and Polistes dominulus bucharensis with Eumenes mediterraneus had maximum positive interspecific association
Mojdeh Saeidi; Behrooz Abtahi; Mohammad Seddiq Mortazavi; Naser Aghajery; Mehdi Ghodrati Shojaeii
Volume 6, Issue 1 , October 2008
Abstract
Concentrations of zinc were determined in liver, muscle as an edible tissue and skin of a demersal fish, Spangled emperor (Lethrinus nebulosus) from fisheries stations in Bandar Abbas and Bandar Lengeh (Northern part of Persian Gulf) during autumn 2007 and spring 2008. After preparation of the samples ...
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Concentrations of zinc were determined in liver, muscle as an edible tissue and skin of a demersal fish, Spangled emperor (Lethrinus nebulosus) from fisheries stations in Bandar Abbas and Bandar Lengeh (Northern part of Persian Gulf) during autumn 2007 and spring 2008. After preparation of the samples and digestion with microwave, concentrations of zinc were determined using Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (THERMO FS95). The mean of fish weights were 1320.7g (308-3054) and the mean Zn levels in the liver, muscle and skin of all samples were 0.326 (0.039-0.856), 0.084 (0.041-0.265) and 0.0228 (0.0011-0.0508) μg/g dry weight, respectively.The positive correlations between liver weight and concentrations of Znin the liver (μg/g dw) were observed (p<0.05).There were significant differences between concentrations of zinc in the skin in regions, moreover between concentrations of zinc in muscle and skin in seasons (p<0.05). The mean Zn in different tissues was less than those reported from other regions of the Persian Gulf (Qatar, Oman and UAE). Based on the results, the Zn content found in the studied fish samples is no sufficient to cause toxic effects on human health when these fish are included in the diet.
Seyed Hossein Pourali; Ali Akbar Matkan; Amin Hosseini-asl
Volume 6, Issue 1 , October 2008
Abstract
Regarding the importance of water sources in Iran, it is necessary to protect better water bodies such as reservoirs. The most efficient way of conserving water sources is to apply proper management to decrease erosion and sedimentation. The first step of this process is to be aware of sediment yield ...
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Regarding the importance of water sources in Iran, it is necessary to protect better water bodies such as reservoirs. The most efficient way of conserving water sources is to apply proper management to decrease erosion and sedimentation. The first step of this process is to be aware of sediment yield and identify erosion hazard areas in upper reach of reservoirs. The present study is the preparation of a map of erosion hazard and sedimentation in Dez watershed (area: 17320 km2) which is to be applied in the rehabilitation project of Dez dam. The inaccessible location and the fact that covers a wide area have made the use of satellite images inevitable. In this study, after examining several erosion and sedimentation modeling methods, the PSIAC - with 9 effective parameters - was selected; it is an empirical model in itself. In order to prepare the first series of data, IRS satellite data, Landsat ETM+, basic maps, the Arial photos, helicopter flights and also field checks were all applied. A calibration model with the data achieved from reservoir studies, and taking account of local characteristics of the area, prepared the opportunity to identify and classify erosive zones with GIS. The results which are presented as maps and erosion statistics, not only identify hazardous erosive areas, but also open a new horizon in the field of watershed management and sediment control by having a special outlook towards executive priorities. Keywords: Erosion, Sedimentation, Remote Sensing, GIS, Dez Dam
Majid Javanmard; Hossein Mahmoudi
Volume 6, Issue 1 , October 2008
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the current situation of Iranian organic fig growing and exportation. SWOT analysis was applied to the production, processing, storage, exports and structure of market competition and distribution aspects. The data were gathered using two methods, consisting of firstly ...
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The aim of this study is to examine the current situation of Iranian organic fig growing and exportation. SWOT analysis was applied to the production, processing, storage, exports and structure of market competition and distribution aspects. The data were gathered using two methods, consisting of firstly of documentary studies and secondly a survey study. The research instrument used was a questionnaire. The results have been presented in a SWOT frame, and the results from this research are divided into four categories as follows. (1) strengths - such as the supply of an effective organic figs, the supply of an small size product, lowest raining climate and product with low moisture content; (2) weaknesses - such as lack of research and development of high-yielding varieties and domestication, lack of cooled and controlled atmosphere storages facilities in region, the absence of a national logo and standards for organic products, lack of fig processing facilities, lack of well equipped and specialized laboratories, lack of appropriate processing, storage and packaging system, and having no integrated, systemic approach in organic fruits growing; (3) opportunities - such as dry farming, lower cost of production, the geostrategic conditions of Iran (the fastest growing market of organic consumption in the world, region and Iran’s reputation as a dried fruits exporter); and (4) threats - such as drought and climate change, fluctuation of fig price, irrigation of orchards, bulk selling, merging low quality and un-organic figs from other regions, limited research and development centres in this case, lack of developmental, extension and advisory services.
Hassan Taghvaei
Volume 6, Issue 1 , October 2008
Abstract
The art and knowledge of landscape architecture spans many disciplines, while landscape design in itself is an expression and treasury of cultural values and beliefs, natural and visual impacts. In the case of ecological and environmental paradigms and knowledge,the designed landscape faces particular ...
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The art and knowledge of landscape architecture spans many disciplines, while landscape design in itself is an expression and treasury of cultural values and beliefs, natural and visual impacts. In the case of ecological and environmental paradigms and knowledge,the designed landscape faces particular challenges to environmental design quality and landscape identity. This threat is even more significant for a country like Iran with considerable ecological diversity and an ancient civilized culture. This paper addresses the potential contribution of both of Iranian tacit knowledge of landscaping and landscape ecology to manage, or at least help alleviate, some of these issues. The key questions are: ∑What new challenges are there in landscape design related to landscape ecology? ∑What concepts and values can help us create a fit and beautiful landscape with environmental benefits, while making use of vernacular potentials? ∑How can various aspects of knowledge influence the way we design, construct and manage landscape and develop urban and rural landscapes architecture? In an effort to answer these questions, we hope to identify measures for appropriate choice of vegetation; appropriate grading; use of barriers; and the promotion of environmental archetypes, native methods and ecological patterns. In order to cover these delicate discussions, the author presents two main concepts tacit environmental knowledge and the oasis paradigm.
Mohammad Ghofrani; Ali Rabiei
Volume 6, Issue 1 , October 2008
Abstract
The present study focused on the possibility of using recycled tires in the production of composite boards. Variables included: Mixing ratio of rubber particles and wood chips at four levels, namely 0, 25, 50, and 75 percent (based on the weight of dry wood); resin content at three levels, namely 3, ...
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The present study focused on the possibility of using recycled tires in the production of composite boards. Variables included: Mixing ratio of rubber particles and wood chips at four levels, namely 0, 25, 50, and 75 percent (based on the weight of dry wood); resin content at three levels, namely 3, 4, and 5 percent; and density at two levels, namely 0.55 and 0.75 gr/cm3. In total, 24 different treatments of bending strength, modulus of elasticity (MOE), and shear strength were examined according to DIN standards as well as impact strength in compliance with ASTM standard. The treatments were then compared with the control samples. Results showed that mixing ratio of rubber chips influences the mechanical and physical properties of the composite board produced. The increase in rubber chips content decreased bending strength, MOE, and shear strength; but it increased the specific gravity, MOR, MOE, and shear strength. Maximum MOR, MOE, and shear strength were at the mixing ratio of %25 rubber chips, using % 5 resin, and having 0.75 gr/cm3 specific gravity. Maximum impact strength was at the mixing ratio containing 50 percent rubber chips, using a 5 % resin and having 0.75 gr/cm3 specific gravity.
Hassan Sadough Vanini; Hadi Veisi; Ali Ashraf Alipour
Volume 6, Issue 1 , October 2008
Abstract
After Rio summit, Department of Environment (DOE) was identified as responsible for policy making and integrating of environmental concerns into the country’s social and economic development plans in Iran. It is clear that the performance of Department of Environment is dependent on the perceptions ...
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After Rio summit, Department of Environment (DOE) was identified as responsible for policy making and integrating of environmental concerns into the country’s social and economic development plans in Iran. It is clear that the performance of Department of Environment is dependent on the perceptions and knowledge of its staff and experts, since perception and attitude is learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object and creates action or behavior that is generally consistent. Regarding, this study, staff perceptions were assisted toward items in relate with the chapter headings of the UNCED document Agenda 21. The number of participants was 120, randomly drawn from the selected population. Factor analysis was utilized to reveal the latent attitudes behind the staff’s perceptions. The findings were indicated that there are 8 factors to measure the construct of sustainable development about 82.3 percent the variance. Results were indicated that the most important domain of sustainable development in environmental experts’viewpoints is natural resources protection and environmental management. Then, it was concluded that perceptions are more towards the environmental dimension than economic and social dimensions of sustainable development.
Mohammad Reza Bemanian
Volume 5, Issue 4 , July 2008
Abstract
Cities ever-increasing development that has been achieved without getting advantage from natural environment will bring about imbalance condition between urban and natural spaces. River valleys as cities’ ecological elements have always had effective role in creating mutual relation between man-made ...
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Cities ever-increasing development that has been achieved without getting advantage from natural environment will bring about imbalance condition between urban and natural spaces. River valleys as cities’ ecological elements have always had effective role in creating mutual relation between man-made city spaces and nature. Tehran has special geographical situation as located at the foot of Alborz Mountain. Tehran river valleys originated from Alborz foot in north and continues till south of the city. These river valleys could play important role in paving the way for providing fresh water resources, natural corridor of climate flowing, green open spaces, parks, recreational areas, as well as places for public services activities. While investigating the current situation indicates that Tehranوs River valleys not only do not increase the quality of Environment, but also play a negative role in the context. The present article is going to introduce as environmental revitalization plan for the above mentioned river valleys. Velenjak River Valley as the case study, was case studied through field work research and SWOT analyzing approach. Results of the study indicate that ; Determining district for river valley , preventing polluted water (waste water) to be mixed with the river valleyوs conservation and expansion of green areas, protecting the open views and perspectives, numerous landscape making, and make it a proper place for various customs, etc...,can play a pivotal role in revitalization of Velenjak River Valley as a vital Environmental, Enter raining, and service corridor in prospering the life quality in Tehran City as one of the most polluted ones in the world.
Mehdi Karrobi
Volume 5, Issue 4 , July 2008
Abstract
Eco-Tourism is an unrepeatable element of permanent development. It is a type of tourism that deals with the lovers of nature and is In contrast with the common tourism. In this article I decided to introduce the agreement of this kind of tourism with the current situation in our country; thus its necessity ...
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Eco-Tourism is an unrepeatable element of permanent development. It is a type of tourism that deals with the lovers of nature and is In contrast with the common tourism. In this article I decided to introduce the agreement of this kind of tourism with the current situation in our country; thus its necessity is undeniable, so by mentioning its advantages in tourism, the weak points and disadvantages will be decreased gradually. In order to explain this type of tourism preciously, I introduced some Eco- Tourism backgrounds and defined a comprehensive definition to show the irreplaceable importance of this industry. Furthermore, I attempted to clarify “Why many nowadays pay more attention to Eco-Tourism” and “What is the relationship between Eco- Tourism and globalization, from the upside to the downside of the hierarchy”. Then I mentioned the Iranian society’s present condition. I analyzed the recent and common views about tourism in Iran; and by emphasizing on some discourses about identity and the importance of maintaining our values. I decoded some inaccurate presumptions that influenced the substantial revenue, employment ship, and generally many benefits of tourism- in particular, Eco-Tourism. I recognized some prerequisites that should be supposed as protection (Reserved) protecting. Finally, I investigated variable and different dimensions of tourism revolution and very deep changing of technology that reflect the twenty first century’s features. The existence and importance of prerequisites, would provide the usage of Eco-Tourism. When I discussed about the importance of tourism, I pointed out relative and absolute poverty, the number of unemployed people. the group of people who are seeking job and its ratio in the whole population of the country, in order to emphasize on the importance of this industry. At last, I reviewed the key words of the article.
Mahdieh Sharafi; Majid Makhdom; Mehdi Ghaforian Bolori Mashhad
Volume 5, Issue 4 , July 2008
Abstract
All land use development and particularly industrial development need site selection through environmental capability evaluation and environmental impact assessment to be sustainable. In order to This research analyses Environmental Impact Assessment of Automobile Industry which is going to be implemented ...
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All land use development and particularly industrial development need site selection through environmental capability evaluation and environmental impact assessment to be sustainable. In order to This research analyses Environmental Impact Assessment of Automobile Industry which is going to be implemented in Takestan. Environmental impacts of this development have been assessed using both Rapid Matrix and Map Overlay methods. This process consists of: project description, identification of impact assessing discovering and predicting the impacts of project on environment, impact assessment, presenting the works that should be done in order to reduce negative impacts and present environmental management plan. Results of environmental capability evaluation through comparing with ecological model of industrial development by using Geographical Information System show about 85% of the selected site fits with category 1 and 15% of that fits with category 2, so the suggested place has the required capability for this land use type. In the next step, environmental impacts of establishing such factory were evaluated using Rapid Matrix method. According to the results of evaluation, performing mitigation plans are required. Spatial representation of results obtained through Rapid Matrix show that southern part of the studied area is the most affected. Therefore, mitigation measures and rehabilitation plans in this area has more priority with respect to other places.
