Endurance evaluation of apple rootstocks for fe deficiencyinduced chlorosis through iron hunger and bicarbonate stress

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of Horticulture, Agriculture College, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

Introduction:
Nowadays, the use of chemical fertilizers containing iron (Fe) in order to compensate for iron deficiency symptoms in apple orchards may be inevitable, but is not compatible with organic farming. Most of Iran’s temperate zone fruit orchards are located in limestone areas and iron deficiency symptoms are observed in these areas. As a result, growers use significant quantities of fertilizer containing iron that, in addition to the cost, disrupt the balance of nutritional elements in the soil.
Material and methods:
The study was carried out in order to find rootstock resistant to iron deficiency through the two methods of iron hunger and bicarbonate stress and to evaluate the endurance of iron deficiency-induced chlorosis in nine hybrid apples, Gami Almasi hybrid apple trees and Malling Merton 106 and their progeny were used in terms of aquiculture. Mean comparison was performed using the Duncan test at a 5% probability level using SPSS software.
Results and discussion:
In general, the results showed that Gami Almasi root stock was more tolerant to Fe deficiency-induced chlorosis compared to Malling Merton 106 and their progeny. Chlorophyll index, chlorophyll fluorescence, total chlorophyll content, total iron and active iron of sixth leaves from the final bud were found to have a significant difference with the Maling Merton 106 and, at times, with their progeny. The pH and Ec of the pots' drainage were influenced by the type of root stocks.
Conclusion:
In both methods investigated in the study of Gami Almasi, in comparison with other bases of the chlorophyll index, the visual rating of iron-deficiency, the concentration of chlorophyll in leaf from the sixth the end of the bud and the concentration of total and active iron in leaves showed better performance.

Keywords


  1. Alcantara, E., Romera, F.J. and Canete, M., 2000. Effects of bicarbonate and iron supply on Fe(III) reducing capacity of roots and leaf chlorosis of the susceptible peach rootstock Nemaguard. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 23, 1607-1617.
  2. Babalar, M., Mohebi, M. and Askary Sarcheshme, M.A., 2015. Effect of iron and nitrogen application on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of apple “cv. Fuji”. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science. 46(3), 399-407. (In Persian with English abstract).
  3. Baker, N.R. and Horton, P., 1978. Chlorophyll fluorescence quenching during photoinhibition. In, Photoinhibition (D.J. Kyle, C.B Osmond, C.J. Artzen, eds.). Elsevier Scientific Publisher, Amsterdam. pp. 85-94.
  4. Deal, G.M. and Alcantara, E., 2002. Bicarbonate and low iron level increase root to total plant weight ratio in Olive and Peach rootstock. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 25, 1021-1032.
  5. Donini, S., Castagna, A, Ranieri, A. and Zocchi, G., 2009. Differential responses in pear and quince genotypes induced by Fe deficiency and bicarbonate. Journal of plant physiology. 166,1183-1196.
  6. Ershadi, A. and Talaie, A., 2001. The effect of clonal rootstocks on leaf mineral composition of several apple cultivars. Acta Horticulturae. 564, 317-320.
  7. Gogorcena, Y., Abadia J. and A. Abadia .2004. New technique for screening iron-efficient genotypes in peach rootstocks, Elicitation of root ferric chelatereductase by manipulation of external iron concentrations. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 27, 1701-1715.
  8. Guardia,H. and Alcantra, E., 2002. Bicarbonate and low Iron level increase root to total plant weight ratio in olive and peach rootstock. Journal of plant nutrition. 25(5),1021-1032.
  9. Han, Z.H., Shen, T, Korcak, R.F. and Baligar, V.C., 1994. Screening for iron‐efficient species in the genus Malus. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 17,579-592.
  10. Jarrahi, N., Moez Ardalan, M. and Akhlaghi Amiri, N., 2013. Effect of bicarbonate of irrigation water on absorption of some of micro elements and leaf chlorophyll of some citrus rootstocks in hydroponic culture. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 6(7), 389-395.
  11. Johnson, J.D., Tognetti, R. and Paris, P., 2002. Water relations and gas exchange in poplar and willow under water stress and elevated atomospheric CO2. Journal of plant physiology. 115,93-100.
  12. Krause, G.H. and Weis, E., 1984. Chlorophyll fluorescence as a tool in plant physiology. Interaction of fluorescence signals. Photosynthetic Respiration. 5,139-157.
  13. Malakouti, M.J., Ehyaee, M. and Khoshkhabar V.G., 2009. Irrigation Water Bicarbonate Obstacle to Increasing Agricultural Productivy in the Country. Technical publications. Soil and Water Research Institute.iran. In Persian with English abstract.
  14. Marschner, H., 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. New York, Academic Press.
  15. Mengel, K., 1994. Iron availability in plant tissues, iron chlorosis on calcareous soils. Plant Soil. 165. 275–283.
  16. Pestana, M., David, M. and Varennes, A., 2001. Responses of ‘‘Newhall’’ orange trees to iron deficiency in hydroponics, effects on leaf chlorophyll, photosynthetic efficiency, and root ferric chelate reductase activity, Journal of Plant Nutrition. 24. 1609-1620.
  17. Rajabi, M., Karimi, H.R. and Hokmabadi, H., 2012. The effects of different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate on some of the foundations of pistachios in a hydroponic system. Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 13, 114-101. (In Persian).
  18. Sabir, A., Bilir-Ekbic, H., Erdem, H. and Tangolar, S., 2010. Response of four gropvine (Vitis spp.) genotypes to direct or bicarbonate-induced iron deficiency. Spanish Journal of Reserch. PP, 803-829.
  19. Salehi, F., 2006. Understanding soil and nutrition pistachio trees. Pistachio Research Institute Country. In Persian.
  20. Samar, S.M. and Samavat, S., 2007. Understanding the Causes of and Treatments for Iron Deficiency in Crops and Horticulture.Technical Bulletin. Publication of agricultural education. (In Persian).
  21. Shahabi A., Malakouti M.J. and Fallahi E., 2005. Effects of Bicarbonate Content of Irrigation Water on Nutritional Disorders of Some Apple Varieties , Journal of Plant Nutrition. 289, 1663-1678.
  22. Sudahono, B., 1994. Greenhouse screening of citrus rootstocks for tolerance to bicarbonate-induced iron chlorosis. Hort. Science. 29 (2), 113–116.
  23. Surpin, M., Larkin, R.M. and Chory, J., 2002. Signal transduction between the chloroplast and the nucleus. The Plant Cell Supplementary. PP. 327–338.
  24. Wiren, N.V., Grusak M.A., 2000. Summary of IX international symposium of iron nutrition and interaction in plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 23, 2083-2102.
  25. Zuo, Y., Ren, L., Zhang, F.R. and Jiang, F., 2007. Bicarbonate concentration as affected by soil water content controls iron nutrition of peanut plants in a calcareous soil. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 45, 357-364.