راهبردهای مدیریت پایدار منابع آب زیرزمینی در دشت رومشکان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا، همدان، ایران

2 گروه اقتصاد و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌‌آباد، ایران

3 گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: در کشور ایران از حدود 5/88 میلیارد مترمکعب آب استحصال‌شده از منابع سطحی و زیرزمینی، حدود ۸۳ میلیارد مترمکعب یعنی 5/93 درصد به بخش کشاورزی اختصاص می‌یابد، در ایران بخش کشاورزی بزرگ‌ترین مصرف‌کننده آب است. مصرف رو به افزایش منابع آب سطحی و زیرزمینی، معلول افزایش جمعیت، افزایش سطح زیر کشت و تولیدات کشاورزی هست که به‌تبع آن سبب کاهش دسترسی به منابع آب و افت سطح ایستابی و تخلیه آبخوان‌ها شده است. آمارها نشان می‌دهند که مصرف رو به افزایش این منابع استراتژیک، سبب تهدید کمیت و کیفیت این منابع شده است به ­طوری ­که هم ­اکنون تعداد زیادی از دشت­ های کشور در شرایط بحرانی قرار دارند. دشت رومشکان، یکی از دشت‌های واقع در حوضه کرخه هست که در طی چند دهه اخیر با کاهش قابل توجه از منابع مواجه شده است (دشت رومشکان یک دشت ممنوعه است) و این تحقیق قصد دارد به تدوین راهبردهایی در راستای مدیریت پایدار منابع آب این دشت بپردازد.
مواد و روش‌ها: پژوهش حاضر از نوع تحقیقات کاربردی و توصیفی (غیر آزمایشگاهی) می‌باشد که با استفاده از تکنیک دلفی فازی به بررسی راهبردهای مدیریت پایدار دشت رومشکان پرداخته است. حجم نمونه این تحقیق 28 نفر از اساتید، کارشناسان، مسئولین و کشاورزان آگاه به موضوع در شهرستان‌های خرم آباد و رومشکان بودند که با به‌کارگیری روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند گلوله‌برفی انتخاب شدند. در این تحقیق برای توصیف دشت رومشکان داده‌های ثانویه مورد نیاز از سازمان‌های مرتبط اخذ شد. همچنین داده‌های مرتبط به کاهش منابع آب این دشت در طی 3 دهه اخیر نیز مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.
نتایج و بحث: در این تحقیق مشخص شد که با وجود بحرانی بودن شرایط کنونی و ممنوعه بودن دشت رومشکان، معیشت جوامع روستایی و بهره‌برداران عمدتاً وابسته به بخش کشاورزی بوده و همچنان کشت محصولات آب­دوست در سطح گسترده وجود دارد. از سویی دیگر ساختار عرضه و بهره‌برداری از منابع آب به‌صورت سنتی می‌باشد و اراضی کشاورزی این دشت فاقد سیستم نوین آبیاری هستند. اولویت راهبردها "توسعه اشتغال پایدار روستایی با تأکید بر متنوع‌سازی اقتصاد جوامع روستایی" بوده است تا از فشار بر منابع کاسته شود و این امر نیز قطعاً مستلزم"توسعه انسانی کنشگران مرتبط با آب و توانمندسازی جوامع روستایی" خواهد بود. از سویی دیگر، "توسعه فناوری‌های متناسب و کم آب بر در منطقه" نیز می‌تواند به اصلاح ساختار سنتی عرضه و مصرف این منابع کمک شایانی داشته باشد. همچنین"بازنگری در حکمرانی آب با تأکید بر شاخصه‌های حکمرانی خوب" توجه به بعد سیاست‌گذاری را نشان می‌دهد که تصمیم‌گیری در سطح کلان‌تر را می‌طلبد.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که مدیریت پایدار منابع آب زیرزمینی در این دشت صرفاً با تکیه ‌بر بعد فنّاورانه محقق نخواهد شد و علاوه بر بعد مذکور، ابعاد اقتصادی، اجتماعی، سیاست‌گذاری و زیست­محیطی باید مورد توجه قرار گیرند. این بدین معناست که اکنون که شرایط دشت بحرانی می‌باشد و سفره‌های زیرزمینی قادر به تامین آب برای تولیدات بخش کشاورزی نیستند، لذا باید به موازات اصلاح ساختار مصرف آب و نیز حفاظت از این منابع، با اشتغال‌های غیر‌زراعی و متنوع‌سازی اشتغال جوامع روستایی، از فشار بر این منابع کاست. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Strategies to sustainable management of groundwater resources in Romeshkan plain

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fatemeh Sepahvand 1
  • Karim Naderi Mahdei 1
  • Saeed Gholamrezai 2
  • Masoud Bijani 3
1 Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
2 Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Iran
3 Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: In Iran, out of 88.5 billion water resources, about 83 billion cubic meters or 93.5% is allocated to the agricultural sector and therefore agriculture is the largest consumer of water. Increasing population, increasing cultivation areas, and agricultural productions have increased the consumption of these resources. Eventually, increased consumption leads to a decrease in the water table and drainage of aquifers. Statistics show that many of the plains are currently in crisis. Romeshkan plain is one of the plains which has faced a significant reduction of resources in the recent decades. The purpose of this study was to develop the strategies for the sustainable management of water resources in this plain. Romeshkan plain is a forbidden plain, but there are still many exploitations in it. Crops are planted in this plain that need a lot of water. This research has
investigated the strategies of sustainable management of groundwater resources in Romeshkan plain using the
Fuzzy Delphi technique.
Material and methods: The present study is an applied and descriptive research (non-experimental). The statistical population included 28 faculty members, experts, and farmers in Khorramabad and Romeshkan. The sample size was estimated using the purposeful snowball sampling method. Secondary data were also obtained from government departments to identify and describe the Romeshkan plain. Data on water resources of Romeshkan plain were required.  These data show how much water resources have dwindled over the last three decades.
Results and discussion: The results showed that despite the criticality of the Romeshkan plain, the livelihood of rural communities is mainly dependent on the agricultural sector. Also, hydrophilic crops are widely cultivated. In this plain, the structure of supply and exploitation of water resources is traditional. The agricultural lands of this plain do not have a new irrigation system. The results of this research show five types of strategies (economic, technological, environmental, policy-oriented, and social). The priority of the strategies was "develop sustainable rural employment". This will certainly require "human development of water-related actors and empowerment of rural communities". "Developing the right technologies", which was another strategy, could also help reform the traditional structure of supply and consumption of these resources.
Conclusion: Now the conditions of Romeshkan plain are critical. The results of this study showed that sustainable management of groundwater resources in this plain will not be achieved solely based on technological strategies. Also, economic, social, policy-oriented and environmental strategies must also be considered. Reform of the water consumption structure should be considered in parallel with the development of non-agricultural employment. Because the development of employment reduces the pressure on these resources.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Sustainable management
  • Catchment
  • Rural communities
  • Forbidden plain

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فصلنامه علوم محیطی
دوره 20، شماره 3
1401
صفحه 155-172

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