Shahla Lajmorak Rameh chari; Abdol Majid Mahdavi Damghani; Hooman Liaghati
Abstract
IntroductionWheat is one of the most important crops used in the country and forms the basis of food security of Iranians. Wheat cultivation in Iran has a long history over 8,000 years. On the other hand, with the growth of the population of countries, the issue of food security has become more important ...
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IntroductionWheat is one of the most important crops used in the country and forms the basis of food security of Iranians. Wheat cultivation in Iran has a long history over 8,000 years. On the other hand, with the growth of the population of countries, the issue of food security has become more important every day to the extent that it has become one of the most important issues of the country and efforts are being made to achieve self-sufficiency in the production of this strategic crop. The area under cultivation has always been one of the most important factors limiting production in the world, and today in all countries, officials and researchers have paid attention to this issue in order to increase production without relying on increasing the area under cultivation. The history of compression of cultivation and the consequences of green agriculture in the form of conventional agriculture show that the way to supply crop production is not through this, inevitably the importance of studying the agricultural history of each country becomes more important every day which by analyzing events find the reason for the success or failure of programs over time.Materials and MethodsTherefore, a study has been conducted in the form of a time series analysis study and quantitative content study to analysis and examine changes in area under cultivation, wheat production and population changes in a period of 60 years. To do this, the Mini-tab software has been used.Results and DiscussionThe results of the study show the linear population growth from 1961 to 2020. During the same period, the country's total wheat production has increased from 3.5 million tons per hectare to 11.7 million tons per hectare, which shows a growth of 234 percent in this sector. The area under wheat cultivation in these years has had less changes compared to the amount of production and population growth and has increased from 4.5 million hectares in 1961 to 6.4 million hectares in 2020.ConclusionIt seems that the events of 1961 to 1971 in the social structure and industrialization of the country, changes between the two revolutions in 1971 to 1981, the occurrence of imposed war in 1981 to 1991 are all of special importance in changing the agriculture of Iran. This phenomenon is called social metabolism, which reflects the effects that the natural environment (agroecosystem) receives from its social environment, and in contrast to the effects that changes in the structure and function of agroecosystems on the availability of food in society.
Jabraeil Taghinazhad; َAdel Vahedi; Fayaz Ranjbar
Abstract
Introduction: Today, the agricultural sector is dependent on energy consumption in order to respond to the growing demand for food and etc. The efficient use of inputs in agriculture lead to the sustainable production and help to reduce the fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gases emission and save ...
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Introduction: Today, the agricultural sector is dependent on energy consumption in order to respond to the growing demand for food and etc. The efficient use of inputs in agriculture lead to the sustainable production and help to reduce the fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gases emission and save financial resources. Furthermore, detecting relationship between the energy consumption and the yield is necessary to approach the sustainable agriculture. It is generally accepted that many countries try to reduce their dependence to agricultural crop productions of other countries. The being Independent on agricultural productions lead to take more attention to modern methods and the objective of all these methods is increasing the performance with the efficient use of inputs or optimizing energy consumptions in agricultural systems. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of inputs and production performance, energy inputs and energy consumption, energy indices, and the environmental impacts of wheat production systems. Material and methods: This study was carried out in Ardabil province of Iran. To achieve these objectives, data were collected from 100 irrigated wheat farms selected from three counties including Parsabad, Bilesavar, and Ardabil during 2017-2018 using a random sampling method. Energy consumption in wheat production was calculated based on direct and indirect energy sources including human, diesel fuel, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, machinery, irrigation water, electricity and wheat stalk. Energy values were calculated by multiplying inputs and outputs per hectare by their coefficients of energy equivalents. Renewable energies include machinery, wheat stalk, chemical fertilizer while non-renewable energy consisted of machinery, chemical fertilizer, electricity and diesel fuel. Energy values were calculated by multiplying inputs and outputs per hectare by their coefficients of energy equivalents. Results and discussion: The results indicated that the total energy input was 38755.34 MJ ha-1, of which approximately 37.38% and 19.04% were produced from nitrogen fertilizers and diesel fuel, respectively. Approximately 39.03% of the total energy inputs used in wheat production was the direct energy, while the remaining 60.12% was indirect. Also, the results showed that energy use efficiency for grain production and biological yield of wheat was 1.67 and 1.99, respectively. Energy efficiency was estimated 0.116 and 0.142 MJ Kg -1. Total emissions of CO2, N2O, and CH4 from wheat farms were 1271.52, 517.14 and 1.65 kg ha-1, respectively. Gross value of production and Total production cost Was obtained 52268792 and 39015747. Benefit-cost ratio was obtained 1.52 and fixed and variable production cost were 54.45 and 45.6, respectively. Conclusion: The global warming potential was estimated 161620.14 kg CO2e ha-1. Direct, indirect, renewable, and non-renewable energy forms had positive impacts on the output level. It seems that management systems based on a low input system, including organic fertilizers, No tillage and minimum tillage, could be regarded as an alternative management strategy for reducing problematic environmental impacts.
Naser Karimi,; Mohammad Pormehr; Hamaid Reza Ghasempour
Volume 12, Issue 4 , January 2015
Abstract
Arsenic is a naturally occurring element which pose a potential risk to groundwater quality, as well as food safety through As transportation in soil-water-plant systems. Therefore, plants such as cereal are the main way of As transportation to the food chain. In this study, to evaluate the arsenic transfer ...
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Arsenic is a naturally occurring element which pose a potential risk to groundwater quality, as well as food safety through As transportation in soil-water-plant systems. Therefore, plants such as cereal are the main way of As transportation to the food chain. In this study, to evaluate the arsenic transfer rate in agricultural products and the risk of its poisoning, surface water, soil and wheat samples were collected from the Bijar County, which has a history of naturally occurring arsenic pollution. The As concentration of surface water and soil samples are in ranged of 0.52-484.64 μg/L and 138.2 to 1775.2 mg/kg respectively. Also some physico-chemical parameters of water and soil which had direct effects on As pollution were estimated. The As concentration of wheat shoot samples were between 1.79-30.58 mg/kg and As concentration of wheat seed samples were 0.003-0.08 mg/kg. Based on these results, arsenic levels in waters and soils were significantly correlated, but arsenic accumulation in wheat samples were not correlated significantly with soil arsenic concentration.
Mohammad Hossein Rajabi,; Afshin Soltani,; Bita Vhidnia,; Ebrahim Zeinali; Elias Soltani
Volume 9, Issue 2 , January 2012
Abstract
With regard to the careless consumption of fossil fuels in Iran and the resulting greenhouse gas emissions and related risks to the environment and human health, many attempts are being undertaken to try to control this consumption. The agricultural sector is no exception to this vital and important ...
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With regard to the careless consumption of fossil fuels in Iran and the resulting greenhouse gas emissions and related risks to the environment and human health, many attempts are being undertaken to try to control this consumption. The agricultural sector is no exception to this vital and important issue. The objectives of this research were: (1) to determine amount of fuel consumption and related energy use in wheat fields in Gorgan Province, (2) to estimate the environmental impact of the consumed fuel using global warming potential (GWP), and (3) to explore options to optimize fuel consumption. Data were gathered from six representative fields by monitoring production practices and inputs used. Data were analyzed with regard to fuel consumption, energy inputs related to fuel consumed and greenhouse gas emissions from the consumed fossil fuels. Fuel ranged between 53 to 123 L ha-1 and the energy from the consumed fuel varied between 2026 to 4664 MJ ha-1. Results indicated that seedbed preparation had the highest rate of fuel consumption (59.5 % of total) followed by harvesting, irrigation and sowing operations at 10.5, 9.4 and 8.1 %, respectively. The average of greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, CH4 and N2O) from the consumed fossil fuels was estimated at 244 kg equivalent CO2 ha-1. It was concluded that through better farm management and more research it is possible to reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
Ali Reza Astaraei; Fereshteh Almasian
Volume 7, Issue 4 , July 2010
Abstract
The amount of municipal waste leachate produced during the process of composting of solid waste refuse is high, due to its higher moisture content. Therefore, improper collection methods and uses can cause environmental problems. This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of municipal ...
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The amount of municipal waste leachate produced during the process of composting of solid waste refuse is high, due to its higher moisture content. Therefore, improper collection methods and uses can cause environmental problems. This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of municipal soild waste compost leachate (MSWC leachate) on yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum) with four irrigation treatments of different leachate-to-water ratios (T0=water, T20=20%,T40=40%, T60=60% V/V basis) in a completely randomized design with three replications under greenhouse conditions. Results obtained indicate the significant effect of different leachate to water ratios on ECe, pH, TN, available P and OC of soil, yield and yield components of wheat. ECe, TN, available P and OC of soil increased, but the soil pH decreased with MSWC leachate concentrations and the maximum was recorded for the T60 treatment. The number of grains per spike (more than 1.4 times), plant height(13.8%), grain weight per spike (more than 1.6 times), grain and straw yields (more than 1.5 and 1.6 times, respectively), and the ratio of grain weight to straw weight in a leachate-to-water ratio of 20/80 (T20) treatment increased when compared to their respective controls and the other treatments (p≤0.05). Spike length and 1000 grain weight in a leachate-to-water ratio of 20/80 (T20) treatment were not significantly different from their respective controls. Increasing the leachate concentrations to more than 20%, reduced yield and yield components of wheat compared to control, probably due to a soil salinity increase and its negative impacts on the parameters studied (p≤0.05).
Eskandar Zand; Fatemeh Bena Kashani; Saeid Soufizadeh; Meysam Ebrahimi; Mohammad Minbashi; Fatemeh Dastaran; Maryam Poorbayge; Mohammd Jamali; Azar Maknali; Masoumeh Younesabadi; Reza Deihimfard; Somayyeh Forouzesh
Volume 6, Issue 4 , July 2009
Abstract
To evaluate the resistance of wild oat (Avena ludoviciana), annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris spp.) in wheat fields of Fars, Khouzestan, Golestan and Ilam Provinces of Iran to clodinafop-propargyl herbicide from ACCase inhibitors of aryloxyphenoxy propionate classes, ...
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To evaluate the resistance of wild oat (Avena ludoviciana), annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris spp.) in wheat fields of Fars, Khouzestan, Golestan and Ilam Provinces of Iran to clodinafop-propargyl herbicide from ACCase inhibitors of aryloxyphenoxy propionate classes, 6 separate indoor experiments were conducted in the greenhouses of the Department of Weed Research in the Iranian Research Institute for Plant Protection. The experiments were conducted by using 19 populations of wild oat (including 15 questionably resistant populations and 4 susceptible populations), 14 littleseed canarygrass populations (including 10 suspected-resistant populations and 4 susceptible populations) and 9 annual ryegrass populations (including 8 questionably resistant populations and 1 susceptible mass) from Fars Province, 4 populations of wild oat (including 3 questionably resistant populations and 1 susceptible mass) from Lorestan Province, 17 littleseed canarygrass populations (including 16 probably resistant populations and 1 susceptible mass) from Khouzestan Province, and 12 littleseed canarygrass populations (including 11 questionably resistant populations and 1 susceptible mass) from Golestan Province. All the experiments were conducted separately in the form of a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). A pot under no-herbicide application was also included as control. The remaining weeds number and dry weight percentage were calculated 30 days after herbicide application, and were then compared with their relative figures before herbicide application. A mass was recognized resistant only if it retained 80% of its number and 50% of its dry weight, in comparisonto the control. On this basis, 4 resistant and 2 questionably resistant littleseed canarygrass populations, 6 resistant and 3 questionably resistant wild oat populations and 5 resistant and 3 questionably resistant Annual Ryegrass populations were identified in Fars Province. In Ilam Province, 2 resistant wild oat populations were identified. Overall, in this experiment 75 populations including 63 questionably resistant and 12 susceptible populations were evaluated. Amongst the 63 questionably resistant populations (including 37 littleseed canarygrass, 18 wild oat and 8 annual ryegrass populations), 28 totally resistant populations (including 12 littleseed canarygrass, 11 wild oat and 8 annual ryegrass populations) and 10 probably resistant (consisting of 4 littleseed canarygrass populations, 3 wild oat populations and 3 annual ryegrass populations) were detected. In other words, approximately 60% (44% resistant and 16% probably resistant) of all evaluated questionably resistant populations were identified as resistant and probably resistant.
Alireza Khodashenas; Alireza Koocheki, Parviz; Parviz Rezvani Moghadam; Amir Lakzian
Volume 5, Issue 3 , April 2008
Abstract
Soil nematodes and bacteria play an important role in soil function. In order to evaluatethe effects of agricultural practices on these organisms, a study was conducted in winter wheat fields of Shirvan, Mashhad and Gonabad, three regions of Khorasan Province. In each region, high and low input fields ...
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Soil nematodes and bacteria play an important role in soil function. In order to evaluatethe effects of agricultural practices on these organisms, a study was conducted in winter wheat fields of Shirvan, Mashhad and Gonabad, three regions of Khorasan Province. In each region, high and low input fields of winter wheat were selected, along with a natural system for comparison. Use of agricultural inputs was the criterion for the selection of low and high input fields in each region. Soil sampling was undertaken on fields and natural systems. Organic matter and the number of nematodes and culturable bacteria in soil samples were measured. The percentage of soil organic matter in all systems was low but, in agro-ecosystems, it was greater than in natural systems. Results showed that organic matter, soil moisture and mean annual temperature has an affect on soil nematodes. The number of nematodes in agro-ecosystems was reater than in natural systems in all three regions. The mean number of soil nematodes in 100g dry weight of soil in the natural systems of Shirvan, Mashhad and Gonabad was 166, 184 and 132, respectively; in the low input systems of Shirvan, Mashhad and Gonabad it was 550, 459 and 1067, respectively and in the high input systems of Shirvan, Mashhad and Gonabad it was 348, 1084 and 485, respectively. Agricultural practices had no negative effects on soil bacterial numbers and the number of soil bacteria increased in some agro-ecosystems. Results showed that agro-ecosystems improved the conditions for nematodes and bacteria and increased the number of these organisms in soil.
Ali Reza Astaraei; Fereshteh Almasian
Volume 5, Issue 3 , April 2008
Abstract
The amount of municipal waste leachate produced during the process of composting of solid waste refuse is high, due to its higher moisture content. Therefore, improper collection methods and uses can cause environmental problems. This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of municipal ...
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The amount of municipal waste leachate produced during the process of composting of solid waste refuse is high, due to its higher moisture content. Therefore, improper collection methods and uses can cause environmental problems. This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of municipal soild waste compost leachate (MSWC leachate) on yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum) with four irrigation treatments of different leachate-to-water ratios (T0=water, T20=20%,T40=40%, T60=60% V/V basis) in a completely randomized design with three replications under greenhouse conditions. Results obtained indicate the significant effect of different leachate to water ratios on ECe, pH, TN, available P and OC of soil, yield and yield components of wheat. ECe, TN, available P and OC of soil increased, but the soil pH decreased with MSWC leachate concentrations and the maximum was recorded for the T60 treatment. The number of grains per spike (more than 1.4 times), plant height(13.8%), grain weight per spike (more than 1.6 times), grain and straw yields (more than 1.5 and 1.6 times, respectively), and the ratio of grain weight to straw weight in a leachate-to-water ratio of 20/80 (T20) treatment increased when compared to their respective controls and the other treatments (p≤0.05). Spike length and 1000 grain weight in a leachate-to-water ratio of 20/80 (T20) treatment were not significantly different from their respective controls. Increasing the leachate concentrations to more than 20%, reduced yield and yield components of wheat compared to control, probably due to a soil salinity increase and its negative impacts on the parameters studied (p≤0.05).
