Shahla Lajmorak Rameh chari; Abdol Majid Mahdavi Damghani; Hooman Liaghati
Abstract
IntroductionWheat is one of the most important crops used in the country and forms the basis of food security of Iranians. Wheat cultivation in Iran has a long history over 8,000 years. On the other hand, with the growth of the population of countries, the issue of food security has become more important ...
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IntroductionWheat is one of the most important crops used in the country and forms the basis of food security of Iranians. Wheat cultivation in Iran has a long history over 8,000 years. On the other hand, with the growth of the population of countries, the issue of food security has become more important every day to the extent that it has become one of the most important issues of the country and efforts are being made to achieve self-sufficiency in the production of this strategic crop. The area under cultivation has always been one of the most important factors limiting production in the world, and today in all countries, officials and researchers have paid attention to this issue in order to increase production without relying on increasing the area under cultivation. The history of compression of cultivation and the consequences of green agriculture in the form of conventional agriculture show that the way to supply crop production is not through this, inevitably the importance of studying the agricultural history of each country becomes more important every day which by analyzing events find the reason for the success or failure of programs over time.Materials and MethodsTherefore, a study has been conducted in the form of a time series analysis study and quantitative content study to analysis and examine changes in area under cultivation, wheat production and population changes in a period of 60 years. To do this, the Mini-tab software has been used.Results and DiscussionThe results of the study show the linear population growth from 1961 to 2020. During the same period, the country's total wheat production has increased from 3.5 million tons per hectare to 11.7 million tons per hectare, which shows a growth of 234 percent in this sector. The area under wheat cultivation in these years has had less changes compared to the amount of production and population growth and has increased from 4.5 million hectares in 1961 to 6.4 million hectares in 2020.ConclusionIt seems that the events of 1961 to 1971 in the social structure and industrialization of the country, changes between the two revolutions in 1971 to 1981, the occurrence of imposed war in 1981 to 1991 are all of special importance in changing the agriculture of Iran. This phenomenon is called social metabolism, which reflects the effects that the natural environment (agroecosystem) receives from its social environment, and in contrast to the effects that changes in the structure and function of agroecosystems on the availability of food in society.
Hadi Veisi; Anahita Valiollahi; Abdol Majid Mahdavi Damghani; Surror Khoramdel
Abstract
Introduction: Since the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) has changed the chemical composition of the atmosphere, a wide global consensus has emerged on the anthropogenic accumulation of GHGs in the atmosphere. Women have a vital role in agriculture, but the gap in gender-based studies on the ...
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Introduction: Since the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) has changed the chemical composition of the atmosphere, a wide global consensus has emerged on the anthropogenic accumulation of GHGs in the atmosphere. Women have a vital role in agriculture, but the gap in gender-based studies on the significant effects of agriculture on carbon emissions through production has not yet been filled. Therefore, a detailed analysis of how the gender factor affects GHGs emission is essential. In this sense, the present study investigated the effect of farmers' gender on global warming potential (GWP) in rice production systems during 2014-2015 in Babol County in Mazandaran Province, Iran. To this end, GHG emissions from male- and female-head rice farms were compared using the carbon input (kg.C.equivalent.ha−1) and output (kg.C.equivalent.ha−1), sustainability indices, and carbon efficiency. Material and methods: The data was gathered from 120 rice farmers (60 males and 60 females) through questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. The methodology of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was used to calculate the GHGs emission of each farm. Each GHG such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) has GWP, which is the warming influence relative to that of carbon dioxide. Emissions were measured in terms of a reference gas, CO2 and reported based on CO2 equivalent. The method was restricted to a farm boundary and extracted into spreadsheets, which compute the baseline CH4 and N2O emissions for each farm. The indices of sustainability were estimated by assessing the temporary changes in output/input or (output-input)/input ratios of C to determine the share of anthropogenic GHGs emission in the atmosphere to determine the intensity of energy flow, carbon savings, and GHG emissions from women-headed and men-headed rice farms. Results and discussion: The results demonstrated considerable differences between farms headed by women and headed by men in terms of GWP (2930.31 and 3291.35 kg.CO2.equivalent.ha-1 for female-headed and male-headed farms, respectively) since more agricultural inputs were employed in farms headed by men. The dominant share of GWP for farms headed by men and women from the highest to the lowest was due to fossil fuels, machinery, and N fertilizers. The indices of carbon efficiency and carbon sustainability were respectively 3.88 and 2.88 in farms headed by women, and 3.55 and 2.55 in farms headed by men. Conclusion: The largest proportion of GHGs emission was due to fossil fuels in both female-headed and male-headed farms. This was attributed to outdated diesel pumps, excessive machinery traffic in agroecosystems, incompatibility between the power and performance of the equipment with the requirements of female-headed farms, and the relatively low price of fossil fuels. In line with these results, it can be concluded that resource-use patterns for the establishment, production, harvesting, and transportation in the rice fields are compatible with landscapes and masculine norms. Females, like males, used machinery and tools that consumed large amounts of fossil fuels; however, female-headed farms were smaller and wasted more energy, which in turn increased the level of mitigation. The findings suggested that farms by women produced fewer GHGs because the carbon input was used in a more environment-friendly manner than in the male-headed farms. Finally, several “soft” policies, such as gender-sensitive capacity development programs, are proposed to address the share of farmers in the emission of GHGs from subsistence farming systems on a gender basis.
Saeid Bakhshipour; Jafar Kambouzia; Korous Khoshbakht; Abdol Majid Mahdavi Damghani; Maryam Hosseini Chaleshtori
Volume 15, Issue 2 , July 2017, , Pages 163-180
Abstract
Introduction: One of the main problems in rice cultivation and production is the lack of water resources, especially during periods of low rainfall which affect vegetative growth rate and the level of yield. Drought stress has been well documented as an effective parameter in decreasing crop production, ...
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Introduction: One of the main problems in rice cultivation and production is the lack of water resources, especially during periods of low rainfall which affect vegetative growth rate and the level of yield. Drought stress has been well documented as an effective parameter in decreasing crop production, and developing and releasing new varieties which are adapted to water deficit conditions can be a constructive approach to overcoming unsuitable environmental conditions. Hence, the characterization of genetic diversity and germplasm classification for parental selection in breeding purposes is of great importance.Materials and methods: In order to evaluate the adaptation of rice genotypes to drought stress and to identify tolerant and sensitive genotypes, 20 genotypes were studied using a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications at the Rice Research Institute (Rasht). During growth stages, some traits were recorded such as plant height, total and fertile tiller number, flag leaf area, panicle length, filled and empty grain number, 100-grain weight, number of days to maturity and yield.Results and discussion: Mean comparison showed that the lowest percentage changes in traits among local varieties (Hashemi, Alikazemi and Sangjo) and improved cultivars (Dorfak, Sepidrood and Shiroodi) respectively. Cluster analysis using Ward’s minimum variance and squared Euclidean distance for agronomic traits divided the genotypes into two groups. The separated varieties were grouped in clusters with high quality on the basis of morphological traits and this guides us to select the most different and the best for hybridization programmes, especially to hybridize with local varieties in order to create new varieties resistant to stress. The result of factor analysis based on the principal component showed that factors three and four accounted for 73- 85 of total variance. Conclusion: For the selection of genotypes with high yield and stress tolerance in rice, total and fertile tillers, days to maturity, flag leaf area, panicle length and 100-grain weight could be considered through estimating suitable selection indices for these traits. local and improved cultivars. The study found that the different groups show genetic variation in rice genotypes
