Removal of Cationic Dyes from Aqueous Samples Using Magnetic Gum Arabic Polymer

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: The Earth's surface is covered by 75% water. However, only 3% of this water is freshwater, and just 1% of that freshwater is accessible for human consumption. In most instances, humans are responsible for introducing pollutants into water. Dyes are among the most significant pollutants found in textile wastewater. As a result of its economic feasibility and high selectivity, adsorption has gained widespread popularity as a technique for treating organic dyes. In this research, a novel magnetic adsorbent was developed and utilized to remove certain toxic dyes.
Material and Methods: In this research, Gum Arabic has been utilized as a natural and biodegradable polymer for the preparation of an effective adsorbent. To enhance the surface area, efficiency and stability of this natural polymeric adsorbent, citric acid has been employed as a green crosslinker. According to our findings, ,Gum Arabic has been polymerized for the first time with citric acid as a crosslinker and utilized for the removal of cationic dyes. Additionally, a crosslinked Gum Arabic polymer synthesized using citric acid has been incorporated with magnetite nanoparticles, ensuring its facile recovery from the medium upon application of a magnetic field. Furthermore, the prepared magnetic Gum Arabic was employed for the removal of Crystal Violet (CV), Malachite Green (MG), and Methylene Blue (MB) dyes from aqueous samples.
Results and Discussion: In this study, the impact of various parameters, including initial dye solution concentration, solution pH, contact time between the adsorbent and the dye solution, adsorbent dosage, and dye solution temperature, on the removal efficiency of   cationic dyes from aqueous samples was investigated. According to the results, the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent (CL-GA/Fe3O4) increased with increasing dye solution concentration, reaching maximum levels of 209.80, 205.12, and 177.12 mg/g for MB, CV, and MG, respectively. Additionally, the removal efficiency for these dyes increased with increasing solution pH, reaching 99.43% (MB), 97.13% (MG), and 96.62% (CV) at a pH of 6. Furthermore, the removal efficiency of dyes increased with increasing adsorption temperature, indicating an endothermic process. It is noteworthy that in this study, both MB and MG dyes reached their maximum removal efficiency after 20 min. In contrast, CV reached its maximum removal efficiency within a 15-min time frame. In this investigation, the Langmuir model showed a significantly better fit to the adsorption data compared to the Freundlich model, indicating its accuracy in describing monolayer adsorption. Additionally, this study revealed that the obtained adsorption kinetic data fit well with the pseudo-second-order model. This suggests that chemisorption likely plays a significant role in the rate-limiting step of the adsorption process.
Conclusion: In this research, a novel nano adsorbent (CL-GA/Fe3O4) based on crosslinked Gum Arabic with citric acid and magnetized with Fe3O4 nanoparticles was employed for the removal of cationic dyes. To validate the effectiveness of the (CL-GA/Fe3O4) adsorbent, various characterization techniques, including FT-IR, FESEM, EDX, Zeta potential, and VSM, were employed. The findings of this study demonstrate the development of an innovative and efficient adsorbent for dye removal, which holds significant importance in addressing environmental challenges.

Keywords

References

Abu Elella, M.H., ElHafeez, E.A., Goda, E.S., Lee, S. and Yoon, K.R.J.C., 2019. Smart bactericidal filter containing biodegradable polymers for crystal violet dye adsorption. Cellulose. 26, 9179-9206.
Al-Zuhairi, F.K., Azeez, R.A. and Shakor, Z.M., 2023. Biosynthesis of Fe3O4 MNPs from Vicia faba L. peels: promising catalyst for enhanced biogas production from wheat straw. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04761-1.
Almomani, F. and Bhosale, R.R., 2021. Bio-sorption of toxic metals from industrial wastewater by algae strains Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris: Application of isotherm, kinetic models and process optimization. Science of The Total Environment. 755, 142654.
Bayatloo, M.R., Salehpour, N., Alavi, A. and Nojavan, S., 2022. Introduction of maltodextri nanosponges as green extraction phases: Magnetic solid phase extraction of fluoroquinolones. Carbohydrate Polymers. 297, 119992.
Castro-Cabado, M., Parra-Ruiz, F.J., Casado, A. and Roman, J.S., 2016. Thermal crosslinking of  maltodextrin and citric acid. Methodology to control the polycondensation reaction under processing conditions. Polymers and polymer composites. 24(8), 643-654.
Choudhary, S., Sharma, K., Sharma, V. and Kumar, V., 2023. Performance Evaluation of Gum Gellan-Based Hydrogel as a Novel Adsorbent for the Removal of Cationic Dyes: Linear Regression Models. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 15(4), 5942-5953.
Das, L., Sengupta, S., Das, P., Bhowal, A. and Bhattacharjee, C., 2021. Experimental and Numerical modeling on dye adsorption using pyrolyzed mesoporous biochar in Batch and fixed-bed column reactor: Isotherm, Thermodynamics, Mass transfer, Kinetic analysis. Surfaces and Interfaces. 23, 100985.
De Marco, L., Ramasesha, K. and Tokmakoff, A., 2013. Experimental evidence of Fermi resonances in isotopically dilute water from ultrafast broadband IR spectroscopy. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 117(49), 15319-15327.
Devi, N.A., Nongthombam, S., Sinha, S., Bhujel, R., Rai, S., Singh, W.I. and Swain, B.P., 2020. Correlation Between IV and Bonding Network of Fe3O4/rGO Nanocomposite. 2020 IEEE VLSI DEVICE CIRCUIT AND SYSTEM (VLSI DCS), Kolkata, India, pp. 138-141, doi: 10.1109/VLSIDCS47293.2020.9179905.
Elella, M.H.A., Sabaa, M.W., Abd ElHafeez, E. and Mohamed, R.R., 2019. Crystal violet dye removal using crosslinked grafted xanthan gum. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 137, 1086-1101.
Gaurav Sharma, G.S., Amit Kumar, A.K., Naushad, M., García-Peñas, A., Al-Muhtaseb, A., Ghfar, A., Vikrant Sharma, V.S., Tansir Ahamad, T.A. and Stadler, F., 2018. Fabrication and characterization of gum arabic-cl-poly (acrylamide) nanohydrogel for effective adsorption of crystal violet dye. Carbohydrate Polymers. 202, 444-453.
Gautam, D. and Hooda, S., 2020. Magnetic graphene oxide/chitin nanocomposites for efficient adsorption of methylene blue and crystal violet from aqueous solutions. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 65(8), 4052-4062.
Ghaedi, M., 2021. Adsorption: Fundamental processes and applications. Academic press.
Gopinathan, R., Kanhere, J. and Banerjee, J., 2015. Effect of malachite green toxicity on non target soil organisms. Chemosphere. 120, 637-644.
Halpern, J.M., Urbanski, R., Weinstock, A.K., Iwig, D.F., Mathers, R.T. and Von Recum, H.A., 2014. A biodegradable thermoset polymer made by esterification of citric acid and glycerol. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A. 102(5), 1467-1477.
Hefne, J., Mekhemer, W., Alandis, N., Aldayel, O. and Alajyan, T., 2008. Kinetic and thermodynamic study of the adsorption of Pb (II) from aqueous solution to the natural and treated bentonite. International Journal of Physical sciences. 3(11), 281-288.
Hubbe, M.A., Azizian, S. and Douven, S., 2019. Implications of apparent pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics onto cellulosic materials: a review. BioResources. 14, 7582-7626.
Hussain, D., Khan, S.A., Khan, T.A., 2021. Fabrication and characterization of mesoporous guar gum/NiWO4 nanocomposite for efficient adsorption of phloxine B and crystal violet from aqueous solution and evaluation of its antioxidant activity. Colloid and Interface Science Communications. 44, 100488.
Ibrahim, A.G., Elkony, A.M. and El-Bahy, S.M., 2021. Methylene blue uptake by gum arabic/acrylic amide/3-allyloxy-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt semi-IPN hydrogel. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 186, 268-277.
Ilyas, S., Tahir, D., Abdullah, B. and Fatimah, S., 2019. Structural and bonding properties of honeycomb structure of composite nanoparticles Fe3O4 and activated carbon. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1317, 012058.
Irianti, F., Sutanto, H., Priyono, P., Wibowo, A., Syahida, A. and Alkian, I., 2021. Characterization structure of Fe3O4@PEG-4000 nanoparticles synthesized by co-precipitation method. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1943, 012014.
Jabli, M., Almalki, S.G. and Agougui, H., 2020. An insight into methylene blue adsorption characteristics onto functionalized alginate bio-polymer gel beads with λ-carrageenan-calcium phosphate, carboxymethyl cellulose, and celite 545. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 156, 1091-1103.
Kajjumba, G.W., Emik, S., Öngen, A., Özcan, H.K. and Aydın, S., 2018. Modelling of adsorption kinetic processes-errors, theory and application. Advanced sorption process applications, 1-19. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.80495.
Khayyun, T.S. and Mseer, A.H., 2019. Comparison of the experimental results with the Langmuir and Freundlich models for copper removal on limestone adsorbent. Applied Water Science. 9(8), 170.
Li, S., 2010. Removal of crystal violet from aqueous solution by sorption into semi-interpenetrated networks hydrogels constituted of poly (acrylic acid-acrylamide-methacrylate) and amylose. Bioresource Technology. 101(7), 2197-2202.
Liang, Y.-D., He, Y.-J., Wang, T.-T. and Lei, L.-H., 2019. Adsorptive removal of gentian violet from aqueous solution using CoFe2O4/activated carbon magnetic composite. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 27, 77-88.
Mittal, H., Morajkar, P.P., Al Alili, A. and Alhassan, S.M., 2020. In-situ synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using gum arabic based hydrogels as a self-template for effective malachite green dye adsorption. Journal of Polymers and the Environment. 28, 1637-1653.
Nejad, A. and Sibert, E.L., 2021. The Raman jet spectrum of trans-formic acid and its deuterated isotopologs: Combining theory and experiment to extend the vibrational database. The Journal of Chemical Physics.154, 064301.
Nguyen, H.T., Ngwabebhoh, F.A., Saha, N., Saha, T. and Saha, P., 2022. Gellan gum/bacterial cellulose hydrogel crosslinked with citric acid as an eco-friendly green adsorbent for safranin and crystal violet dye removal. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 222, 77-89.
Özyonar, F., Gökkuş, Ö. and Sabuni, M.J.C., 2020. Removal of disperse and reactive dyes from aqueous solutions using ultrasound-assisted electrocoagulation. Chemosphere. 258, 127325.
Parlayici, Ş., 2019. Alginate-coated perlite beads for the efficient removal of methylene blue, malachite green, and methyl violet from aqueous solutions: kinetic, thermodynamic, and equilibrium studies. Journal of Analytical Science and Technology. 10(1), 1-15.
Patel, P.N., 2006. Methylene blue for management of ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 40(2), 299-303.
Pathan, S., Pandita, N. and Kishore, N., 2019. Acid functionalized-nanoporous carbon/MnO2 composite for removal of arsenic from aqueous medium. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 12(8), 5200-5211.
Plöhn, M., Escudero-Onate, C. and Funk, C., 2021. Biosorption of Cd (II) by Nordic microalgae: Tolerance, kinetics and equilibrium studies. Algal Research 59, 102471.
Rápó, E. and Tonk, S., 2021. Factors affecting synthetic dye adsorption; desorption studies: a review of results from the last five years (2017–2021). Molecules. 26(17), 5419.
Revellame, E.D., Fortela, D.L., Sharp, W., Hernandez, R. and Zappi, M.E., 2020. Adsorption kinetic modeling using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order rate laws: A review. Cleaner Engineering and Technology. 1, 100032.
Sharma, A.K., Kaith, B.S., Bajaj, S., Bhatia, J.K., Panchal, S., Sharma, N., Tanwar, V.J.C. and Biointerfaces, S.B., 2019. Efficient capture of eosin yellow and crystal violet with high performance xanthan-acacia hybrid super-adsorbent optimized using response surface methodology. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 175, 314-323.
Sharma, A.K., Kaith, B.S., Sharma, N., Bhatia, J.K., Tanwar, V., Panchal, S. and Bajaj, S., 2019. Selective removal of cationic dyes using response surface methodology optimized gum acacia-sodium alginate blended superadsorbent. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 124, 331-345.
Sharma, G. and Jeevanandam, P., 2013. Synthesis of self-assembled prismatic iron oxide nanoparticles by a novel thermal decomposition route. RSC advances. 3(1), 189-200.
Shi, T.-T., Jiang, X.-Y. and Yu, J.-G., 2023. Efficient and Selective Removal of Organic Cationic Dyes by Peel of Brassica juncea Coss. var. gemmifera Lee et Lin-Based Biochar. Molecules. 28(8), 3353.
Thillainayagam, B.P., Nagalingam, R. and Saravanan, P. (2023). Batch and column studies on removal of methylene blue dye by microalgae biochar. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 13(11), 10327-10342.
Trivedi, M., Patil, S., Shettigar, H., Bairwa, K. and Jana, S., 2015. Effect of biofield treatment on spectral properties of paracetamol and piroxicam. Chemical Sciences Journal. 6, 100098.
Wadhera, P., Jindal, R. and Dogra, R., 2020. Insight into adsorption kinetics and isotherms for adsorption of methylene blue using gum rosin alcohol/psyllium-based green adsorbent. Iranian Polymer Journal 29, 501-514.
Yagi, K., Li, P.-C., Shirota, K., Kobayashi, T. and Sugita, Y., 2015. A weight averaged approach for predicting amide vibrational bands of a sphingomyelin bilayer. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 17(43), 29113-29123.
Zolgharnein, J., Feshki, S., Rastgordani, M. and Ravansalar, S., 2022. Simultaneous removal of Basic blue and Toluidine blue O dyes by Magnetic Fe3O4@polydopamine nanoparticle as an efficient adsorbent using derivative spectrophotometric determination and central composite design optimization. Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 146, 110203.
Environmental Sciences
Volume 22, Issue 3
2024
Pages 537-556

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics