Investigation of the Impact of Abadan Petrochemical Complex and Petroleum Refinery on Soil Heavy Metal and Sulfur Concentrations

Document Type : علمی - پژوهشی

Authors

1 Assistant Prof., Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz

2 MSc. Student of Environmental Geology, Faculty of Earth Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz

Abstract

In this study, the distribution of heavy metals (As, Cr, Ni, V, Mn, Fe, Zn, Pb) and sulfur in soil samples collected around the petrochemical complex and petroleum refinery at Abadan has been investigated. For this purpose, 22 surface soil samples were taking into consideration the prevailing wind direction (NW-SE). Sample number 22 is a control sample and was collected from a rural area. After preparation in the laboratory, the samples were analyzed using the ICP-OES method to assess concentrations of different elements. Also, the pH and organic matter content of samples were measured using standard methods. Pollution levels in the soil samples were investigated using different indices, including enrichment factor, contamination factor, contamination degree, saturation degree of metals and Potential acute toxicity. The mean concentrations of elements in the samples were compared to the mean concentration of these metals in the upper crust, soil worldwide, and EPA standards. The results of calculating the geochemical indices indicated that soil samples are more contaminated with S, Pb and Zn. The statistical analysis showed that nickel, vanadium, iron, manganese may be mainly derived from geogenic sources. Lead and zinc may originate from traffic and vehicle emissions as well as the petrochemical complex and petroleum refinery activities. As and Cr have both a geogenic and an anthropogenic origin. High concentrations of sulfur in the study area originated from the petrochemical complex and petroleum refinery activities.

Keywords

References

  1. Huisman D J, Vermeulen F J H, Baker J, Veldkamp A, Kroonenberg S B, Klaver G T. Ageological interpretation of heavy metal concentrations in soil and sediments in the Southern Nwtherlands. Geochem Explor ;1997; 59: 163-174.
  2. Yang Y G, Jin Z , Bi X, Li F, Sun L, Liu J, Fu Z.. Atmospheric deposition- carried Pb, Zn, and Cd from a Zinc smelter and their effect on soil microorganisms. Pedospher ; 2009; 19: 422-423.
  3. Callender G. Heavy metal in environment, historical Trend. U. S Geological Survey, Westerly; 2005 : 67-105.
  4. Luo XS, Yu S, Zhu YG, Li XD. Trace metal contamination in urban soils of China. Science Total Environment. ;2011; 04: 20.
  5. Thornton I, Farago ME, Thums CR, Parrish RR, McGill RAR, Breward N. Urban geochemistry: research strategies to assist risk assessment and remediation of brownfield sites in urban areas. Environ Geochem Health ; 2008; 30:565–76.
  6. Wong CSC, Li XD, Thornton I.Urban environmental geochemistry of trace metals. Environmental Pollute ; 2006;142:1-16.
  7. Mehlman M A . Dangerous and cancer-causing properties of products and chemicals in the oil refining and petrochemical industry. VIII. Health effects of motor fuels: carcinogenicity of gasoline-scientific update. Environmental Research; 1992; 59:238 – 249.
  8. Kaldor J, Harris J A, Glazer E, Glaser S, Neutra R, Mayberry R, Nelson V, Robinson L, Reed D. Statistical association between cancer incidence and major-cause mortality, and estimated residential exposure to air emissions from petroleum and chemical plants. Environmental Health Perspect ; 1984; 54: 319 –332.
  9. Lin MC, Yu HS, Tsai SS, Cheng BH, Hsu TY, Wu TN, Yang CY. Adverse pregnancy outcome in a petrochemical polluted area in Taiwan. Toxicol Environ Health; 2001; 63:565 –574.
  10. Bosco M L, Varrica D , Dongarra G. Case study: inorganic pollutants associated with particulate matter from an area near a petrochemical plant. Environmental Research; 2005; 99, 18–30.
  11. Eshragh Niaye Jahromi, M. Karimi,M. Ghetmiri,h.. Geochemical distribution and determination of heavy metals pollution (Ar, Cd, Cr, Ni and S) in agriculture field around Shiraz Petrochemical factory. Pnugeo 6-B.2012 -184. [In Persian.
  12. Abbasi Anar Koli D, Kamal Abadi S, Abdoli Gashtasb H, Samadi Khadem Sh, Matin A, Hosseini H. Investigate the accumulation of heavy metals Ni, Cd and Pb in soils and plants of Petrochemical industry of shazand, The 2nd conference on Environmental Planning and Management ; 2011 . [In Persian.
  13. Law R, Andrulewicz E . Hydrocarbons in water, sediment and mussels from the southern Baltic Sea, Marine Pollution Bulletinj;1983;14: 289-293.
  14. Cevik F, Goksu M, Derici O, Findik O. An assessment of metals pollution in surface sediments of Seykan dam by using enrichment
  15. factor, Geoaccumulation index and statistical analysis, Environmental Monitoring Assessment;2009;152: 309-317.
  16. Lu X, Wang I, Lei K, Huang j, Zhai Y. Contamination assessment of copper, lead, zinc and nikel in street dust of baoji, NW China. Hazard Mater ;2009;161:1058-1062.
  17. Hakanson L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Research ;1980; 14: 975-1001.
  18. Rastmanesh F, Moore F, Kharrati Kopaei M, Keshavarzi B, Behrouz M . Heavy metal enrichment of soil in Sarcheshmeh copper complex, Kerman, Iran. Environmental Earth Science ; 2010.
  19. Yang Y G, Jin Z , Bi X, Li F, Sun L, Liu J, Fu Z.. Atmospheric deposition- carried Pb, Zn, and Cd from a Zinc smelter and their effect on soil microorganisms. Pedospher ; 2009; 19: 422-423.
  20. Pedersen F, Bjrnestand E, Andersen H V, Kjlholt J & Poll, C. Characterization of sediments from Copenhagen Harbour by use of bioests. Water Science and Technology; 1998; 37, 233-240.
  21. Kabata-Pendias A & Mukherjee A B. Trace element from soil to human Berlin, Springer- Verlag ;2007; 550.
  22. Taylor S R . Abundance of chemichal elements in the continental crust. Canberra Geochimicueet Cosmochimicn; 1964 ; 28:1273-1285.
  23. USEPA . Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Hazardous waste land treatment, SW;1983; 874-273.
  24. ATSDR . Toxicological Profile for Chromium. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA,. 2000.
  25. Chen X, Xia X, Zhao Y, Zhang P. Heavy metal concentrations in roadside soils and correlation with urban traffic in Beijing, China. Journal of Hazardous Materials ; 2010; 181:640–646.
  26. Pan BJ, Hong YJ, Chang GC, Wang MT, Cinkotai FF, Ko YC. Excess cancer mortality among children and adolescents in residential districts polluted by petrochemical manufacturing plants in Taiwan. Toxicol Environ Health; 1994; 43:117 – 129.
  27. Denaix L, Semlali R M, Douay F. Dissolved and colloidal transport of Cd, Pb, and Zn in a silt loam soil affected by atmospheric industrial deposition. Environmental Pollution ; 2001; 113: 29-38.
  28. Kapusta P, Szarek-Lukaszewska G M , Stefanowicz A. Direct and indirect effects of metal contamination on soil biota in a Zn-Pb post-mining and smelting area (S Poland). Environmental Pollution ;2011; 159: 1516-1522.
  29. Yalcin MG, Battaloglu R, Ilhan S. Heavy metal sources in Sultan Marsh and its neighborhood, Kayseri, Turkey. Environ Geol ; 2007; 53:399-415
  30. Duong T T T , Lee B K . Determining contamination level of heavy metals in road dust from busy traffic areas with different characteristics. Environmental Mangement ; 2011; 92(3);62-554.
  31. Saeedi M, Hosseinzadeh M , Jamshidi A , Pajoheshfar S. Assessment of heavy metal contamination and leaching characteristics in highway side soils, Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment ;2009;151(1):41-231.
  32. Fauci A S. Principles of Internal Medicine, McGraw Hill, 14th Ed., NewYork ; 1998; 265-266.
  33. Kohno K . Actual status of measurement of blood concentration of lead, urinary concentration of delta-amino laevulin acid and urinary concentration of metabolites of organic solvents entrusted to occupational health organizations. Sangyo.IGaku ;1994; 36(2): 124-130.
  34. Monavari M. Asessment environmental impact of petrochemical industries.Iran,Tehran. Farzaneh Inc. ; 2001. [In Persian].
  35. Alloway B J. Heavy metal in soil. Blackie and son Ltd. Glasgow and London . 1990.
Environmental Sciences
Volume 14, Issue 2
July 2016
Pages 49-60

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics