Determination of Origin and Concentration of n-Alkanes Residues in Eggs of four Tern Species on Shidvar Island, the Persian Gulf

Document Type : علمی - پژوهشی

Authors

1 Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, University of Tarbiat Modares, Noor

2 Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, University of Tarbiat Modares, Noor

Abstract

The prevention of pollution of marine ecosystems is very important for the sustainable use of resources. Given the persistence of pollutants in the aquatic food chain, the likelihood of damage to all living organisms is high, including humans who are at the top of the food chain. n-alkanes were used as an indicator of the origin and changes in organic substances. The present study was aimed at determining the origin and concentration of these compounds in the eggs of four sea-bird species (White-cheeked Sterna repressa, Bridled Sterna anaethetus, Greated Crested and Lesser Created T. bengalensis Terns) on Shidvar Island in July 2013. n-alkanes were mostly determined in the range of n-C14 - nC35, and their total obtained concentrations in the sampled eggs of White-cheeked, Bridled, Greated Crested and Lesser Created Terns were also ‌in the range of 41.39-86.32, 22.88-53.19, 21.82- 54.94 and 59.47-95.46 (µg.mg-1 lipid), respectively. However, the concentrations of these compounds in eggs of the White-cheeked and Lesser Created Terns were higher than the Greater Crested and Bridled Terns. Diagnostic ratios of CPI, Pr/Ph, n-C17/Pr, nC18/Pr and U/R, in addition, n-alkanes in all the samples were mostly recognized as originating from petrogenic compounds and, so, the most important causes involved are presumably contamination from oil refineries which have been established on Lavan Island closed to Shidvar Island. The presence of oil pollutants cause by oil spills in the Persian Gulf, shipping, the discharge of ballast water from ships to this area is also an important source.

Keywords

References

  1. منابع
  2. Burns K, Codi S, Duke N. Gladstone, Australia field studies: weathering and degradation of hydrocarbons in oiled Mangrove and salt marsh sediments with and without the application of an experimental bioremediation protocol. Marine Pollution Bulletin; 2000; 41(7):392-402.
  3. Berny P, Sadoul N, Dol S, Videman B, Kayser Y, Hafner H. Impact of local agricultural and industrial practices on organic contamination of Little egret (Egretta garzetta) eggs in the Rhone delta, southern france. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry; 2002; 21(3): 520-526.
  4. Behrouzi-Rada B. Breeding species of waterbirds on 10 Islands of Persian Gulf In 2009. Octa Journal of Environmental Research; 2013; 1(1): 52-64.
  5. Becker P H, Cifuentes J M, Behrends B, Schmieder K R, Vadehavssekretariat F. Contaminants in bird eggs in the wadden sea, spatial and temporal trends 1991-2000. Wadden Sea; 2001; 11(18): 9-70.
  6. Bakhtiari A R, Zakaria M P, Yaziz M I, Lajis M N H, Bi X. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes in suspended particulate matter and sediments from the Langat River, peninsular Malaysia. Environment Asia; 2009; 2(2): 1-10.
  7. Baklitiari A R, Zakaria M P, Yaziz M I, Lajis H, Nordin M, Bi X, Shafiee M, RezaM.,Sakari, M. Distribution of PAHs and n-alkancs in Klang River surface sediments, Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology; 2010; 18(1): 167-179.
  8. Furness R W, Camphuysen K C. Seabirds as monitors of the marine environment. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil; 1997; 54(4): 726-737.
  9. Goutner V, Papagiannis I, Kalfakakou V. Lead and Cadmium in eggs of colonially nesting waterbirds of different position in the food chain of Greek Wetlands of international importance. Science of the Total Environment; 2001; 267(1):169-176.
  10. Gochfeld M, Burger J. Temporal trends in metal levels in eggs of the endangered roseate tern sterna dougallii in New York. Environmental research; 1998; 77(1):36-42.
  11. Ghasemi S, Tayefeh F H, Hoveizeh N M. Breeding success of lesser Crested Tern and swift tern at Shidvar Island, Iran. Journal of American Science; 2011;7(1): 633-638.
  12. [11] Hijona E, Hijona L, Larzabal M, Sarasqueta C, Aldazabal P, Arenas J, Bujanda L. Biochemical determination of lipid content in hepatic steatosis by the Soxtec method. World Jorurnal of Gastroentrology; 2010;16(12): 1495-1499.
  13. Ikemoto T, Kunito T, Tanabe S, Tsurumi M, Sato F, Oka N. Non-destructive monitoring of trace element levels in short-tailed albatrosses phoebastria albatrus and black-footed albatrosses phoebastria nigripes from Torishima Island, Japan using eggs and blood. Marine Pollution Bulletin; 2005; 51(8): 889-895.
  14. Jeng W L, Huh C A. A comparison of sedimentary aliphatic hydrocarbon distribution between east China Sea and southern Okinawa trough. Continental Shelf Research; 2008; 28(4): 582-592.
  15. Konyuhov A, Maleki B. The Persian Gulf Basin: Geological history, sedimentary formations, and petroleum potential, Lithology and Mineral Resources; 2006; 41(2): 344-361.
  16. Morales L, Martrat M G, Olmos J, Parera J, Vicente J, Bertolero A, Ábalos M, Lacorte S, Santos F J, Abad E. Persistent organic pollutants in Gull eggs of two species Larus michahellis and Larus audouinii from the ebro delta natural Park. Chemosphere; 2012; 88(11): 1306-1316.
  17. OyoIta O E, Ekpo B O, Oros D R, Simoneit B R. Distributions and sources of aliphatic hydrocarbons and ketones in surface sediments from the cross river estuary, SE Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation; 2010; 5(1):1-11.
  18. Peters K E, J M Moldowan. In the biomarker guide. edited by Jiang N, et al Beijing, China: Beijing Petroleum Industry Press; 1995;5(2) 294-298.
  19. Pereira M G, Walker L A, Wright J, Best J, Shore R F. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the eggs of Predatory birds in Britain. Environmental Science & Technology; 2009;43(23): 9010-9015.
  20. Pancost R D, Freeman K H, Patzkowsky M E, Wavrek D A, Collister J W. Molecular indicators of redox and marine photoautotroph composition in the late middle Ordovician of Iowa, USA. Organic Geochemistry; 1998; 29(5):1649-1662.
  21. Ross M S, Verreault J, Letcher R J, Gabrielsen G W, Wong C S. Chiral organochlorine contaminants in blood and eggs of glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) from the Norwegian Arctic. Environmental Science & Technology; 2008; 42(19): 7181-7186.
  22. Sanayei Y. Isolation of crude-oil-degrading sphingomonas paucimobilis from the Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea. Journal of A dvances in Chemistry; 2013; 5(1): 603-606.
  23. Tolosa I, de Mora S, Sheikholeslami M R, Villeneuve J P, Bartocci J, Cattini C. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal Caspian Sea sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin; 2004; 48(1): 44-60.
  24. Vidal M, Dominguez J, Luis A. Spatial and temporal patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in eggs of a coastal bird from northwestern iberia after a major oil spill. Science of the Total Environment; 2011;409(13): 2668-2673.
  25. Wegrzyn E, Grzeskiewicz S, Poplawska W, Glod B K. Modified analytical method for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, using sec for sample preparation and RP-HPLC with fluorescence detection. application to different food samples. Acta Chromatographica; 2006;17(4): 233-249.
  26. Wang X C, Sun S, Ma H Q, Liu Y. Sources and distribution of aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin; 2006; 52(2): 129-138.
  27. Yarsan E,Yipel M. The important terms of marine pollution “biomarkers and biomonitoring, bioaccumulation, bioconcentration, biomagnification”. Molecular Biomarkers & Diagnosis; 2013;(4)1-4.
Environmental Sciences
Volume 13, Issue 3
October 2015
Pages 63-70

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics