بررسی تغییرات کمی، شاخص‌های آلودگی و توزیع غلظت فلزات سنگین Pb و Cd در غبار ریزشی(مطالعه موردی: شهر زاهدان)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و کویرشناسی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران

2 گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و کویرشناسی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران

10.52547/envs.29142

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: گرد وغبار یکی از پدیده های جوی و بلایای طبیعی شناخته شده است که آثار و پیامدهای محیط زیستی نامطلوبی بر جای میگذارد . به طورمعمو ل ذرات گرد وغبار دارای قطر کمتر از 100 میکرون هستند که پس از کیلومترها انتقال افقی یا عمودی به سطح زمین می رسند. هدف از این پژوه، بررسی میزان غبار ریزشی و غلظت فلزهای سنگین سرب و کادمیوم در نمونه های غبار به منظور بررسی آلودگی شهری به این عناصر می باشد.

 مواد و روش ­ها: در این مطالعه جمع ­آوری نمونه­ ها با استفاده از تله رسوب گیر تیله ­ای به مدت شش ماه از دی ماه 1393 تا پایان خرداد 1394 انجام شد  تا امکان مقایسه بین فصل تر (زمستان) و خشک (بهار) فراهم گردد. مجموع 180 نمونه غبار ریزشی با استفاده از تله های تیله ای MDCO جمع آوری شد. نمونه ­ها با استفاده از ترازو با دقت 0.001 گرم وزن و نمونه ها به روش ISO11466 تجزیه و غلظت فلزها ی سنگین توسط دستگاه جذب اتمی شعل های مدل Analyti jena-350 اندازه گیری گردید . 
نتایج و بحث: مقادیر تجمعی غبار ریزشی برای زمستان 1393 و بهار 1394 به ترتیب 85 . 5 ± 77 . 7 گرم بر مترمربع و 31 . 1 ± 28 . 5 گرم برمترمربع است. بیشترین مقدار غبار در ماه اسفند ( 69 . 5 ± 11 .5 گرم برمترمربع) و کمترین آن مربوط به بهمن ( 65 . 0 ± 31 . 1) است که اختلاف زیادی با د یماه ( 34 . 0 ± 33 . 1 گرم بر مترمربع) ندارد. میانگین غلظت سرب در فصل زمستان 40 . 32±5 . 97 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم و در فصل بهار 93 . 16±5 . 90 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم به دست آمد. همچنین میانگین غلظت کادمیوم در فصل
زمستان 60 . 19±3 . 37 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم و در فصل بهار 42 . 62±2 . 29 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم به دست آمد. بر اساس سنجه آلودگی (PI) میزان آلودگی سرب در طبقه آلودگی متوسط و کادمیوم در کلاس زیاد قرار دارد. به عبارت دیگر، سنجه آلودگی کادمیوم در هر دو فصل نمونه برداری بیشتر از آلودگی سرب و بالاتر از حد مجاز آن م یباشد. سنجه ریسک اکولوژیک تجمعی سرب و کادمیوم به ترتیب با میان گین 564 و 450 برای زمستان 1393 و تابستان 1394 به دست آمده است. سنجه درجه آلودگی نیز به ترتیب خیلی زیاد و زیاد برای زمستان و بهار و سنجه بار آلودگی بر آوردی قابل ملاحظه از آلودگی را نشان می دهد.

نتیجه­ گیری: نتایج حاصل از غبار ریزشی به دلیل وجود زمین های حساس به بادبردگی بویژه در بخش های جنوبی، غربی و شمال غرب و آنالیز جهت باد نشان از منشاء خارجی غالب بر آن دارد. افزایش نسبی آلاینده های سرب و کادمیوم در فصل زمستان نسبت به بهار نیز بیان کنند ه تأثیر سوخت های فسیلی به کار رفته برای گرما یش در فصل زمستان است. آلودگی کادمیوم بسیار بیشتر از سرب است و به دلیل ضریب بیشتر ریسک اکولوژیک نیاز به دقت و توجه بیشتر را می طلبد .

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of quantitative changes, pollution indexes and distribution of heavy metals Pb and Cd in the dust falling (case study: Zahedan city)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sara Abdollahi 1
  • HamidReza Azimzadeh 1
  • MohammadReza Ekhtesasi 2
  • Asghar Mosleh-Arani 1
1 Environmental group, Faculty of Natural Resources and Desertification, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
2 Rangeland and Watershed group, Faculty of Natural Resources and Desertification, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction:
Dust is one of the phenomena of atmospheric and natural disasters that poses adverse environmental effects and impacts. Due to the wide distribution of dust, this phenomenon can also change the soil and its biology trends. Typically, dust particles have a diameter of less than 100 microns, which can be transmitted horizontally or vertically to the ground after miles. The aim of this study was to determine the amount of dust falling and heavy metals lead and cadmium concentrations in dust samples to evaluate these elements is the urban pollution.
Material and methods:
In this study, samples were collected using mild sediment trap for six months.
A total of 180 samples were collected. Samples were weighed accurately using a scale of 0.001 g. The analysis of samples was performed using ISO11466. The samples were extracted by the Institute of Water and Soil Research, and the concentration of heavy metals was measured by the atomic absorption spectrometry of the Analyti jena-951 model.
Results and discussion:
The results showed that in the winter of March and in the spring of June, the highest rate of dust was observed. The mean lead concentration in winter was 97.32 ± 5.40 mg.kg and 90.16 ± 5.93 mg.kg in spring. Also, the average cadmium concentration in winter was 37.19 ± 3.60 mg.kg and 29.62 ± 2.42 mg.kg in the spring. According to the pollution index (PI), the level of contamination of lead is high in the floor, however, according to this index, cadmium contamination in both seasons is more than the level of contamination of lead and is higher than the limit, which is the risk index The ecology of cadmium, with an average of 1673.98 and 1333.03, also confirms this and is in the hazardous area of contamination. Also, the ecological risk of lead metal in winter was 18.14 ± 1.01 and in the spring with a mean of 16.91 ± 1.11 in the low pollution class. According to the values obtained for the pollution load index (PLI), this contamination rate is Cdwinte r˃Cdspring˃Pbwinter˃Pbsprin, and both of these elements are highly polluted in the classroom.
Conclusion:
The results of statistical calculations and contamination levels indicate that the amount of dust pollution to lead and cadmium is higher than most of the calculated indices in the classes with high to high contamination.Therefore, these elements have been brought into the environment as a result of human activities and have less natural origin.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Ecological risk
  • Heavy metals
  • Land accumulation index
  • Pollution

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فصلنامه علوم محیطی
دوره 19، شماره 1
فروردین 1400
صفحه 1-18

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