نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
سابقه و هدف: حوضه آبی رودخانه‌های دجله و فرات در یکی از مهمترین منابع آب شیرین تحت توسعه جهان واقع شده است. در مرکز این توسعه‌یافتگی، سدها با مقیاس بزرگ قرار گرفته است که به منظور تأمین آب لازم برای طرح‌های آبیاری وسیع و تولید انرژی برق-آبی، توسط دولتهای ساحلی احداث گردیده است و به شکل اساسی جریانات این رودخانه ها و کیفیت آب آن را تحت تأثیر قرار داده است که همواره مورد اعتراض سایر کشورهای ساحلی رودخانه قرار می گیرد. با توجه به عدم انعقاد معاهده چندجانبه و جامع بین کشورهای حوضه آبریز دجله و فرات، شناسایی قواعد بین الملل عرفی حاکم بر این حوضه آبریز، برای تعیین حدودوثغور حقوق و تعهدات این کشورها در مناقشات فیمابین اجتناب‌ناپذیر است. از طرفی سدسازی‌های صورت گرفته در این حوضه به ویژه از ناحیه دولت ترکیه، واکنش و ادعاهایی از سوی دولتهای پایین‌دست را به همراه داشته که ارتباط مستقیم با حقوق این دولتها و تعهدات دولت بالادست از منظر حقوق بینالملل دارد. این مقاله درصدد آن است ضمن بیان مناقشات و ادعاهای مطرح‌شده توسط دولتهای پایین‌دست نسبت به سدسازی‌های ترکیه، قواعد بین المللی حاکم بر این حوضه را شناسایی و بررسی نماید.
مواد و روش ها: روش جمع آوری اطلاعات و داداه ها در این پژوهش به صورت کتابخانه ای (از طریق مراجعه به کتاب های مرجع، مقالات و اسناد بین المللی) است و در ابتدا با بررسی آثار زیست محیطی سدسازی دولت ترکیه نسبت به دولتهای پایین دست حوضه آبی دجله و فرات از میان اسناد و منابع موجود، حقوق حاکم بر این حوضه آبی از منظر حقوق بین الملل شناسایی و مشخص می گردد. روش تحقیق نیز بر اساس آموزه های دگماتیک و از نوع تحلیلی و توصیفی است.
نتایج و بحث: شناسایی قواعد حقوق بین الملل حاکم بر منابع آبی مشترک از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است و این امکان را فراهم می سازد تا دولتها ضمن شناخت حقوق و تکالیف خود و سایر دولتهای همجوار، زمینه حمایت حداکثری از محیط زیست و در نهایت تحقق توسعه پایدار در سایه احترام به حقوق و قواعد بینالملل را فراهم سازد.
نتیجه گیری: همواره دولتها به عنوان مهمترین تابعان حقوق بین الملل و اصلی ترین کنش گران عرصه بین الملل شناخته می شوند. هرچند دولت ترکیه در استفاده از رودهای بین المللی دجله و فرات به مطلق بودن حاکمیت خود استناد می نماید لکن با توجه به توسعه مداوم حقوق بین الملل، امروزه برداشت ها و دیدگاه های سنتی از حاکمیت مطلق هر دولت در بهره برداری و استفاده از منابع آبی مشترک منسوخ گردیده و با توجه به قواعد حقوق بین الملل موجود و نیز شکل گیری قواعد بین المللی نوظهور محیط زیستی، حاکمیت دولت ترکیه در استفاده از رودهای بین المللی دجله و فرات محدود و مقید گردیده است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Environmental controversies in the Tigris and Euphrates basin countries about Turkey's dam construction in international law
نویسندگان [English]
- Ali Zare
- Mohammad Hossein Ramazani Ghavam Abadi
Faculty of Law, Shahid Behehti University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
Introduction: The Euphrates–Tigris river system is among the most intensely developed freshwater resources worldwide. At the center of its development are large-scale dams supplying extensive irrigation schemes and hydroelectric power plants, which substantially impact the river system’s dynamic and water quality that always objected by other riparian state. considering the lack of multilateral and comprehensive treaty between Euphrates–Tigris basin countries, To determine the extent of the rights and obligations of these countries on controversial issues, identifying of the rules of the international customary law is inevitable. On the other hand, dam construction in the basin, especially from the Turkish state has been followed by Downstream governments and has direct relation with the rights of these states and the obligations of the upstream government from international law perspective. This article seeks to identify and review the international rules governing the basin, while expressing the controversies made by the Downstream governments regarding the Turkish dam-construction.
Material and methods: In this research, The method for collecting information and data is in the form of library sources. initially, with the study of the environmental impact of turkey dam construction on downstream government of Tigris and Euphrates basin Among the documents and resources available, The law governing of this basin are identified and defined in the context of international law. The research methodology is based on dogmatic and analytical and descriptive doctrines.
Results and discussion: Identifying the rules of international law governing sharing water resources is of great importance and allows states to recognize their rights and duties as well as other neighboring states, provide the maximum protection of the environment and, ultimately, achieve sustainable development in the light of respect for international law and norms.
Conclusion: Governments are always recognized as the most important subjects of international law and the main actors in the international arena. Although the Turkish government refers to the use of the Tigris and Euphrates international rivers as absolute sovereignty, however, with regard to the constant development of international law, today the traditional perceptions and views of the absolute sovereignty of each state about the use of sharing water resources has become outdated and in accordance with the existing international law and emergence of international environmental rules, turkeys sovereignty is limited in the use of the Tigris and Euphrates international rivers
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Environmental impact assessment
- Customary international law
- Basin
- Euphrates–Tigris rivers
- Dam construction
- GAP project
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