روند تغییرات جمعیت پرندگان آبزی زمستان گذران تالاب های استان فارس: 2018-1988

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 پژوهشکده محیط زیست و توسعه پایدار، تهران، ایران

2 اداره کل حفاظت محیط زیست استان گیلان، رشت، ایران

3 اداره کل حفاظت محیط زیست استان فارس، شیراز، ایران

4 پژوهشکده علوم محیطی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: بهره‌گیری از اطلاعات سرشماری پرندگان آبزی (آبزی و کنار آبزی) برای محاسبه اندازه و روند تغییرات جمعیت متداول است و به عنوان نشان­گر تغییرات بوم‌شناختی زیستگاه­ های تالابی در حفاظت از تنوع زیستی اهمیت دارد. تالاب­ های استان فارس از جمله متنوع­ ترین زیستگاه ­های پرندگان آبزی درون سرزمینی ایران هستند که در سال­ های اخیر به دلیل کاهش تراز آبی و تغییرات زیستگاهی به شدت تخریب شده و تالاب ­های بین المللی آن در فهرست تالاب­ های در معرض تهدید (مونترو) قرار گرفته ­اند. در این پژوهش روند تغییرات جمعیت کل پرندگان آبزی استان فارس و تالاب­ های اصلی آن شامل تالاب­ های بین­ المللی حوضه بختگان (کمجان، طشک و بختگان)، پریشان و دشت ارژن و تالاب­ های مهم کافتر، مهارلو و دریاچه سد درودزن بررسی شده است.
مواد و روش­ ها: نتایج سرشماری پرندگان آبزی مهاجر زمستان‌گذران استان فارس برای سال­ های 2018-1988 از دفتر حفاظت و مدیریت حیات وحش سازمان حفاظت محیط زیست دریافت شد. گرچه سرشماری جمعیت از سال 1967 در استان فارس انجام شده است ولی طی سال­های 1967 تا 1987 سرشماری صرفاً به قوها، غازها، مرغابی­ ها و چنگرها اختصاص داشت و از سال 1988 میلادی سایر پرندگان آبزی و کنار آبزی  به فهرست سرشماری پرندگان اضافه شدند. داده ­ها در دو دوره زمانی بلند مدت 31 ساله (2018-1988) و کوتاه مدت ده ساله (2018-2009) با استفاده از بسته آماری RTRIM برگرفته از نرم افزار ((TRends & Indices for Monitoring Data TRIM در محیط (R) تجزیه و تحلیل شده است.
نتایج و بحث: در 31 سال گذشته حدود 14 درصد جمعیت و 67 درصد گونه ­های پرندگان آبزی ایران (116 گونه از 174 گونه ایران) مربوط به استان فارس بوده است. نتایج حاکی از کاهش شدید جمعیت کل پرندگان آبزی مهاجر استان فارس در بلند مدت با شیب 10.9 درصد (0.0004±0.891) در سال است و در دوره ده ساله نیز روند کاهش جمعیت شدید و با شیب 11- درصد (0.0001±0.890) می‌باشد. تنها تالاب ­های مهارلو در بلند­مدت و دریاچه سد درودزن در کوتاه­مدت روند جمعیت پایدار داشتند و در سایر تالاب‌ها روند کاهش جمعیت ملایم تا شدید بود. بیشترین کاهش جمعیت بلند مدت در تالاب­ های پریشان و دشت ارژن به ترتیب با 13.9 و 10.1 درصد مشاهده شد. در کوتاه مدت نیز تالاب پریشان بیشترین کاهش جمعیت با شیب (0.0001±0.861) 10- درصد در سال را داشته است. نیز بیشترین تعداد گونه­ در دهه 90 میلادی و هم­چنین در سال­ های 2004 تا 2009 مشاهده گردید و پس از این دوره، غنای گونه‌ای این تالاب‌ها کاهش یافته است. نتایج نشان داد؛ سهم تالاب ­های حوضه بختگان و پریشان از جمعیت کل استان بین 10 تا 88 درصد در نوسان بوده  است و کمترین مقدار سهم جمعیت پرندگان در ده سال اخیر در این دو تالاب‌ شمارش شده است. به نظر می­رسد خشک شدن پهنه­ های آبی و تغییر کاربری اراضی از جمله مهم ­ترین عوامل موثر بر کاهش جمعیت و غنای گونه‌ای پرندگان آبزی بوده است. این تالاب­ ها در حال حاضر فاقد شرایط احراز معیار 5 تالاب­های بین ­المللی رامسر بر اساس وضعیت پرندگان آبزی بوده و لازم است احیاء و حفاظت مستمر و اثر­بخش از آن­ها در اولویت برنامه ­های حفاظت محیط زیست قرار گیرد.
نتیجه ­گیری: در سال­ های اخیر تغییرات زیستگاهی ناشی از تغییر رژیم آبی و عوامل انسان­ ساخت باعث کاهش کیفیت  زیستگاه­ های تالابی استان فارس و تغییرات شدید جمعیت پرندگان آبزی شده است. تأمین حق ­آبه محیط زیستی مورد نیاز برای پایداری بوم ­شناختی، استقرار نظام مدیریت یک­پارچه بوم­ سازگانی، اجرای برنامه­ های مدیریت جامع تالاب­ ها و پایش جمعیت مهم­ترین راهبردهای احیاء تالاب­ های مورد مطالعه هستند. نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق می‌تواند در مدیریت زیست ­بومی تالاب­ ها، تدوین و اجرای برنامه احیاء و هم­چنین محاسبه خسارات وارده به تالاب‌های این استان مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Trends of waterbirds population changes in Fars province wetlands 1988-2018

نویسندگان [English]

  • Farhad Hosseini Tayefeh 1
  • Mona Izadian 1
  • Abbas Ashoori 2
  • leyla Jolaee 3
  • Elham Ebrahimi 4
1 Research Center for Environment and Sustainable Development, Tehran, Iran
2 Gilan Provincial Office of Environment, Rasht, Iran
3 Fars Provincial Office of Environment, Shiraz, Iran
4 Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Using of waterbirds (waterfowl and waders) census data is common to calculate the size and trend of population changes. Besides, it is important as an indicator of wetlands’ ecological changes in biodiversity conservation. Fars province’s wetlands are one of the most diverse aquatic habitats in Iran where have been severely damaged in recent years due to reduced water levels and habitat changes and consequently, these international wetlands are categorized in the list of Montero as a threatened wetland. In this study, trends of total Waterbirds population changes in Fars province and their main wetlands, including Bakhtegan Basin (Kajjan, Tashk, and Bakhtegan), Parishan and Arjan Plain international wetlands, next to important wetlands of Kaftar, Maharloo and Droudzan Dam Lake have been investigated. 
Material and methods: The results of the migratory Waterbirds’ census in Fars province had been obtained from the Department of Environment for about thirty years (1988–2018). Though the population census has been conducted in Fars province since 1967, during the years 1967 to 1987, the census was confined to swans, geese, ducks, and coots, other waterbirds have been added to the bird census since 1988.Data had been analyzed in a long-term period (31-years, 1988-2018) and a short-term period (10-year, 2009-2018) by using RTRIM statistical package. This package has been extracted from Trends & Indices for Monitoring Data (TRIM) in R software.
Results and discussion: About 14% of the population and 67% of Iran's waterbirds (116 out of 174 species of Iran) have been related to Fars province, in 31 years ago. The results have been shown a sharp decline in the total population of migratory waterbirds in Fars province with -10.9% slope (0.891 ± 0.0004) per year and also a sharp decline in population with -11% slope for a 10-year period (0.890±0.0001). Only the Maharloo wetlands in the long-term and the Drudzen Dam Lake in the Short-term had a stable population trend, while in other wetlands the trend of decreasing population was moderate to steep. The highest long-term population decline was observed in Parishan wetlands and Arjan plain with -13.9% and -10.1%, respectively. In the short-term, the Parishan wetland had the highest population decline of -10% (0.861 ±0.0001) per year. The highest number of species was observed in the 90s and also in 2004-2009, after this period the species richness of these wetlands decreased. as far as the result shows, the proportion of Bakhtegan and Parishan’s waterbird population was varied from 10% to 88% of the total Fars province’s population. Also, the lowest proportion of the waterbird’s population in these two wetlands was recorded in the last ten years. It seems that drying up of aquatic zones and land-use change were among the most important factors affecting the reduction of population and species richness of waterbirds. As a matter of fact, these wetlands do not have the 5 international criteria of Ramsar wetlands based on the status of the waterbird population. Therefore, need to be prioritized and effective restoration and protection of them in environmental protection programs.
Conclusion: In recent years, habitat changes due to aquatic changes and anthropogenic factors have reduced the quality of wetland habitats in Fars province and drastic changes in waterbird populations. Providing the environmental sustainability needed for ecological sustainability, establishing an integrated ecosystem management system, implementing comprehensive wetland management programs, and population monitoring are the most important restoration strategies for the studied wetlands. The results of this study can be used in the management of wetlands ecosystems, preparation and implementation of the restoration plan and also a calculation of damages to wetlands in Fars province.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Census
  • Population monitoring
  • Fars wetlands
  • RTRIM statistical package
  • Water regime change
  • Population restoration

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فصلنامه علوم محیطی
دوره 19، شماره 1
فروردین 1400
صفحه 177-196

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