Sara Tajdoost,; Ramezan Ali Khavari-Nejad; Fariba Meighani,; Eskandar Zand; Zahra Noormohammadi
Volume 9, Issue 4 , July 2012
Abstract
The genetic diversity of 17 Cuscuta campestris ecotypes collected from different regions of Iran was assessed using ISSR and protein markers. Ten ISSR primers generated a total of 361 bands, of which 347 bands were polymorphic. PIC (polymorphism information content), based on ISSR and protein data, averaged ...
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The genetic diversity of 17 Cuscuta campestris ecotypes collected from different regions of Iran was assessed using ISSR and protein markers. Ten ISSR primers generated a total of 361 bands, of which 347 bands were polymorphic. PIC (polymorphism information content), based on ISSR and protein data, averaged 0.66 and 0.4 per primer, respectively. Cluster analysis and PCA plots derived from Dice’s similarity coefficientof the two-marker systems were highly concordant. The analysis of molecular variance allowed us to partition variation into: 81% (variance among populations) and 19% (variance within populations) based on ISSR data; and 85% (variance among populations) and 15% (within populations) for protein data. This high variation among ecotypes could be due to the high self fertilization, limited gene flow or the low rate of pollen and seed migration among ecotypes. Knowledge of the genetic variability of the weed acquired through using different molecular tools can be helpful in developing management programs in order to effective control of the weed in crop fields.
Hamed Mansoori,; Eskandar Zand,; Morteza Tavakoli; Mohammad Ali Baghestani
Volume 9, Issue 3 , April 2012
Abstract
In order to study the effect on sunflower and cotton of the residue of some sulfonylurea herbicides, two randomized complete block design studies were conducted with ten treatments in four replications for both of plants. Treatments included: sulfosulfuron (Apirus), idosulfuron+mesosulfuron (Chevalier), ...
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In order to study the effect on sunflower and cotton of the residue of some sulfonylurea herbicides, two randomized complete block design studies were conducted with ten treatments in four replications for both of plants. Treatments included: sulfosulfuron (Apirus), idosulfuron+mesosulfuron (Chevalier), chlorsulfuron (Megaton), sulfosulfuron+ metsulfuron methyl (Total), idosulfuron+mesosulfuron+ mefenpyr (Atlantis) where all of the herbicides were used in three doses, with a no-herbicide control. Soil was sprayed with the herbicides and the treated soils were transferred to the greenhouse after four months, and sunflower and cotton were planted in pots containing these soils. The length and dry weight of different plant organs (root, stem and leaf) and total dry weight were measured at the four-leaf stage. The results showed that the treatments had negative effects on most of the measured characteristics in sunflower and sulfosulfuron+ metsulfuron methyl and chlorsulfuron at the highest dose (44 and 22.5 g ai ha-1, respectively) had the most harmful effects on the sunflowerand reduced dry weight by 82.97% and 70.31%, respectively, in comparison with the control. Only the height and root length of cotton had been affected of the herbicides and sulfosulfuron+ metsulfuron methyl and chlorsulfuron at the highest dose had the greatest negative effects on the height and root length of cotton. In attention to the results obtained, we can conclude that sunflower is probably more sensitive than cotton towards sulfonylurea herbicide residue.
Mohammad Bitarafan,; Hasan MohammadAlizadeh,; Eskandar Zand; Bejan Yaghobi; Fatemeh Bena Kashani
Volume 9, Issue 2 , January 2012
Abstract
The probability of Barnyardgrass resistance to some common rice herbicides used in the rice fields of Gilan, Mazandaran and Fars Provinces was investigated by conducting a series of greenhouse and Petri dish bioassay tests on 37 biotypes collected in 2005-2006. Greenhouse experiments involved screening ...
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The probability of Barnyardgrass resistance to some common rice herbicides used in the rice fields of Gilan, Mazandaran and Fars Provinces was investigated by conducting a series of greenhouse and Petri dish bioassay tests on 37 biotypes collected in 2005-2006. Greenhouse experiments involved screening tests with Petri dish tests implementing dose response assays to determine doses of herbicides inhibiting root and stem length growth by 50% (ID50) as well as to determine the sensitivity of the biotype to herbicides. Screening tests were carried out for each province separately for a given herbicide using a randomized complete blocks design with four replications. Minimum recommended doses of Butachlor, Molinate, and Thiobencarb were added to pots of 8cm water height before 2-leaf growth stage of Barnyard grass. Propanil was sprayed at the 3-4 leaf stage. Measurement of dry weight, number of surviving plants and visual rating (based on the EWRC rating scale) were conducted 4 weeks after treatments. A completely randomized design with four replications was also used in the Petri dish tests. This sensitive biotype was subjected to a range of herbicide doses resulting in 50% inhibition of root and stem growth and the response of biotypes to the ID50 of the sensitive biotype was further studied. Root (for Propanil) and stem length (for Butachlor, Molinate, and Thiobencarb) were measured 7 days after treatments. According to results obtained from greenhouse and Petri dish assays, it was revealed that Barnyardgrass biotypes collected from Gilan, Mazandaran and Fars Provinces were not resistant to the tested herbicides (Propanil, Butachlor, Molinate, and Thiobencarb). The results from Petri dish tests were correlated to those of greenhouse experiments.
Hamid Reza Sasanfar; Eskandar Zand; Mohammad Ali Baghestani; Mohammad Javad Mirhadi
Volume 7, Issue 1 , October 2009
Abstract
In order to survey the resistance of wild oat populations to clodinafop propargyl herbicide, an experimental study was conducted at the Department of Weed Science, Plant Pest and Disease Research Institute greenhouse in 2008. Treatments included 12 wild oat populations suspected of being resistant to ...
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In order to survey the resistance of wild oat populations to clodinafop propargyl herbicide, an experimental study was conducted at the Department of Weed Science, Plant Pest and Disease Research Institute greenhouse in 2008. Treatments included 12 wild oat populations suspected of being resistant to clodinafop propargyl and a susceptible biotype collected from Fars Province. A dose-response study was conducted for 13 wild oat populations. In this study, wild oat populations were sprayed during the 2–4 leaves stage using eight doses of clodinafop propargyl including 0 to 16 times the recommended dose (64 g ai ha-1). Biomass and surviving plant measurements were performed four weeks after herbicide application. Results of this study indicated that all suspected populations were resistant to clodinafop propargyl herbicide. The comparison of resistance index on the basis of biomass and surviving plants showed that the W/F-M2/85 population from Marvdasht had the highest level of resistance. This population could preserve over 50% more of both biomass and surviving plant relative to the control at 16 times (1024 g ai ha-1) the recommended dose.
Javid Gherekhloo; Mohammad Hasan Rashed Mohassel; Mehdi Nassiri Mahallati; Eskandar Zand; Ali Ghanbari; Maria D. Osuna; Rafael De Prado
Volume 6, Issue 1 , October 2008
Abstract
During 2005 and 2006, fourteen and seven Phalaris minor populations were found in the wheat fields of Fars and Golestan Provinces, respectively, that exhibited resistance to fenoxaprop-P ethyl and diclofop methyl belonging to the aryloxyphenoxy propionate herbicides. Seed bioassay was conducted at the ...
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During 2005 and 2006, fourteen and seven Phalaris minor populations were found in the wheat fields of Fars and Golestan Provinces, respectively, that exhibited resistance to fenoxaprop-P ethyl and diclofop methyl belonging to the aryloxyphenoxy propionate herbicides. Seed bioassay was conducted at the weed science laboratory of Ferdwosi University of Mashhad to study the resistance of the populations to the APP herbicides. Petri dish assay showed that the populations are resistant to applied herbicides with different level of resistance. Using the estimated parameters of concentration-response curves, discriminating concentration was determined fordiclofop methyl at 8.04 ppm and for fenoxaprop-P-ethyl at 1.05 ppm. A study was also conducted at the agricultural biochemistry laboratory of Cordoba University to investigate the biochemical basis of resistance to ACCase–inhibiting herbicides in the resistant populations. In vitro enzyme assays revealed a herbicide-resistant ACCase enzyme in the AR, MR4 and SR3 populations. Extracted ACCase enzyme from the shoots of these populations was highly resistant to both applied herbicides compared with the susceptible population. The results suggest that the mechanism of resistance to APP herbicides in the three most resistant populations (AR, MR4 and SR3) relates to an altered ACCase. In the case of the rest of the resistant populations, other mechanisms including enhanced metabolism, lack of absorption and translocation, and other unknown mechanisms may be involved. These results also confirmed seven populations are cross-resistant to both the herbicides studied.
Ebrahim Izadi; Mohammad Hassan Rashed Mohassel; Eskandar Zand; Mehdi Nassiri mohalati; Amir Lakzian
Volume 5, Issue 4 , July 2008
Abstract
Atrazine is the most important triazine herbicides with moderately persistence in soil. The objective of this investigation was to study the degradation of atrazine (50 ppm) in two soils different in texture. Experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with factorial arrangement and 3 replications. ...
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Atrazine is the most important triazine herbicides with moderately persistence in soil. The objective of this investigation was to study the degradation of atrazine (50 ppm) in two soils different in texture. Experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with factorial arrangement and 3 replications. Experimental factors included, soil texture(sandy loam and silty clay) and organic manure (0, 2 and 5 percent(w/w)). Soil samples were incubated at 30 oC and dark conditions for 0, 20, 40 and 60 days. At the end of each incubation period, atrazine residue was measured with HPLC. Data was fitted to first order kinetic equation for analysis. Results showed that soil texture and organic manure had significant effects on atrazine degradation rate. Atrazine degradation rate in clay soil with no organic amendment was 1.54 times higher than sandy soil and its half life were 138.6 and 90 days in two soil respectively. Atrazine degradation coefficient increased by 1.14 , 1.8 times in sandy loam soil and by 1.54 , 2.46 times in silty clay soil with 2 percent and 5 percent organic amendment, and the half-life decreased from 138.6, days to 121.57 and 77 days in sandy soil and from 90, days to 58.22 and 38 days in clay soil. It seems that atrazine degredation in silty clay soil is more than sandy loam soil and soil organic manure have an important role in atrazine bioremediation.
Amir Abbas Ghorbani; Eskandar Zand; Mohammad Ali Baghestani Meibodi; Somaye Forozesh,; Mohammad Abdollahian Noghabi; Mirtorab Kazemi Poresfahlan
Volume 5, Issue 1 , October 2007
Abstract
A field study was conducted in 2004 to determine the effects of different concentrations of adjuvant (CITOGATE) on the efficiency of desmedipham+ chloridazon. The experimental design was randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement of treatments, and four replication. Factors included ...
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A field study was conducted in 2004 to determine the effects of different concentrations of adjuvant (CITOGATE) on the efficiency of desmedipham+ chloridazon. The experimental design was randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement of treatments, and four replication. Factors included three herbicide doses (60, 80 and 100% of recommended dose) and four adjuvant concentrations (0, 15, 25, 35, ml/100L). Different traits including yield, yield component, biomass, weed biomass, sugar beet root length, leaf dry weight and sugar concentration were studied. The Highest grain yield, biomass, root length, and leaf dry weight were related to the complete dose of herbicide plus 35ml/100L adjuvant. The highest root diameter was achieved where sugar beet was treated with 80 and 100% of the chloridazon recommended dose plus 25ml/100l adjuvant.
Reza Deihimfard; Eskandar Zand
Volume 2, Issue 6 , January 2005
Eskandar Zand; Mohammad Reza Moosavi; Reza Deihim Fard; Azar Maknali; Naser Bagherani; Mohammad Freidunpoor; Reza Tabatabei Nimavard
Volume 2, Issue 5 , October 2004
Reza Deihimfard; Eskandar Zand; Houman Liaghati; Saeid Soufizadeh
