شناسایی ارقام متحمل به خشکی در کلزا پاییزه (Brassica napuse L.) در شرایط اقلیمی کرج

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه کشاورزی اکولوژیک، پژوهشکده علوم محیطی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

2 مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: آب قابل دسترس به منظور آبیاری کلزا در اواخر فصل رشد بـه دلیـل کاهش بارندگی و همچنین اسـتفاده از منـابع آبـی بـرای زراعت­ های پرسود بهاره افـت شدیدی می­ یابد. لذا امکان مواجه شدن گیاه با تنش خشکی در مراحل پایانی رشد بسیار محتمل می­ باشد. بنابراین گزینش ژنوتیپ­ های مقاوم به خشکی برای موفقیت در تولید این محصول در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک بسیار حائز اهمیت است.
مواد و روش­ ها: آزمایشی مزرعه ­ای به صورت کرت­ های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک ­های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار در دو سال زراعی (98-1396) در مزرعه تحقیقاتی مؤسسه اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر کرج انجام شد. تیمارهای تنش خشکی شامل آبیاری معمول، قطع آبیاری از مرحله خورجین ­دهی تا پایان رشد و قطع آبیاری از مرحله گلدهی تا پایان رشد در کرت­ های اصلی و ژنوتیپ ­های پاییزه کلزا شامل Talayeh، Okapi، SLM046، Ahmadi، Zarfam، Licord، Neptun، Natali، GK Gabriella و Opera در کرت­ های فرعی در نظر گرفته شدند.
نتایج و بحث: نتایج نشان داد که تنش خشکی به خصوص در قطع آبیاری از گلدهی در تمام ژنوتیپ­ های مورد بررسی باعث کاهش وزن هزار دانه، تعداد خورجین در بوته، تعداد دانه در خورجین، درصد روغن، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد روغن، طول دوره رشد و کارایی مصرف آب نسبت به آبیاری معمول شد. در شرایط آبیاری معمول بیشترین عملکرد دانه در ژنوتیپ­ های okapi، Neptun و Natali به ترتیب با 5558، 5698 و 5076 کیلوگرم در هکتار حاصل شد. در شرایط تنش خشکی ژنوتیپ­ های SLM046، Zarfam، Natali و Opera در قطع آبیاری از خورجین­ دهی با عملکرد دانه به ترتیب 3144، 2864، 3237 و 2951 کیلوگرم در هکتار و در قطع آبیاری از گلدهی به ترتیب با عملکرد دانه 2377، 2472، 2441 و 2539 کیلوگرم در هکتار بالاترین عملکرد دانه را به خود اختصاص دادند. شاخص ­های میانگین بهره­وری (MP)، میانگین هندسی بهره­وری (GMP) و تحمل تنش (STI) بیشترین همبستگی را با عملکرد دانه در شرایط تنش و غیرتنش داشتند و برای گزینش ژنوتیپ ­های برتر مناسب ­تر بودند. بر همین اساس مقاوم­ترین ژنوتیپ­ ها به تنش Okapi، SLM046، Zarfam، Neptun، Natali و Opera بودند.
نتیجه­ گیری: بر اساس نتایج حاصله ژنوتیپ­ های Okapi، SLM046، Zarfam، Neptun، Natali و Opera در شرایط تنش آخر فصل به عنوان ژنوتیپ­ های برتر جهت کشت در شرایط آب و هوایی کرج توصیه می­ گردند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Identifying drought- tolerant cultivars of canola (Brassica napus L.) under Karaj climatic condition

نویسندگان [English]

  • Madineh Bijani 1
  • Saeid Soufizadeh 1
  • Amir Hossein shirani-rad 2
  • Hamid Jabbari 2
1 Department of Ecological Agriculture, Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2 Seed and Plant Breeding Research Institute, Organization Agricultural Research, Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Available water for irrigation of canola decreases towards the end of the season, due to reduced rainfall and the simultaneous late-season irrigation for other spring crops. Therefore, the possibility of the plant facing drought stress in the final stages of growth is very likely. So, the selection of drought-tolerant genotypes is very important in arid and semi-arid regions.
Material and methods: The field experiment (2016- 2017 and 2017- 2018) was conducted as a split-plot arrangement in a randomized complete blocks design with four replications in Karaj agricultural research station. Treatments included drought stress regimes (common irrigation, withholding irrigation from the silique setting stage, and flowering stage) in main plots and canola genotypes (Talayeh, Okapi،SLM046, Ahmadi, Zarfam، Licord, Neptun, NataliGK Gabriella, and Opera) in sub-plots.
Results and discussion: The results showed that drought stress significantly reduced the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, growth period duration, oil content, oil yield, and water use efficiency (WUE). Under common irrigation, the highest seed yield was obtained from okapi، Neptun, and Natali genotypes with 5558, 5698, and 5076 kg ha-1, respectively. Under drought stress, SLM046، Zarfam، Natali and Opera had the highest seed yield with 3144, 2864, 3237, and 2951 kg ha-1 in withholding irrigation from the silique setting stage and 2377, 2472, 2441, and 2539 kg ha-1 in withholding irrigation from the flowering stage, respectively. GMP, MP and STI indices were highly correlated with seed yield under both stress and non-stress conditions. Therefore, they were introduced as suitable indices to identify superior genotypes for both environmental conditions. Accordingly, the most resistant genotypes were Okapi, SLM046, Zarfam, Neptun, Natali and Opera.
Conclusion: Based on the results, Okapi, SLM046, Zarfam, Neptun, Natali and Opera are recommended as suitable genotypes for cultivation in Karaj climatic conditions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Drought tolerance indices
  • Oilseed crop
  • Terminal drought stress
  • Water use efficiency

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فصلنامه علوم محیطی
دوره 21، شماره 1
1402
صفحه 225-246

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