حذف فلز سنگین سرب (Pb) از شیرابه محل دفن پسماندهای شهری بابل با کاربرد بیوچار تهیه شده از زایدات فضای سبز شهری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی محیط‌زیست، پردیس بین المللی کیش، دانشگاه تهران، کیش، ایران

2 دانشکده محیط‌‌زیست، پردیس دانشکده‌های فنی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران‌

3 دانشکده محیط‌‌زیست، پردیس دانشکده‌های فنی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: شیرابه موجود در محل دفن پسماندهای شهری، پساب بسیار سمی و خطرناکی است که معمولاْ به دلیل ماهیت پیچیده به عنوان منبع بالقوه آلودگی شناخته می‌شود. فلزات سنگین از مهمترین آلاینده‌های موجود در شیرابه هستند که با ورود به زنجیره غذایی و به دلیل توانایی تجمع‌پذیری زیستی، اثرات بهداشتی خطرناکی برای انسان به دنبال خواهند داشت. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی کارایی بیوچار ارزان قیمت و قابل دسترس تولید شده از زایدات فضای سبز شهری در جذب فلز سنگین سرب (Pb) از شیرابه محل دفن پسماندهای شهری، بررسی پارامترهای موثر بر آن و مدل‌سازی سینتیک و ایزوترم واکنش‌های جذب، صورت گرفت.
مواد و روش‌ها: شیرابه محل دفن پسماندهای شهری بابل به عنوان نمونه واقعی برای انجام آزمایش‌های جذب، مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. سرشاخه‌های هرس شده درختان شهری، جمع‌آوری و به عنوان منبع زیست توده برای ساخت بیوچار استفاده شدند. تولید بیوچار با فرآیند پیرولیز در دمای ۷۰۰ درجه سانتی‌گراد و زمان ماند یک ساعت، صورت گرفت. سپس مشخصات جاذب شامل سطح مخصوص (BET) و ویژگی‌های ظاهری (SEM) تعیین شدند. آزمایش‌های جذب در مقیاس آزمایشگاهی و به صورت ناپیوسته انجام گرفت. تاثیر پارامترهای زمان تماس (۳۰ تا ۳۰۰ دقیقه)، مقدار بیوچار (یک تا ۵۰ گرم بر لیتر) و اندازه ذرات بیوچار (۲-۱ میلی‌متر و ۷۵-۶۳ میکرومتر) بر جذب Pb بررسی شد و در نهایت بهترین الگوی فرآیند جذب، از طریق بررسی میزان انطباق داده‌های تجربی جذب با مدل‌های سینتیک و ایزوترم، مشخص گردید.
نتایج و بحث‌: آنالیز کیفیت شیمیایی نمونه شیرابه برداشت شده از محل دفن پسماندهای شهری بابل مشخص کرد که غلظت یون Pb در آن برابر با ۹۴/۴ میلی‌گرم در لیتر است. سطح ویژه BET‌ بیوچار تولید شده از زایدات فضای سبز شهری ۴۴/۲۹۲ مترمربع به ازای هر گرم تعیین شد که نشان دهنده آن است که جاذب دارای سطح ویژه مناسبی برای جذب است. همچنین میکروگراف SEM‌ نشان داد که بیوچار تهیه شده دارای تخلخل بالا است و سطح ناهمگنی دارد که این مساله می‌تواند قابلیت و شانس این جاذب را در جذب آلاینده افزایش دهد. در مراحل بعدی، میزان جذب Pb از شیرابه محل دفن پسماندهای شهری بابل مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. مطابق یافته‌ها، راندمان جذب Pb از شیرابه محل دفن پسماندهای شهری بابل با افزایش زمان تماس و افزایش نسبت بیوچار به شیرابه، افزایش می‌یابد. همچنین کاهش اندازه ذرات بیوچار موجب افزایش بازده جذب می‌شود. حداکثر راندمان جذب توسط بیوچار با اندازه ذرات ۲-۱ میلی‌متر در زمان تماس ۹۰ دقیقه و مقدار بیوچار ۲۰ گرم بر لیتر به میزان ۰۶/۸۹ درصد به دست آمد. در حالی که کاربرد بیوچار با اندازه ذرات ۷۵-۶۳ میکرومتر در شرایط زمان تماس ۱۲۰ دقیقه و مقدار بیوچار ۲۰ گرم بر لیتر، منجر به حذف کامل و ۱۰۰ درصدی یون Pb از شیرابه مورد مطالعه گردید. همچنین سینتیک شبه مرتبه دوم و ایزوترم لانگمیر به عنوان مناسب‌ترین مدل‌ها جهت توصیف فرآیند جذب Pb تشخیص داده شدند.
نتیجه‌گیری: استفاده از بیوچار تهیه شده از زایدات فضای سبز به عنوان جاذب کم هزینه و ارزان قیمت، نه تنها آلایندگی فلزات سنگین و مخاطرات بهداشتی ناشی از آنها را در شیرابه محل دفن پسماندهای شهری کاهش می‌دهد، بلکه موجب مدیریت زایدات فضای سبز از طریق تبدیل آنها به یک ماده ارزشمند و تقلیل آثار سوء محیط‌زیستی در نتیجه دفع آنها خواهد شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Adsorption of Lead (Pb) from Landfill Leachate onto Pruning Residues Biochar

نویسندگان [English]

  • Maryam Rabiee Abyaneh 1
  • Gholamreza Nabi Bidhendi 2
  • Ali Daryabeigi Zand 3
1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish, Iran
2 Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3 Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Landfill leachate is a highly toxic and hazardous form of wastewater due to its complex composition characteristics. Effective removal of heavy metals from landfill leachate is of great concern due to the fact that toxic metals can seriously threaten the food chain, and therefore the human health. The main objective of this work was to study the utilizing of low-cost pruning residues in the production of biochar and its application in removal of lead (Pb) from landfill leachate.
Material and methods: Leachate produced in Babol municipal solid waste landfill was used as an adsorbent solution. Pruning residues were collected and used for biochar preparation. Biochar produced under the pyrolytic temperature of 700°C with a 1-hour retention time. The adsorption mechanism of pruning waste biochar to Pb was analyzed through BET surface area and scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests. Batch experiments were performed to study the effects of adsorption parameters on Pb removal. The influence of contact time (30-300 min), adsorbent dosage (1-50 g/L), as well as particle size (1-2 mm and 63-75 µm) was investigated. Moreover, the kinetic and isotherm models were applied to the experimental data to predict the adsorption parameters.
Results and discussion: The results obtained from the analysis of the untreated Babol landfill leachate was revealed that the Pb concentration was about 4.94 mg L-1. The surface area of the produced biochar was determined to be 292.44 m2 g-1. SEM microstructure of the biochar showed the developed surface area with visible pores. All of these data seem to suggest a great potential for pruning residues biochar to Pb removal. The adsorption of Pb was mainly affected by contact time, adsorbent dose, and biochar particle size. Higher contact time and adsorbent dosage showed higher uptake of Pb. Whereas, the uptake of Pb ions onto pruning residues biochar was substantially reduced with increase the biochar particle size. Maximum Pb percentage removal was observed at a contact time of 90 min and with an optimum biochar dosage of 20 g L-1 (89.06% removal) for biochar with 1-2 mm particle size. While, biochar with particle size of 64-75 µm can removed Pb to almost 100% at a contact time of 120 min and with an optimum biochar dosage of 20 g L-1. The kinetic study showed that adsorption can be well described by the pseudo-second order kinetic model. This supports the chemisorption theory behind the pseudo-second order kinetic model for the adsorption system. The results of isotherm models implied that the behaviors of the isotherms are more appropriate for the Langmuir model, showing a monolayer adsorption capacity for Pb.
Conclusion: Findings of this research demonstrated the applicabil‌ity of pruning residues biochar as an economic adsorbent for the removal of the Pb from landfill leachate. On the other hand, the crop residue burning poses a threat to the environment and human health due to the emission of toxic gasses and particulate matter. So, conversion of pruning residues to biochar and its application to heavy metal removal is a useful and environment-friendly alternative to crop residue and biomass burning.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biochar
  • Adsorption
  • Heavy metals
  • Municipal waste
  • Leachate

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فصلنامه علوم محیطی
دوره 20، شماره 4
1401
صفحه 183-204

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