مفهوم یابی زیرساخت‌ سبز در شهرهای حاشیه کویر

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه برنامه‌ریزی و طراحی شهری و منطقه‌ای، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: پس از کشف، گسترش و بلوغ مفهوم زیرساخت سبز در نهایت محققان آن را شبکه‌ای درهم‌آمیخته از عناصر طبیعی و نیمه‌طبیعی باقابلیت فراهم آوردی عملکردهای مختلف و خدمات اکوسیستمی و شامل مزیت‌های بوم شناختی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی برای انسان و سایر گونه‌های زیستی می‌دانند. در بستر مسئله مدیریت آب و شهرها در ایران و به‌ویژه در حاشیه کویر مرکزی ضروری است زیرساخت سبز به‌عنوان شبکه‌هایی در اکوسیستم حاشیه کویر تعریف عملیاتی گردد و به این سؤال پاسخ داده شود که مفهوم زیرساخت‌های سبز در نواحی خشک و نیمه‌خشک چیست و ویژگی‌های آن‌ها کدامند؟ لذا هدف اصلی این پژوهش شناسایی زیرساخت‌های سبز در شهرهای کویری است. برای نیل به این هدف دو گام پیش‌بینی‌شده است 1- جستجو و تعریف عملیاتی زیرساخت‌های سبز در گفتمان‌های بالغ آب و شهر 2- مصداق یابی زیرساخت سبز در شهرهای حاشیه کویر.
مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش در گام نخست در جستجوی تعریف عملیاتی زیرساخت سبز است، لذا تحلیل محتوای کیفی متون مرتبط با دوره گسترش و تثبیت مفهوم زیرساخت سبز در سال‌های 2005 تا 2020 و تدوین چارچوب مفهومی برای تعریف عملیاتی زیرساخت سبز را در دستور کار قرار داد.در بازه زمانی مذکور، منابع تحقیقاتی مختلف در پاسخ به سؤال " زیرساخت سبز چیست؟" بررسی شدند. این منابع شامل مقالات، کتب و گزارش‌ها پیرامون موضوع زیرساخت سبز می‌باشند. در این پژوهش، روش تحلیل محتوا در بستر روش‌های پژوهش کیفی در متون تخصصی حوزه طراحی محیطی با رویکرد استقرایی برای کشف مضامین موجود در تعاریف زیرساخت سبز برگزیده‌شده است. با کاربرد این معانی پنهان زیرساخت سبز آشکار شده و امکان قیاس آن با زیرساخت‌های شهرهای تاریخی حاشیه کویر را فراهم می‌گردد. تحلیل محتوا به صورت عمده در سه مرحله اصلی آمادگی، سازماندهی و گزارش انجام می‌گردد. این مراحل در 6 گام صورت پذیرفته است: 1-مشخص کردن مسئله پژوهش 2-تدوین سؤالات و اهداف 3-تعریف و مشخص کردن متغیرها 4-نمونه‌گیری و انتخاب واحدهای تحلیل و زمینه 5-کدگذاری و مقوله‌بندی 6- تحلیل و استنباط و گزارش.
نتایج و بحث: پس از تحلیل محتوای متون تخصصی متناسب با کرونولوژی مطالعات حوزه زیرساخت‌ سبز در گام اول، کدهای این مفهوم در شکل شناسی، نظام استقرار، عملکرد، زمینه، مزیت، خدمات و هدف استخراج و دسته‌بندی گردید. 1-شکل‌شناسی (ریخت‌شناسی) زیرساخت سبز متأثر از ماهیت سیستمی شبکه شهری است که شامل اجزای طبیعی و مصنوع به‌صورت لکه، کریدور و ماتریس بوده تا در نهایت ارتباط آب و زمین را برقرار نماید 2- استقرار زیرساخت‌های سبز از مقیاس کلان تا خرد، درون و بیرون شهرها و روستاها، دارای پراکنش وسیع جغرافیایی است.3-زیرساخت‌های سبز چند عملکردی هستند. 4- زیرساخت سبز در زمینه طبیعی (جاندار و بی‌جان)، مصنوع و انسان گسترش می‌یابد. 5-زیرساخت‌های سبز با ایجاد مزیت‌های اقتصادی، اجتماعی، طبیعی و کالبدی ارزش‌آفرینی می‌کنند. 6-زیرساخت‌های سبز ارائه‌دهنده خدمات اکوسیستمی هستند. 7-زیرساخت‌های سبز در غایت امر به مدیریت پایدار منابع منجر خواهند شد. شبکه زیرساخت‌های سبز در شهرهای حاشیه کویر ایران نیز به مشابه یک سیستم چند عملکردیِ ارزش‌آفرین برای ارائه خدمات اکو سیستمی باهدف مدیریت پایدار منابع وجود دارند. به بیان عملیاتی‌تر مجموعه قنوات، باغات و مسیل‌ها تا فضاهای شهری و معماری همه تشکیل‌دهنده شبکه‌ای چند عملکردی از اجزای طبیعی هم چون باغات و اجزای مصنوع هم چون قنوات به‌صورت خطوط، نقطه و پهنه مانند شبکه سبز فصلی منعطف مابین بالادست و پایین‌دست آبادی‌ها برای برقراری ارتباط دوسویه زمین و آب در اقلیم گرم و خشک هستند که از مقیاس خرد (داربست درخت مو در یک‌خانه تاریخی) تا کلان (ذخایر برف خانه‌ای دائم) درون و بیرون شهرهای کوچک و بزرگ و روستاهای مستقر در حاشیه کویر قرار دارد.
نتیجه‌گیری: زیرساخت سبز نه‌تنها به عنوان لقبی برای اندام‌های شهری که عضو یک شبکه بوم‌شناختی طبیعی و انسان‌ساخت هستند تلقی می‌گردد، بلکه به یک رویکرد علمی و شیوه‌ای از طراحی و برنامه‌ریزی محیطی نیز اطلاق می‌گردد که در آن بهترین نوع ارتباط آب و فرم شهر را برای پشتیبانی از هر دو فرآیند طبیعی و مصنوع در مدیریت منابع آبی در شهرهای تاریخی حاشیه کویر نیز وجود دارد. در شهرهای حاشیه کویر در اقلیم گرم و خشک نیز زیرساخت سبز به عنوان سیستم چند عملکردیِ ارزش‌آفرین برای ارائه خدمات اکوسیستمی باهدف مدیریت پایدار منابع وجود دارند. این شبکه شامل طیف وسیعی از قنوات، باغات، مسیل‌ها، فضاهای شهری و معماری مصنوع و طبیعی مبتنی بر آب هستند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Conceptualizing green infrastructure in cities located in the margin of Kavir

نویسندگان [English]

  • Masoud Ghaderian
  • Koroush Golkar
  • Pantea Hakimian
Department of Urban and Regional Design and Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Following the discovery, development, and maturation of green infrastructures, researchers have defined them as an integrated network of natural and semi-natural elements, providing a wide range of features and ecosystem services including ecological, economic, and social benefits for humans and other species. Today, green infrastructures are considered a part of novel water management paradigms in urban form and water studies. Regarding the management of water in cities in Iran, particularly those located on the fringe of Dasht-e Kavir, it is necessary to outline the operational definition of green infrastructures as networks in the ecosystem on the fringe of Dasht-e Kavir. Moreover, it is important to explain green infrastructures in arid and semi-arid regions, detailing the features. Accordingly, this study aimed to identify green infrastructures in Iranian desert cities. To achieve this goal, two main steps were specified: 1. Operational investigation and definition of green infrastructures in the mature urban and water discourses and 2. Proving green infrastructures applicable in desert-fringe cities through cases.
Material and methods: As the first step was determining the operational definition of green infrastructures, the content of literature related to the development and establishment of the concept of green infrastructures published between 2005 and 2020 was qualitatively analyzed. Consequently, a conceptual framework was developed for the operational definition of green infrastructures. In this study, content analysis used in qualitative studies was selected for examining the literature on environmental design with an inductive approach in order to identify the existing themes in the definition of green infrastructures. This method was selected to systematically analyze, summarize, categorize, and induce the literature including the definition of green infrastructures in order to shed light on the hidden meanings and pave the way for comparison with the infrastructures of historical cities located on the fringe of Dasht-e Kavir. In this study, the stages were in six steps: 1. Stating the problem, 2. Developing questions and aims, 3. Defining and determining variables, 4. Sampling and selecting analysis and background units, 5. Coding and categorizing, and 6. Analyzing, inducing, and reporting.
Results and discussion: The results of the qualitative content analysis yielded seven categories as follows: 1. The morphology of green infrastructures is influenced by the systemic nature of urban networks which consist of natural and artificial elements in the form of patches, corridors, and matrices to ultimately connect water and ground. 2. The establishment of macro or microgreen infrastructures, both inside and outside the cities and villages, have an extensive geographic dispersion. 3. Green infrastructures are multi-functional. 4. Green infrastructures develop in natural (animate or inanimate), artificial, and human backgrounds. 5. Green infrastructures create values through economic, social, and physical benefits. 6. Green infrastructures provide ecosystem services. 7. Green infrastructures will ultimately lead to sustainable management of resources.
The green infrastructure network is available in the cities located on the fringe of Dasht-e Kavir in Iran as a multi-functional value-creating system for providing ecosystem services and with the aim of sustainable management of resources. In operational terms, from the qanats, gardens, and floodways to urban and architectural spaces all form a multi-functional network of natural components such as gardens and artificial components such as qanats in linear form (corridors), spots, and arena such as the flexible seasonal green network between upstream and downstream hamlets for the two-way connection of water and ground in hot and arid climate.
Conclusion: Green infrastructure not only refers to urban organs which are a part of a natural and human-made ecological network but also applies to a scientific approach and method of environmental design and planning in which the best type of connection between water and urban form is available for supporting both natural and artificial processes in the management of water resources in the historical cities located on the fringe of the Dasht-e Kavir in Iran. Even in such hot and arid regions, green infrastructures are available as a multi-functional value-creating system for providing ecosystem services with the aim of sustainable management of resources. This network includes a wide range of natural and human-made water-based elements such as qanats, gardens, floodways, and urban spaces and architecture.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Green infrastructure
  • Desert-fringe cities of Iran
  • Dasht-e Yazd Ardakan
  • Conceptualization
  • Operational definition

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فصلنامه علوم محیطی
دوره 20، شماره 4
1401
صفحه 101-124

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هم رسانی

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