بررسی همبستگی فضایی زمانی میان تغییرات کاربری اراضی و سطح آب زیرزمینی در دشت همدان بهار

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

2 گروه جغرافیای انسانی وآمایش، دانشکده علوم زمین، تهران، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: آب زیرزمینی به عنوان مهم­ترین منبع است ;کاربری­ های گوناگون  در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک محسوب می­شود. بنابراین ارزیابی اثرات فعالیت­­های انسانی (به عنوان مثال، تغییرات کاربری و پوشش اراضی)  بر منابع آب­های زیرزمینی، نقش اساسی در مدیریت پایدار آب و در نتیجه برنامه ریزی فضایی دارد. بنابراین نیاز به یکپارچه­ سازی برنامه ریزی کاربری اراضی و مدیریت منابع آب بصورت گسترده ای مورد تاکید می ­باشد و درک ارتباط مکانی فضایی تغییرات کاربری اراضی و منابع آب زیرزمینی، نقش حیاتی در مدیریت پایدار دشت­ های کشور دارد. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی ارتباط فضایی زمانی میان تغییرات کاربری اراضی و منابع اب زیرزمینی در دشت همدان بهار انجام شده است.
موارد و روش ها:
نقشه‌های کاربری زمین برای سال‌های 1989، 1997، 2005 ،2013 و 2018 از تصاویر ماهوراه‌ای لندست استخراج و طبقه‌بندی شد و سپس مورد ارزیابی صحت قرار گرفت. شش کاربری شامل اراضی کشاورزی آبی، دیمی، مراتع و ارتفاعات، اراضی انسان­ساخت، منابع آب سطحی و باغات استخراج و طبقه ­بندی شدند. همچنین نقشه‌های پراکنش عمق آب زیرزمینی با روش کریجینگ برای پنج سال از داده‌های پیزومتری تهیه شد. همبستگی و ارتباط بین تغییرات کاربری زمین و نوسانات عمق آب زیرزمینی توسط روشREGRESS صورت پذیرفت.
نتایج و بحث: نتایج نقشه ­های کاربری اراضی نشان­گر کاهش سهم اراضی مرتعی و ارتفاعات وتبدیل به اراضی دیمی می­ باشد به گونه­ ای که سهم این اراضی از 9.68 درصد در سال 1989 به 40.85 درصد در سال 2018 رسیده است.  سهم باغات کم و سهم اراضی انسان­ساخت از 1.27 درصد در سال 1989 به 2.45 درصد در سال 2018 رسیده است. سهم اراضی کشاورزی آبی از 5.32 درصد در سال 1989 به 6.25 درصد در سال 2018 رسیده است. روند تغییرات تراز آب زیرزمینی نیز در بستر هموار دشت مورد مطالعه که تقریبا تراز آب در آن ها کمتر 1800 متر بوده است و نقاط سکونتگاهی مهم و اراضی کشاورزی ابی نیز در ان ها هستند،  بیشتر نمایان می­ باشد. میانگین سالانه بلند مدت افت سطح آب زیرزمینی برای دوره ی 29 ساله،  0.91 می باشد بر اساس روش رگرسیون، مقدار R  برای پنج دوره­ی مطالعاتی، حداقل 0.36 و حداکثر 0.40 بدست امد. در کنار ارتباط نسبی تغییرات سطح آب زیرزمینی و کاربری اراضی، نقش عوامل مدیریتی نیز باید مد نظر قرار گیرد. به گونه ­ای که همبستگی میان کاهش تغییرات سطح آب زیرمینی و کاربری اراضی در هر دوره نسبت به دروه ی قبل خود افزایش نسبی داشته است.  مقدار R   بین تغییرات سطح اب زیرزمینی و کاربری اراضی برای سال های 1368 تا 1389 به میزان 0.40 بدست امد که بر اساس آن، 0.16 درصد از تغییرات این دو متغیر در ارتباط باهم قابل تبیین می،باشد. بدلیل کمبود منابع آب؛ برنامه ریزی کاربری اراضی برای آینده باید در ارتباط با مقیاس، توان و محدوده دشت­ها و حوضه ­های آبخیز انجام گیرد تا بتوان به سیستم پایدار آب منطقه ­ای دست یافت.
نتیجه گیری: نتایج تحقیق حاضر می­تواند نقش مهمی در درک اهمیت منابع اب زیرزمینی در مناطق خشک و نیمه­ خشک داشته باشد و بر لزوم توجه بیشتر بر تاثیرات کاربری اراضی و تغییرات آن بر آب­ های زیرزمینی در این مناطق تاکید کند.  این امر در کنار توجه به سایر عوامل مدیریتی می­ تواند منجر به توسعه پایدار در مقیاس دشت ها و حوضه های آبخیز شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Analyzing spatiotemporal relationship between land use changes and groundwater quantity in Hamadan north plains

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hossein Rafieemehr 1
  • Lotfali Kozegarkaleji 2
1 Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2 Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Groundwater is considered the most important source for various uses in arid and semi-arid regions. Thus, evaluating the effects of human activities such as changes in land use/cover on groundwater resources plays a vital role in sustainable water management and, therefore, spatial planning. Accordingly, the need to integrate land use planning and water resources management is widely emphasized. In addition, perceiving the spatio-temporal relationship between land use changes and groundwater resources is crucial for the sustainable management of the plains in Iran. The present study aimed to assess this relationship in the Hamedan-Bahar Plain.
Material and methods: In the study, the land use maps of 1989, 1997, 2005, 2013, and 2018 were prepared from Landsat satellite images, categorized, and evaluated with respect to accuracy. Further, six uses including irrigated and dry agricultural lands, rangelands and elevations, man-made areas, gardens, and surface water resources were extracted and classified. Furthermore, the distribution maps for groundwater depth were prepared through kriging for five years based on the piezometric data. Finally, the correlation and relationship between land use changes and groundwater depth fluctuations were determined by the REGRESS method.

Results and discussion: The land use maps demonstrated an increase in the share of rangelands and elevations (9.68% in 1989 to 40.85% in 2018) and their conversion to dry agricultural lands. Additionally, the share of man-made and irrigated agricultural lands increased from 1.27 to 2.45% and 5.32 to 6.25% during the timespan, respectively. The trend of changes in groundwater level was more evident in the flatbed of the plain, in which groundwater level was less than 1800 m and important habitats and irrigated agricultural lands were available. In addition, the average annual depletion of groundwater level for a 29-year time span was 0.91 m, and the minimum and maximum of the R–value related to five study periods was obtained 0.36 and 0.40 based on the REGRESS method, respectively. Further, the role of managerial factors should be considered as well as the relative relationship between groundwater level changes and land use. Furthermore, the correlation between the decrease in groundwater level and land use in each period relatively increased compared to the previous one by representing an R-value of 0.40 during 1989-2018, which can explain almost 16.2% of their changes. Due to the water resource scarcity, land use should be planned based on the scale, power, and extent of plains and watersheds in order to attain a sustainable regional water system.

Conclusion: The results of the study can play an important role in understanding the importance of groundwater resources and emphasize the necessity of paying more attention to the effects and changes of land use on groundwater in arid and semi-arid regions. Additionally, the results indicated the sensitivity of groundwater, as the most important water resource in the plains located in arid and semi-arid regions, to the types of variations. Decreasing rangelands, gardens, aqueduct, and surface water-dependent thickets as well as expanding dry and irrigated agricultural and man-made lands are regarded as some of the factors reducing groundwater level in the region. It is worth noting that these factors should be integrally evaluated with respect to other factors such as irrigation systems, water pricing, cultivation pattern, agricultural economics, and an increase in runoff.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Land use
  • Groundwater
  • Hamadan north plains
  • Regress

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فصلنامه علوم محیطی
دوره 19، شماره 1
فروردین 1400
صفحه 259-276

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