مقایسه اثرهای محیط‌زیستی در چرخه حیات سناریوهای دفع مواد زاید جامد شهری (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان بابل)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی محیط‌زیست، دانشکده محیط‌زیست، پردیس دانشکده‌های فنی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 گروه مهندسی محیط‌زیست، پردیس بین المللی کیش، دانشگاه تهران، کیش، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: امروزه تولید انواع مواد زاید جامد شهری و بروز انواع ناسازگاری های محیط زیستی مربوط به آنها، مدیریت پسماندهای شهری را با مشکل های زیادی در زمینه دفع آنها مواجه ساخته است. دفع پسماندها شامل آلاینده های مختلف که هر روز بر میزان و تنوع آنها افزوده می شود، افزون بر نیاز به مدیریت واحد و اصولی، می بایست به روشی انجام شود که کمترین خسارتها را بر محیط زیست وارد سازد. ارزیابی چرخه حیات یک ابزار ارزشمند به منظور برنامه ریزی مدیریت جامع پسماند از منظر محیط زیستی است که جنبه ها و پیامدهای نهفته محیطزیستی را از مرحله جمع آوری تا دفن پسماند در بر می گیرد. بنابراین کاربرد این روش، می تواند نقش بسزایی در کاهش و حل مشکلات مدیریت پسماند ایفا کند. هدف از انجام این مطالعه، ارزیابی چرخه حیات سناریوهای مختلف سامانه پردازش و دفن مواد زاید جامد در شهرستان بابل، به منظور انتخاب سازگارترین گزینه با محیط زیست می باشد.
مواد و  روش ها: ابتدا ویژگی های کمی و کیفی مواد زاید جامد تولیدی و روش دفع کنونی آنها در شهرستان بابل، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. سپس، از نتایج حاصل برای ارزیابی چرخه حیات شش سناریوی مختلف مدیریت پسماند شامل ترکیب چهار روش دفع به صورت کمپوست، بازیافت، زباله سوزی بهمراه استحصال انرژی و دفن، استفاده شد. سیاهه نویسی چرخه حیات با کمک مدل IWM-2 صورت گرفت. در نهایت، نتایج به دست آمده از سیاهه نویسی به دو طبقه اثر شامل مصرف انرژی و انتشار گازهای گلخانه ای اختصاص یافت.
نتایج و بحث: یافته ها نشان داد روزانه حدود 250 تن مواد زاید جامد شهری از سطح شهرستان بابل جمع آوری می شود. زایدات تولیدی
توسط ماشین های حمل پسماند به ایستگاه انتقال برده شده و از آنجا با تریلرهای مخصوص به مرکز دفن پسماند شهرداری بابل، منتقل می شوند. درصد بالایی از ترکیب مواد زاید جامد شهری بابل را پسماندهای غذایی تشکیل می دهند ( ۶5.3 درصد). نتایج حاصل از ارزیابی اثرهای محیط زیستی مشخص کرد که با افزایش سهم کمپوست و بازیافت در سناریوی چهارم به میزان ۶0 و 20 درصد، در مقایسه با سناریوی پایه شامل 4۶ درصد کمپوست و 10 درصد بازیافت، از مقدار پسماندهای ورودی به محل دفن کاسته شده و بنابراین میزان انرژی مصرفی جهت دفن پسماندها نیز کاهش می یابد. اگرچه پردازش دوباره مواد بازیافتی انرژی بیشتری مصرف می کند، اما افزایش مقدار نسبت جانشینی مواد خام سبب جبران بیشتر انرژی شده و انرژی مصرفی خالص را کاهش می دهد. همچنین در این سناریو، با توجه به افزایش مقدار مواد جهت بازیافت و باز استفاده و همچنین جلوگیری از انتشارات ناشی از تولید مواد اولیه، میزان انتشار گازهای گلخانه ای ( CH4 ،CO2 و NOx ) نیز به طور قابل توجهی کاهش پیدا می کند.
نتیجه گیری: براساس نتایج حاصل، مؤثرترین روش در کاهش بار محیط زیستی، تهیه کمپوست از بخش آلی زایدات می باشد. به طوریکه با اجرای سناریوی چهارم (کمپوست ۶0 درصد + بازیافت 20 درصد + دفن 20 درصد) انتشار گازهای گلخانه ای و انرژی مصرفی به ترتیب به میزان 54 و 19 درصد، نسبت به سناریوی پایه، کاهش پیدا خواهد کرد. با توجه به اینکه درصد بالایی از ترکیب مواد زاید جامد شهری بابل را پسماندهای فسادپذیر تشکیل می دهند، افزایش نرخ کمپوست می تواند گزینه مناسبی به منظور مدیریت بهینه زایدات در این شهرستان باشد و نقش مهمی در کاهش بار آلایندگی گازهای گلخانه ای و نیز مصرف انرژی، ایفا کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparative life cycle assessment of alternative scenarios for municipal solid waste management (case study: Babol, Iran)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Gholamreza Nabi Bidhendi 1
  • Maryam Rabiee Abyaneh 2
  • Omid Hassanzadeh Moghimi 2
1 Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Sustainable management of increasing amounts of municipal solid waste (MSW) has become a major environmental concern because improper MSW management leads to substantial negative environmental impacts and health and safety problems. The life cycle assessment (LCA) method has been recognized as an indispensable tool to support systematic and accurate decisions taken on waste management systems. LCA can make a comparison between different scenarios of waste management systems performance from top to bottom to assess the environmental impacts and consumption of resources. This paper aims to determine the environmental aspects of a less impactful MSW management scenario in Babol, Iran through LCA methodology.
Material and methods: In order to achieve this goal, first, the composition study was conducted in Babol. The results were then utilized as a reliable data source to compare the environmental impacts of MSW management scenarios with a life cycle perspective. System boundaries included collection and transportation of MSW and its treatment and disposal by composting, recycling, incineration with energy recovery, and landfilling methods. Data on the process was evaluated with the IWM-2 model by the means of energy consumption and global warming.
Results and discussion: Babol was estimated to generate 91000 tonnes of waste per year. On average, the generation of waste per capita in Babol was about 606 gr/person/day. After being collected throughout the city, the MSW was discharged at stations to transfer to the heavy vehicles and get transported to Anjil-Si complex waste process and disposal. The main component of the waste stream in Babol was food waste (65.3%). The comparative analysis of the six scenarios underscores the fact that the lower potential environmental loads were related to the 4th scenario in all the impact categories. In particular, the lowest energy use was obtained in scenario 4. In this scenario, composting (60%) and recycling (20%) were included in the waste management plan and resulted in a reduction in the amount of waste disposal as well as energy consumption in landfilling. As excess energy was produced in scenario 4 from the composting and recycling stages (by replacing the produced material with raw material consumed in the life cycle, and also by composting and producing other by-products), less amount of energy was consumed in this scenario. In the case of the global warming impact category, the least burden was originating from scenario 4 due to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by energy generation as a result of composting and recycling.
Conclusion: According to the results, the 4th scenario (60% composting, 20% recycling, and 20% landfilling) was confirmed as the best waste final disposal alternative. In particular, CO2 emissions decreased by 54% and the energy consumption decreased by 19%, when the alternative scenario, including the recalled features, was compared to the base-case one. The majority of the MSW of Babol consisted of food waste. With a detailed investigation of organic waste, it is possible to benefit from the composting process as an ideal disposal method.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Babol
  • Greenhouse gases emission
  • IWM
  • 2 model
  • Life cycle assessment
  • Solid waste management
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