بررسی روند تغییرات پوشش محدوده بلافصل تالاب انزلی به کمک تکنیک‌های سنجش از دور و چارچوب مفهومی DPSIR

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه پژوهشی محیط زیست طبیعی، پژوهشکده محیط زیست، جهاد دانشگاهی استان گیلان، رشت، ایران

2 گروه پژوهشی فرآوری پسماند، پژوهشکده محیط زیست، جهاد دانشگاهی استان گیلان، رشت، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: در طی چند دهه گذشته، فعالیت­ های انسانی تأثیرات چشمگیری بر تالاب­ های ساحلی در سراسر جهان داشته است. تالاب انزلی یکی از 18 تالاب ایران و دارای اهمیت بین المللی در کنوانسیون رامسر است. این اکوسیستم بی نظیر جهان با تنوع اکولوژیکی بالا به دلیل عواملی همچون آلاینده ­ها، رسوب گذاری، توسعه غیرمجاز زیرساخت ­های شهری، برداشت بیش از حد از منابع تالاب، گونه ­های مهاجم و تغییرات کاربری در معرض تهدید است. در این تحقیق، با استفاده از مدل "نیرومحرکه-فشارها-وضعیت-اثرات-پاسخ ­ها (DPSIR)" و داده­ های جمع آوری شده از تالاب ساحلی انزلی، تغییرات ساختاری و عملکردی آن در فاصله زمانی 1994تا 2018 را مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار داده ایم.
مواد و روش ­ها: از تصویرهای ماهواره لندست 5 و 8 سنجنده­ های TM و OLI مربوط به سال­ های 1994، 2008 و 2018 استفاده گردید. نقشه ­های پوشش زمین برای سال­ های یاد شده در 5 طبقه پیکره آبی، زمین تالابی، گیاهان تالابی، مرتع و کشاورزی به کمک طبقه ­بندی نظارت شده با الگوریتم حداکثر احتمال در نرم افزار ENVI5.3 تهیه شد. آشکارسازی تغییرات به ­منظور بررسی وضعیت در حال حاضر تالاب انجام شد و سپس از چارچوب مفهومی نیرومحرکه-فشار-وضعیت-اثر-پاسخ (DPSIR) جهت تعیین روابط میان فعالیت ­های انسانی و محیط ­زیست و توصیف مشکلات محیط  ­زیستی استفاده گردید.
نتایج و بحث: طبق نتایج در بازه زمانی اول(1994-2008) پیکره آبی بیشترین تغییرات مساحت را با کاهش 7.63 درصد داشته است که در این تغییرات طبقه گیاهان تالابی بیشترین سهم را داشته بطوری­که 98/1045 هکتار از پیکره آبی به گیاهان تالابی تبدیل شده است. پس از آن زمین تالابی با افزایش 3.84 درصد در رتبه دوم قرار دارد. در بازه زمانی دوم (2008-2018) پیکره آبی همانند دوره قبل با کاهش 14.19 درصد بیشترین تغییر را در این دوره داشته است. در کل دوره مطالعاتی از سال 1994 تا 2018 پیکره آبی از 4749 هکتار در سال 1994 به 1042 هکتار در سال 2018 رسیده که بیشترین تبدیل به طبقه گیاهان تالابی بوده است. مساحت کاربری­ های زمین تالابی، گیاهان تالابی، مرتع و کشاورزی به ترتیب 10.92%، 0.78%، 4.84% و 5.66% افزایش یافته ­اند. نتایج ارزیابی صحت نقشه­ ها نشان می­دهد صحت کلی برای سال 2018، 96.31%، سال ۲۰۰8، 94.14% و برای سال ۱۹۹4، 90.29 % و ضریب کاپا به ترتیب 0.94، 0.92 و 0.87 است. همچنین نیرومحرکه­ های مورد نظر در این تحقیق افزایش جمعیت، صنایع و گردشگری می­ باشند.
نتیجه گیری: روند تغییرات در تالاب انزلی در ابتدا بصورت توالی طبیعی است و سپس منشا انسانی پیدا می ­کند. بطوریکه از مساحت مخزن آبی کاسته و به پوشش ­های گیاهان تالابی و زمین تالابی و در نهایت به زمین ­های کشاورزی افزوده می­ شود و کودهای شیمیایی و آفت­کش ­های مورد استفاده در کشاورزی همراه با فاضلاب خانگی، صنعتی از طریق رودخانه­ ها به تالاب انزلی وارد می ­شود که باعث خوراک وری تالاب شده و بدین طریق روند نابودی تالاب را تسریع می­  نمایند، برای حفاظت از این تالاب بین المللی نیاز به مشارکت مردمی، آموزش و فرهنگ­سازی در سطح حوزه می ­باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the trends of Anzali wetland connected domain coverage using remote sensing techniques and DPSIR conceptual framework

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahsa Abdoli 1
  • Mohammad Panahandeh 2
1 Department of Natural Environment, Environmental Research Institute, University Jihad of Gilan Province, Rasht, Iran
2 Department of Waste Process, Environmental Research Institute, University Jihad of Gilan Province, Rasht, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Over the past few decades, human activity had a significant impact on coastal wetlands around the world. Anzali is one of the 18 Iranian wetlands of international importance listed in Ramsar Convention. This unique ecosystemin the world with high ecological diversity is highly threatened by various factors such as pollutants, sedimentation, unauthorized development of urban infrastructure, over-harvesting of wetland resources, land use changes, and invasive species. In this study, we analyze structural and functional changes in the Anzali coastal wetland from 1994 to 2018, using the "drive-pressures-status-effects-responses-(DPSIR)" model and data collected from the Anzali Coastal Wetland.
Material and methods: Landsat 5 and 8 TM and OLI sensors for 1994, 2008 and 2018 were used. The land cover maps for these years were prepared in 5 categories of water body, wetland, wetland plants, pasture and agricultural land using the supervised classification with maximum likelihood algorithm in ENVI5.3 software. Changes were identified to assess the current status of the wetland and then the conceptual framework of DPSIR was used to determine the relationship between human activities and environmental activities and to describe environmental problems.
Results and discussion: According to the results of the first period (1994-2008), the water body had the highest area change with 7.63% decrease, which was the most influential part of the wetland plants class, with 1045/98 hectares of water body converted into wetland. The wetland plants was second with 3.84 percent. During the second period (2008-2018), the water body had the most change in this period, with a decrease of 14.19%, as in the previous period. Over the entire study period from 1994 to 2018, the water body increased from 4749 hectares in 1994 to 1042 hectares in 2018, the largest conversion to wetland plants. The area of wetland, wetland, pasture and agricultural land uses increased by 10.92%, 0.78%, 4.48% and 5.66%, respectively. The results of maps accuracy assessment show that overall accuracy for year 2018, 96.31, year 2008, 94.14 and for 1994, 90.29% and kappa coefficient were 0.94, 0.92 and 0.87, respectively. Is. Also the driving forces in this research are population growth, industry and tourism.
Conclusion: The process of change in the Anzali Wetland is first in a natural sequence and then of human origin. So that the area of the water reservoir is reduced and added to the cover of wetland plants and wetlands and eventually to agricultural lands and the fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture along with domestic wastewater, industrialization through rivers into the Anzali Wetland. It enters the wetland feed, thereby accelerating the process of wetland destruction. Protecting this wetland requires people's participation, education and culture at the grassroots level.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Anzali wetland
  • DPSIR approach
  • Remote sensing
  • Landsat satellite

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فصلنامه علوم محیطی
دوره 18، شماره 4
دی 1399
صفحه 125-140

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