ارزیابی و ارزش‌گذاری اقتصادی خدمات اکوسیستمی پارک‌های مشهد

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زراعت، دانشکده بین الملل، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

2 گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

3 گروه اقتصاد، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف:
توسعه شهری و شهرنشینی، اصلی‌ترین دلیل تغییرات جهانی اکوسیستم‌‌ها است ولی از طرفی اگرواکوسیستم‌های مناطق شهری، با تامین خدمات اکوسیستمی با‌ارزش و پرتقاضا، رفاه جامعه بشری را فراهم می‌آورند. درک خدمات اکوسیستمی و در نظر داشتن ارزش‌گذاری آنها در مدیریت شهری برای جامعه کنونی و نسل آینده ضروری است.
مواد و روش‌ها:
پژوهشی در سال 1394 در سطح پارک‌های مشهد به منظور ارزیابی و ارزش‌گذاری اقتصادی خدمات اکوسیستمی پارک‌های عمومی مشهد انجام شد. به منظور ارزیابی برخی خدمات تنظیمی همچون ترسیب کربن، تولید اکسیژن و پالایش آلاینده‌ها، برداشت  اطلاعات پوشش گیاهی پارک‌ها در قالب پلات‌هایی صورت گرفت و وارد نرم‌افزار «آی تری»1 شد و ارزش‌گذاری ریالی آنها با توجه به نرخ مالیات گازها در سطوح بین‌المللی و هزینه‌های اجتماعی آنها برآورد شد. برای ارزیابی خدماتی همچون نقش تنوع در بروز چشم‌انداز، ذخیره آب، تشکیل خاک، کنترل بیولوژیک و خدمات فرهنگی پرسش‌نامه‌هایی با شیوه آزمون انتخاب طراحی شد و متوسط تمایل به پرداخت کارشناسان فضای سبز به سبب سطح اطلاعات، تحصیلات و منسجم بودن جمعیت مورد بررسی، برای این خدمات تجزیه‌و‌تحلیل شد.
نتایج و بحث:
پوشش درختان در پارک‌های مشهد 6/41 درصد بود. سه گونه غالب شامل افرا (4/17 درصد)، چنار (6/15 درصد) و اقاقیا (7/11 درصد) بودند. با توجه به بیشتر بودن درختان جوان پارک‌ها، بیشتر خدمات اکوسیستمی از درختان جوان منشاء می‌گرفت. بخش عمده گونه‌ها غیربومی بودند: 1/44 درصد منشاء آمریکای شمالی و 9/15 درصد منشاء آسیایی داشتند. میزان ترسیب ناخالص کربن درختان 0387/1 تن در هکتار به ازای هر سال بود که سهم عمده آن مربوط به گونه چنار بود. تولید اکسیژن 24656/0 تن در هکتار به ازای هر سال و موجودی کربن (ذخیره کربن) در کالبد پارک‌های شهری 769/22 تن در هکتار محاسبه شد. پالایش آلاینده‌ها در یک سال و به ازای هر هکتار 041/0 تن گزارش شد، ارزش خدمات تنظیمی (ترسیب، تولید اکسیژن و پالایش آلاینده‌‌های شهری) در پارک‌های مشهد معادل 4 میلیون ریال به ازای هر هکتار در سال نشان داده شد. ذخیره کربن پارک های شهر مشهد نیز معادل 61 میلیون ریال به ازای هر هکتار ارزش‌گذاری شد. از آنجا که اتمسفر مخزن عظیمی از اکسیژن است، این گاز در ارزش‌گذاری ریالی منظور نشد. اکسیژن تولیدشده در کل پارک‌های مشهد290 تن می باشد که این میزان نیاز سالانه 115 نفر را تامین می‌کند. غنای گونه‌ای پارک‌های مشهد با 38 گونه ارزشی معادل 22 میلیون ریال داشت. مجموع ارزش خدمات تنظیمی (تنوع، ذخیره آب، تشکیل خاک، کنترل بیولوژیک و خدمات فرهنگی) منفی شدند و از بین این خدمات کارشناسان پاسخ‌گو تنها برای خدمات فرهنگی و ذخیره آب تمایل به پرداخت هزینه‌ای معادل 364 میلیون ریال به ازای هر هکتار در سال داشتند، که از این میزان 240 میلیون ارزش خدمات فرهنگی و 133 هزار ریال ارزش خدمت ذخیره آب بود. برای بقیه خدمات تمایلی به پرداخت هزینه وجود نداشت و کارشناسان پرداخت این هزینه‌ها را از وظایف خود شهرداری می‌دانستند.
نتیجه‌گیری:
خدمات ارائه‌شده توسط پارک‌های مشهد بخشی از موهبت‌های طبیعی است و از این‌رو باید بودجه‌های بیشتری برای حفظ این سرمایه‌های گرانقدر برنامه‌ریزی و صرف شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Economic valuation of the ecosystem services of Mashhad’s parks

نویسندگان [English]

  • Narges Pourtoosi 1
  • Alireza Koocheki 2
  • Mehdi Nassiri Mahallati 2
  • Mohammad Ghorbani 3
1 Department of Agronomy, International Campus Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3 Department of Economy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
چکیده [English]

 Introduction:
Urbanization creates significant changes in global ecosystems (2), on the other hand, urban agroecosystems prepare valuable and demandable ecosystem services in human society(3). Understanding these services and keeping them into account is necessary for urban management of both current society and future generation(2,3).
Materials and methods:
So this study was conducted in 2015 in Mashhad parks. To evaluate services like carbon sequestration, oxygen production and pollutants removal, plants data in plots was entered in itree software and their values was calculate with international gases tax and also social values. In order to valuate services such as diversity in landscapes, water storage, soil formation, biologic pest control and cultural services, some questionnaire with choice experiment method was designed and the average of willingness to pay of landscape experts was analyzed.
Results and discussion:
The urban forest of Mashhad has a tree cover of 41.6 percent. The three most common species were Acer negundo (17.4%), Platanus orientalis (15.6%) and Robinia pseudoacacia (11.7%). Percent of young trees were more than others and so ecosystem services of parks is mostly from younger trees. Population of exotic tree species was more than native ones. Most exotic tree species had origin from North America (44.1%) and  15.9% with Asian origin. The gross carbon sequestration of trees was 1.0387 ton per hectare per year. Most of this amount belonged to Platanus orientalis. Oxygen production was 0.24656 and pollutants removal was 0.041 ton/ha/year. Carbon storage per hectare was 22.769 ton.Results showed that the value of regulatory services like (carbon sequestration, oxygen production and pollutant removal) in Mashhad parks was 4 million Rials in a year per hectare and carbon storage was 61 million Rials per hectare. As the atmosphere is a huge source of oxygen, this gas was not calculated in the monitory valuation. Amount of oxygen production in all parks that was 290 ton,can prepare needs of 115 persons. Species richness was 38 with 22 million Rials value. Total value of other regulatory services such as (diversity in landscapes, water storage, soil formation, biologic pest control and cultural services) was negative and among these services the questioners only have willingness to pay 365 million Rials per ha in a year for cultural and water storage services. From this amount 240 million Rials was for cultural services and 133 thousand Rials was for water storage. For other services there was not any willingness to pay and they consider it as one of the municipalities' tasks.
Conclusion:
More budgets is needed for increasing ecosystem services for saving urban ecosystem.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Choice experiment
  • Itree software
  • Mashhad parks
  • Urban management

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