مروری بر کارایی گیاهان در تعدیل اثرات و سازگاری با تغییرات اقلیمی در محیط‌های شهری با تأکید بر صفات عملکردی گیاهان

نوع مقاله : Original Articles

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته دکتری فیزیولوژی گیاهی، دانشکده علوم زیستی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران

2 دانشجوی دکتری آگرواکولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد

3 دانش آموخته دکتری اکوسیستماتیک گیاهی، پردیس علوم پایه، دانشگاه تهران، تهران

چکیده

اقلیم کرة زمین می‌تواند به‌طور طبیعی یا تحت تأثیر فعالیت‌های انسانی تغییر کند. انسان مدرن با استفاده از سوخت‌های فسیلی و تولید گازهای گلخانه‌ای به این تغییرات اقلیمی دامن زده و سرعت گرمایش جهانی را تسریع کرده است. برای مواجهه با تغییرات اقلیمی دو راهبرد اصلی سازگار شدن و تعدیل شدت را می‌توان اختیار کرد. در بین موجودات زنده، گیاهان تأثیرات انکار­ناپذیری بر اقلیم داشته و به‌ویژه در محیط‌های شهری دارای اثرات متعادل‌کنندة متعددی می‌باشند. از جمله کارکردهای گیاهان یا فضای سبز شهری عبارتند از خنک‌سازی، تصفیة هوا، افزایش بازده مصرف انرژی، جذب امواج فرابنفش، کاهش جریانات آبی مخرب سطحی، جلوگیری از فرسایش خاک، کاهش دادن سرعت باد، میزان گرد و غبار و نیز آلودگی‌های شیمیایی، کارآمدی گیاهان در ارتباط با هرکدام از این کاکردها تابعی از صفات عملکردی ریختی و فیزیولوژیک آن‌ها می‌باشد. این مقاله مرور نسبتاً جامعی در مورد ارتباط بین کارکردهای مذکور، صفات عملکردی گیاهان و دورنمای مدیریت اثرات نوسانات اقلیمی در مناطق شهری ارائه می‌دهد. صفات عملکردی نظیر مورفولوژی سطح برگ، اندازه و ارتفاع گیاه، تراکم و الگوی پراکنشی گیاهان، شکل تاج‌پوش و شاخه‌بندی گیاه و نیز ویژگی‌های شکل رویشی و فیزیولوژیک گیاه از اهمیت بالایی در موفقیت گیاهان در رابطه با تعدیل­کنندگی یا کاهش تغییرات اقلیمی برخوردار می‌باشند. درنظرگرفتن دورنمای محیط‌های شهری در سایة تغییرات اقلیمی و جایگزینی گونه‌های شهری بر پایة صفات عملکردی به‌عنوان یکی از اولویت‌های مدیریت مناطق شهری از جمله ابرشهر تهران پیشنهاد می‌گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Review on Efficiency of Plants for Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Urban Ecosystems with Focusing on Plant Functional Traits

نویسندگان [English]

  • Elham Rajabbeigi 1
  • Ramin Erfanian 2
  • Seyed Mohammad Jafari 3
1 PhD. of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Life Science, Tarbiat Modares University
2 PhD. Student in Agroecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
3 PhD. of Plant Ecosystematic, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Tehran
چکیده [English]

Climate change is usually attributed to natural phenomena or in response to anthropogenic activities. Fossil fuel combustion and emission of greenhouse gases accelerate climate change and global warming. There are two main strategies to face climate fluctuations: adaptation and mitigation. Among living organisms, plants exert numerous mitigating effects especially in urban areas. Important climate-related functions of plants; and hence urban green space, include cooling effect, pollution reduction, increasing energy use efficiency, absorption of UV and high energy radiations, reducing surface runoffs, soil maintenance, reducing wind speed, chemical air pollution and fine particles. The efficiency of plant taxa is a function of their morphological and physiological functional traits. This research comprehensively reviews relationships between plant mitigating functions in urban environments, functional traits and climate related management perspective of cities. Plant functional traits such as leaf surface morphology, plant size and height, density and distributional pattern, canopy shape and branching pattern along with life form and physiological properties are of utmost importance in mitigation and adaptability of plants to climate perturbations. We strongly recommend considering future perspective under climate change scenario and substitution of urban plant species based on functional traits as one of the management priorities for urban areas especially Tehran metropolis environment

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Keywords: Climate change
  • Urban environments
  • Plant functional traits
  • Mitigation
  • Adaptation

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