پایش بلندمدت غلظت آلاینده‌ کربن سیاه (BC) در ایران با استفاده از داده‌های مدل مبنای NASA/MERRA-2

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

2 گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: جو یا اتمسفر سامانه‌ گازی طبیعی پویا و پیچید‌ه‌ای است که آلودگی آن بیش از هر آلودگی دیگری جان انسان‌ها را می‌گیرد. آلودگی هوا زمانی اتفاق می‌افتد که حجم زیادی از ذرات یا مواد مضر معلق وارد اتمسفر شود. ذرات معلق با قطر کمتر از 5/2 میکرون (PM 2.5) از جمله مهمترین آلاینده‌های هوا محسوب می‌شوند. ذرات کربن سیاه (BC)1 یکی از اجزاء بسیار مهم و خطرناک ذرات معلق با قطر کمتر از  µm5/2 به‌­شمار می‌رود. بر همین اساس، این پژوهش با هدف تحلیل رفتار و پراکنش زمانی‌ ـ مکانی آلاینده‌ کربن سیاه (BC) در گستره‌ جغرافیایی ایران با استفاده از داده‌های مدل مبنایMERRA-2 2 طی دوره‌ی آماری 40 ساله (2019 - 1980) انجام گردید.
مواد و روش‌ها: در این تحقیق در ابتدا داده‌های کربن سیاه با فرمت NetCDF با گام‌های زمانی ماهانه و مکانی 0.5° x 0.625° از وبگاه Earth data استخراج گردید. پس از استخراج داده‌ها، عملیات کنترل کیفی، پیش‌پردازش و پردازش روی آن­ها اِعمال شد. سپس محاسبات روی دو ماتریس ماهانه و فصلی (روی 740 پیکسل یا نقاط شبکه‌بندی شده) با استفاده از امکاناتی که نرم‌افزارهای کاربردیArcGIS  , Grads و Origin pro در اختیار کاربر قرار می‌دهد، انجام شد. در گام آخر برای ساخت لایه‌های رستری، وکتوری، نمودارها و جدول­های اطلاعاتی اقدام و خروجی‌های مورد نظر تهیه گردید.
نتایج و بحث: استفاده از داده‌های مدل مبنای MERRA-2 نتایج بسیار خوبی از توزیع زمانی ـ مکانی پراکنش آلاینده‌ کربن سیاه در گستره‌ ایران ارائه داده ‌است. نتایج بررسی نشان ‌داد که تفاوت‌های ماهانه و فصلی بسیار چشمگیر بوده ‌است، به‌طوریکه به لحاظ ماهانه، بیشترین میزان کربن سیاه در ماه دسامبر و کمترین میزان آن در ماه ژوئن برآورد شده ‌است. در میان فصل­ ها نیز، بیشترین و کمترین میزان کربن سیاه مربوط به فصل­های زمستان و تابستان است. به لحاظ مکانی نیز، بیشترین پراکنش کربن سیاه در نیمه‌ غربی ایران و بویژه روی کلان‌شهرهای تهران و اهواز مشاهده شد. واکاوی روند سری زمانی غلظت کربن سیاه در جو ایران نشان‌داد که غلظت این آلاینده در طول دوره‌ آماری افزایشی و این افزایش بویژه از سال 2000م به بعد اتفاق ‌افتاد. همچنین در بررسی پارامترهای هواشناسی مؤثر بر غلظت کربن سیاه، نتایج حاصله به­خوبی بیانگر همبستگی مثبت معنی‌دار میان غلظت کربن سیاه با فشار هوا و منفی معنی‌دار با سرعت باد است.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج حاصله به ­خوبی درک روشنی از غلظت کربن سیاه (BC) را در جو ایران نشان داد. این نتایج که از واکاوی آماری و اِعمال الگوریتم‌های بهینه روی اطلاعات مکان‌دار (GIS) آلاینده‌ کربن سیاه در گستره‌ی جغرافیایی کشور ایران حاصل گردید؛ بیانگر تفاوت آشکار در توزیع زمانی و مکانی غلظت کربن سیاه در طول دوره‌ آماری 40 ساله (2019 – 1980) بوده‌ است. افزون بر نتایج بالا، آلاینده‌ کربن سیاه از برخی پارامترهای هواشناسی از قبیل فشار هوا و سرعت باد متأثر است. به­ طور کلی صرف‌نظر از ساز و کارهای تکوین، ماهیت و انتشار این آلاینده در نواحی مختلف ایران، رفتار غلظت این آلاینده‌ در بستر زمان، بیانگر هشداردهنده‌ بودن خطر آن در بخش‌های وسیعی از کشور ایران می‌باشد. بنابراین اتخاذ راهکارهای مدیریتی و اجرایی لازم در راستای کاهش این آلاینده، بویژه در کلان ‌شهرهای همراه با غلظت بالای کربن سیاه امری ضروری به نظر می‌رسد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Long-term monitoring of the concentration of carbon black pollutants in Iran using NASA/MERRA-2 base model data

نویسندگان [English]

  • Koohzad Raispour 1
  • younes khosravi 2
1 Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
2 Department of Environment, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: The atmosphere is a dynamic and complex natural gas system whose pollution kills humans more than others. Air pollution occurs when large amounts of suspended particles or harmful substances enter the atmosphere. Suspended particles with a diameter of fewer than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) are among the most important air pollutants. Black carbon (BC) particles are one of the most important and dangerous components of PM2.5 suspended particles. The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior and time-space distribution of BC pollutants in Iran using the data of the MERRA-2 base model during a statistical period of 40 years (1980-2019).
Material and methods: In this study, black carbon data in NetCDF format with initial monthly and spatial time steps of 0.5° x 0.625° were first extracted from the Earth data website. After extracting the data, qualitative control, pre-processing and, processing operations were performed. Then, the calculations were performed on monthly and seasonal matrices (on 740 pixels or networked points) using the facilities that the user's software applications ArcGIS, Grads, and Origin pro provide. In the last step, steps were taken to create raster, vector, charts layers and, information tables and the desired outputs were prepared.
Results and discussion: The use of MERRA-2 base model data has provided very good results of the spatio-temporal distribution of BC in Iran. The results of the study showed that the monthly and seasonal differences were significant. In terms of monthly differences, the highest amount of BC was estimated in December and the lowest in June. Among seasons, the highest and lowest levels of BC were related to the winter and summer. Spatially, the highest distribution of BC was observed in the western half of Iran, especially in the metropolises of Tehran and Ahvaz. Analysis of the time series of BC concentrations in the Iranian atmosphere showed that the concentration of this pollutant increased during the statistical period and this increase occurred especially from 2000 AD onwards. Also, in the study of meteorological parameters affecting the concentration of BC, the results showed a significant positive correlation between the concentration of BC and air pressure and a significant negative correlation with wind speed.
Conclusion: The results showed a clear understanding of the concentration of BC in the Iranian atmosphere. We showed that BC pollution is affected by some meteorological parameters such as air pressure and wind speed. In general, regardless of the mechanisms of development, nature, and emission of this pollutant in different parts of Iran, the behavior of the concentration of this pollutant in the context of time indicates the warning of its danger in large parts of Iran. Therefore, it is necessary to take the necessary management and executive measures to reduce this pollution, especially in metropolitan areas with high concentrations of BC.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Air pollution
  • particulate matter
  • temporal-spatial analysis
  • black carbon
  • MERRA-2 model

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فصلنامه علوم محیطی
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