روش‌های تحلیلی برای ارزیابی کیفیت کمپوست باگاس نیشکر و بهبود ویژگی‌های فیزیکی‌مکانیکی جهت فشرده‌سازی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه مهندسی بیوسیستم، پردیس ابوریحان، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: سنجه های بلوغ و پا یداری در کمپوست ها برای اطمینان از کیفیت محصول نهایی، حفظ اطمینان مصرف کننده و تضمین قابلیت کاربرد آنها برای مصرف ها ی کشاورزی بسیار ضرورت دارند. افزون براین، زیست توده های کمپوست شده به دلیل کم بودن چگالی انرژی و توده ای با مشکل هایی از قبیل هزینه های انبا ر و حمل و نقل زیاد و همچنین هزینه های کلی در مد یریت لجستیک مواجه هستند. کاهش اندازه ذرات و فشرد ه سازی زیست توده های کمپوست شده می تواند تا حدی بر این چالش ها غلبه کند .
مواد و رو ش ها: کمپوست باگاس نیشکر ( SBC ) 1 از شرکت توسعه فرآو ری باگاس جنوب ( بیوفر) برای مشخصه یابی کیفیت و آسیاب کردن جهت پلت سازی تهیه شد. به منظور ارزیابی کیفیت SBCs ، مشخصه یابی از طریق روش های تحلیلی گرماسنجی روبشی تفاضلی ( DSC ) 2 ، پراش پرتو ایکس ( XRD ) 3 ، تبدیل فوریه مادون قرمز ( IR-FT ) 4 و میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی ( SEM ) 5 مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در ادامه، از یک آسیاب چکشی - سایشی برای بهبود ویژگی های فیزیکی مکانیکی و کاهش اندازه ذرات SBCs استفاده شد. برای این منظور، طرح آزمایشی در قالب طرح فاکتوریل ( D-optimal ) برای بررسی معنی داری و بهینه سازی اثر سه متغیر مستقل محتوای رطوبتی ( 8 ، 12و 16 درصد وز نی بر پایه تر)، اندازه مش ( 1 ، 5 / 2 و 4 میلی متر) و سرعت دورانی آسیاب (1400 و 2000 دور بر دقیقه) بر مصرف انرژی ویژه و چگالی تود ه ای به عنوان پاسخ های طرح استفاده شد.
نتایج و بحث : نتایج مشخصه یابی شیمیایی نشان دادند که ویژگی های SBCs به طور کامل با استانداردهای موجود مطابقت دارند .
ریزنگاره های SEM ، تغییرات فیزیکی در سطح های SBCs ر ا می توان با یک مورفولوژی ناصاف و غیر یکنواخت همراه با ترکهایی در راستای طولی در اثر تجزیه همی سلولز و لیگنین و با باز شدن دسته های الیاف در سلولز ثابت کرد. این روند همچنین توسط آنالیز XRD اثبات شد به طوریکه با افزایش سنجه بلورینگی (از 62 تا 75 )، ناحیه کریستالی سلولز در SBCs بدون تغییر باقی ماند؛ اما ناحیه آمورف (شامل همی سلولز و لیگنین) کمی دچار تجزیه شدند. نتایج حاصل از آنالیز FT-IR ، تغییرات گروه های عاملی، تجزیه زیستی میکروبی لیپیدها و کربوهیدراتها و همچنین تخریب لیگنین و پلی فنول ها را در SBCs نشان داد. براساس نتایج حاصل از آنالیز حرارتی DSC ، دمای انتقال شیشه ا ی 7 / 89 درجه سلسیوس بر ای SBCs به دست آمد که با توجه به شدت پیک در این نقطه، افزایش درجه بلوغ و هیومیفیکاسیون SBCs تضمین شده است. بر ای هر دو پاسخ مصرف انرژی ویژه و چگا لی تود ه ای SBC ، مدل برهمکنش دو عاملی (2FI ) با بیشترین ضریب همبستگی و کمترین انحراف معیار پیشنهاد شد. اندازه مش آسیاب بیشترین تأثیر را در میان پارامترها بر مصرف انرژی ویژ ه آسیاب و چگالی توده ای داشت .
نتیجه گیری : نتایج نشان می دهند که استفاده از آنالیزهای تحلیلی جامع برای بررسی شفاف و مقایس ه ای بین محصول نهایی کمپوست و ماد ه اولیه از نظر سنجه های پایداری و بلو غ، کاربردی و قابل اطمینان است . نتایج بهینه سازی حاصل از طر ح
D-optimal نشان داد که تحت شرا یط بهینه محتوای رطوبتی 8 درصد وزنی بر پا یه تر، اندازه مش آسیاب 1 میلی متر و سرعت دورانی 1400 دور بر دقیقه، مقدار کمینه مصرف انرژی ویژه 38 / 141 کیلوژول بر کیلوگرم و بیشینه چگالی توده ای 62 / 209 کیلوگرم بر متر مکعب به عنوان پاسخ های بهینه با تابع مطلوبیت 88 / 0 حاصل می شود .

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Analytical methods for assessing the quality of sugarcane bagasse compost and improving the physicomechanical properties toward densification

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ehsan Sarlaki
  • Mohammad Hossein Kianmehr
  • Marzieh Ghorbani
Department of Biosystem Engineering, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: The stability and maturity indicators of composted biomasses are important to ensure the quality of the final product, maintain consumer confidence, and guarantee safe applicability in agricultural uses. In addition, due to the low energy density and bulk density, the composted biomasses face problems such as higher storage and transportation costs as well as overall costs in logistics management. Particle size reduction and densification of composted biomasses can partially overcome these challenges.
Material and methods: Sugarcane bagasse compost (SBC) was prepared from the South bagasse processing development company (Biofer) for quality characterization and assessing the grinding process toward densification. For assessing the quality of SBCs, the physicochemical characterization, as well as the analytical techniques were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the following, a hammer-attrition mill was used to improve the physicomechanical properties and reduce the particle size of SBCs. To this end, an experimental design in the form of factorial design (D-optimal) was used to assess the significance and optimization of the effects of moisture content of SCBs (8, 12, and 16 w.b.%) and screen opening size (1, 2.5, and 4 mm) and rotational speed (1400 and 2000 rpm) of hammer-attrition mill as independent variables on specific energy consumption and bulk density as design responses.
Results and discussion: The results obtained from chemical analysis exhibited that the properties of SBCs are in accordance with existing standards. The SEM micrographs revealed a physical change on the surfaces of SBCs with a wrinkly and heterogeneous morphology along with longitudinal cracks with the opening of fiber bundles in cellulose resulting from the degradation of lignin and hemicellulose. This trend was also demonstrated by XRD analysis, so that with increasing the crystallinity index (from 62 up to 75), the crystalline regions of cellulose in SBCs remained unchanged, but the amorphous regions, which includes hemicellulose and lignin, was slightly decomposed. Changes in functional groups from FT-IR spectra demonstrated that the microbial-biological degradation of lipids and carbohydrates, as well as dissociation of lignin and polyphenols occurred in SBCs. From the DSC thermal curves, a glass transition temperature of 89.7 °C was obtained for SBCs, which due to the peak intensity at this point, the improved maturation and humification of SBCs are guaranteed. For both responses of specific energy consumption and bulk density of SBCs, a two-factor interaction (2FI) model with the highest correlation coefficient and the lowest standard deviation was proposed. The mesh opening size had the greatest effect among the parameters on the specific energy consumption and the bulk density.
Conclusion: The results demonstrated that the use of comprehensive analytical analyses for an accurate and comparative study between the final composted biomasses and the raw materials in terms of stability and maturity indicators, is practical and reliable. Optimization results from D-optimal design showed that under optimum conditions of moisture content of 8 %w.b, 1-mm mesh opening size and rotational speed 1400 rpm of hammer-attrition mill, a minimum amount of SEC (141.38 KJ/Kg), and the maximum amount of bulk density (209.62 kg/m3) were introduced as optimum responses with the desirability function of 0.88.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Bulk density
  • FTIR
  • Milling
  • Specific energy consumption
  • Sugarcane bagasse compost

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فصلنامه علوم محیطی
دوره 19، شماره 4
دی 1400
صفحه 107-130

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