شناسایی و تعیین مقدار هورمون ها و داروهای برگزیده در خروجی تصفیه خانه فاضلاب شهری، خاک و محصولات زراعی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه فناوری های محیط زیست، پژوهشکده علوم محیطی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

2 گروه فناوری های پاک، پژوهشگاه شیمی و مهندسی شیمی ایران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: داروها، محصولات مراقبت شخصی و هورمون­ های استروییدی از آلاینده ­های نوظهوری محسوب می ­شوند که منشا اصلی تولید آن­ها جوامع انسانی است. تصفیه ­خانه ­های فاضلاب شهری، نقش بسیار موثری در کاهش و حذف این دسته از آلاینده ­ها دارند، با این حال، حذف کامل این ترکیبات معمولاً ممکن نمی ­شود و مقداری از این آلاینده­ ها از طریق جریان فاضلاب تصفیه شده (و همچنین لجن باقی مانده) وارد محیط می­ شود. با توجه به کاربرد فاضلاب تصفیه شده در آبیاری مزارع و باغات، احتمال انتقال آلاینده ­ها به خاک، محصولات زراعی و آب­ های زیرزمینی وجود دارد. از آنجایی که تاثیر منفی حضور این آلاینده ­ها در غلظت­ های بسیار کم نیز قابل مشاهده است، شناسایی و تعیین مقدار آن­ها ضروری است.
مواد و روش ­ها: در این پژوهش، کانال انتقال تصفیه­ خانه جنوب تهران (فاضلاب خام، فاضلاب تصفیه شده)، خاک مزارع و محصولات زراعی از جنبه حضور و مقدار آلاینده­ های آلی نوظهور، از دسته داروها و هورمون­ های استروییدی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. چهار نوبت نمونه ­برداری از فاضلاب تصفیه شده در نقاط مختلف انجام شد. آنالیز کیفی به منظور شناسایی و انتخاب آلاینده­ های هدف به انجام رسید. سپس، مهم­ترین معیارهای تضمین و کنترل کیفیت در بخش میدانی و آزمایشگاهی مورد مطالعه عملی قرار گفتند تا داده ­های ایجاد شده از بالاترین سطح کیفیت ممکن برخوردار باشند.. هر نمونه برای هر دسته آلاینده به صورت جداگانه آماده سازی و استخراج (استخراج فاز جامد و استخراج با حلال تحت التراسونیک) شده و در نهایت با دستگاه کروماتوگرافی مایع-طیف ­سنج جرمی آنالیز شدند.
نتایج و بحث: نمونه ­برداری از محیط ­های فاضلاب خام، فاضلاب تصفیه شده، خاک و محصول زراعی آبیاری شده با فاضلاب تصفیه شده و آنالیز این نمونه ­ها به انجام رسید. دو داروی استامینوفن و سولفامتوکسازول و چهار هورمون استروییدی اکویلین، استرون، استریول و اتینیل استرادیول، به عنوان آلاینده هدف و مهم­ترین و مستمرترین آن­ها انتخاب شدند. هر شش آنالیت در نمونه فاضلاب خام و در یک نمونه فاضلاب تصفیه شده شناسایی شدند. در نمونه دیگر فاضلاب تصفیه شده سه هورمون اکویلین، استرون و اتییل استرادیول یافت نشد. در نمونه خاک فقط هورمون استرون و در نمونه گیاهی (گندم) همه آنالیت ها به جز اتنیل استرادیول دیده شدند.
نتیجه­ گیری: تمام آلاینده­ ها در فاضلاب خام و تصفیه شده (خروجی تصفیه خانه) مشاهده شدند و نقش بسیار مثبت تصفیه ­خانه در کاهش غلظت ملاحظه شد. از سوی دیگر تغییرات غلظت آلاینده ­ها در طول مسیر کانال مشخص شد. همچنین، این نتیجه به دست آمد که آلاینده­ های هدف برخلاف تمایل به جذب توسط گیاهان، توسط ذرات خاک جذب سطحی نمی­ شوند. بنابراین، ورود آب آلوده به خاک زراعی، آلودگی محصولات و نفوذ به آب زیرزمینی را در پی خواهد داشت. حضور و مقدار آلاینده­ های مورد بررسی در کانال انتقال فاضلاب تصفیه شده، به شدت وابسته به زمان و مکان است. در واقع، اختلاط و ترقیق و ورود منابع جدید آلودگی در مسیر کانال، سبب تغییرات معنی ­دار در غلظت و نوع آلاینده ­های مشاهده شده در نمونه­ ها می­ شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Identification and determination of selected hormones and pharmaceuticals in municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent, soil, and crops

نویسندگان [English]

  • Neda Mirikaram 1
  • Amir Salemi 1
  • Maryam Vosough 2
1 Department of Environmental Technologies, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Clean Technologies, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: pharmaceuticals, personal care products and steroid hormones are emerging pollutants whose main production source is human societies. Municipal wastewater treatment plants have a very effective role in reducing and eliminating these pollutants, however, complete elimination of these compounds is usually not possible and some of these pollutants are treated through the treated wastewater stream (as well as residual sludge) and enter the environment. Due to the use of treated wastewater in the irrigation of fields and orchards, there is a possibility of transferring contaminants to soil, crops, and groundwater. Since the negative effect of the presence of these contaminants is visible in very low concentrations, it is necessary to identify and determine their amount.
Material and methods: In this study, the transfer channel of the treatment plant in the south of Tehran (raw wastewater, treated wastewater), farm soil, and crops in terms of the presence and amount of emerging organic pollutants, from the category of pharmaceuticals and steroid hormones have been studied. Four samplings of treated wastewater were performed in different places. First, qualitative analysis was performed to identify and select target pollutants (for quantitative measurement). Then, the most important quality assurance and control criteria in the field and laboratory were studied so that the data generated had the highest possible level of quality. Finally, each sample for each category of pollutants was separately prepared and extracted. Solid phase and solvent extraction were ultrasonically analyzed and finally analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Results and discussion: Two pharmaceuticals, acetaminophen and sulfamethoxazole, and four steroid hormones, aquiline, estrone, estriol, and ethinyl estradiol, were selected as the target contaminants and the most important and continuous ones. All six analytes were identified in a raw wastewater sample and a treated wastewater sample. In another sample of treated wastewater, aquiline, estrone, and ethyl estradiol were not found. Contrary to our expectations, all analytes were found in soil samples, but only estrone was found in soil samples. In the plant sample (wheat), all analytes except ethynyl estradiol were observed.
Conclusion: All contaminants were observed in raw and treated wastewater (treatment plant effluent) and a very positive role of the treatment plant in reducing the concentration was observed. On the other hand, changes in the concentration of pollutants along the channel path were observed. Also, it was concluded that soil particles do not adsorb the target contaminants despite their tendency to be absorbed by plants. Therefore, the entry of contaminated water into arable soil will lead to crop contamination and infiltration into groundwater. The presence and amounts of contaminants in the treated wastewater treatment canal are highly dependent on time and place. Mixing and diluting and entering new sources of contamination in the canal path causes significant changes in the concentration and type of contaminants observed in the samples.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Emerging Pollutants
  • Wastewater Treatment Plant
  • Personal Care Products
  • Solid Phase Extraction
  • pharmaceuticals and Hormones

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فصلنامه علوم محیطی
دوره 20، شماره 3
1401
صفحه 35-52

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