توسعه ضمانت اجراها و سازوکار های اجرایی نوین در حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست به منظور حفاظت کارآمد و مؤثر محیط زیست

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه حقوق محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران

2 گروه حقوق محیط زیست، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

3 رئیس موسسه تخصصی حقوق بین‌الملل کانادا، تورنتو

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: جامعه بین المللی، جامعه ای  است متشکل از دولت‌ها، که خود واضع مقررات و قواعد حقوق بین ­الملل و نیز مجری آن هستند. مبنای حقوق بین الملل، زاییده ی نیاز و ضرورتی است که دولت‌ها در جامعه ­ی بین ­المللی برای همزیستی احساس می­ کنند و تا موافقت نداشته باشند؛ نمی­ توان آن‌ها را ملزم به پذیرش قاعده جدید کرد. با وجود این، ضمانت­ های اجرایی مبتنی بر یک ساختار دوجانبه؛ شامل اعتراض دیپلماتیک و اقدامات متقابل می­ باشد که بر رفتار دولت‌ها تأثیر گذار است. در حقوق محیط زیست هم ضمانت­ های اجرایی برای حفاظت بیشتر از محیط زیست، بعد از نقض تعهد مبتنی بر قواعد عام ­الشمول ایجاد شده است. علاوه بر ضمانت ­های اجرایی، ساز و کار‌هایی قبل از نقض تعهد توسط دولت­ ها یا سازمان ­های بین ­المللی برای حمایت و حفاظت از محیط زیست، وضع گردیده است. هدف این پژوهش؛ تبیین و بررسی توسعه ضمانت­ ها و ساز­ و­ کار‌های اجرایی نوین در حقوق بین ­الملل محیط زیست به منظور حفاظت کارآمد و موثر از محیط زیست و همچنین ارائه راهکارهایی جهت برون­ رفت از چالش­ های حقوقی در زمینه اجرای تعهدات و بررسی کفایت ساز­ و­ کار‌ها و ضمانت­ های اجرایی کلاسیک در حقوق بین ­الملل محیط زیست می­ باشد.
مواد و روش ­ها: روش تحقیق پژوهش حاضر توصیفی و تحلیلی است و روش گردآوری داده ها مبتنی بر مطالعه کتابخانه ­ای و مراجعه به اسناد با جستجوی اینترنتی است. از این ­رو، با روش توصیفی و تحلیلی و با اتکا به منابع کتابخانه ­ای و داده ­های موجود، در بخش اول ساز­ و ­کارها و ضمانت­ های اجرایی موجود در زمینه حفاظت از محیط زیست بررسی می­ شود و در بخش دوم ساز ­و ­کارها و ضمانت­ های اجرایی نوین و دلایل شکل ­گیری آن­ها، مورد بحث و بررسی قرار می­ گیرد.
نتایج و بحث: سوال اصلی تحقیق بیان می­ دارد که آیا در حقوق محیط زیست برای حفاظت بیشتر از محیط زیست ساز­و­کار‌ها و ضمانت‌های اجرایی نوینی در حال پیدایش و شکل‌گیری است؟ از این­رو، با به ره­گیری از مبانی نظری پژوهش، به این فرضیه پرداخته می­ شود که در حقوق محیط زیست برای حفاظت بیشتر از محیط زیست، ساز­و­کار‌ها و ضمانت­ های اجرایی نوینی در حال پیدایش و شکل ­گیری است. در این پژوهش با تفکیک مفهوم ضمانت اجرا از مکانیزم، در صدد بیان ناکارآمدی ضمانت­ های اجرایی کلاسیک شامل ضمانت­ های اجرایی مدنی و کیفری و ساز­و­کار‌های کلاسیک حفاظت از محیط زیست می­ باشد. نتایج حاصل از تجزیه و تحلیل یافته­ ها حاکی از آن است که بدلیل ماهیت خاص مسائل محیط زیستی و ارتباط آن با ضرورت ایجاد و توسعه ساز­و­کار‌ها و ضمانت­ های اجرایی نوین و با توجه به این که با وجود توسعه ساز­و­کار‌ها و ضمانت­ های اجرایی کلاسیک در حقوق بین­ الملل محیط زیست، بدلیل محدودیت­ های موجود در آن­ها، این توسعه به تنهایی برای حفاظت از محیط زیست کافی نبوده، ساز­و­کار‌های جدیدی مانند مالیات سبز، بیمه ­های زیست­ محیطی و صندوق تامین خسارات زیست­ محیطی و همچنین ضمانت­ های اجرایی نوینی ایجاد و در حال توسعه می­ باشد.
نتیجه ­گیری: در حقوق محیط زیست، دو نوع ضمانت اجرایی نوین شامل"پرداخت خسارت بدون موافقتنامه و مراجعه به دادگاه در مواردی که تخریب شدید در محیط زیست ایجاد شده" و همچنین "کنترل پایبندی و عدم پایبندی دولت­ های عضو، به کنوانسیون­ های زیست­ محیطی" برای حفاظت کارآمد و مؤثراز محیط زیست شناسایی و در حال توسعه می ­باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Development of new sanctions and mechanisms in international environmental law for efficient and effective protection of the environment

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hoda Yazdanpanah 1
  • Mohsen Abdollahi 2
  • Abbas Poorhashemi 3
  • Mansour Pournouri 1
1 Department of Environmental Law, Faculty of Law, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Environmental Law, Faculty of Law, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran
3 President of the Canadian Institute for International Law Expertise (CIFILE), Toronto, Canada
چکیده [English]

Introduction: The international community includes states that enact and execute the rules and regulations of international law. The basis of international law derives from the need for states to coexist in the international community. In other words, the states cannot be forced to accept a new rule when they do not agree. However, sanctions are based on a mutual structure including diplomatic protest and countermeasures influencing the behavior of states. In addition, some sanctions have been enacted in environmental law, after breach of obligation for more protection of the environment based on erga omnes. In addition to the sanctions, some mechanisms have been enacted by international organizations and states for support and protection of the environment before breach of obligation. The present study aims to explain and evaluate the development of new sanctions and mechanisms in international environmental law for efficient and effective protection of the environment and offer solutions for handling legal challenges in executing the obligations and assessing the adequacy of classic sanctions and mechanisms in international environmental law.
Material and methods: The method was descriptive-analytical and the data were collected based on library study and reference to documents by searching the Internet. Therefore, with a descriptive and analytical method and relying on library resources and existing data, in the first part, the existing mechanisms and executive guarantees in the field of environmental protection are reviewed, and in the second part, new mechanisms and executive guarantees and reasons are examined.
Results and discussion: The main research question states; whether new sanctions and mechanisms are emerging in international environmental law for more protection of the environment based on theoretical foundations. investigate the new sanctions and mechanisms emerging in international environmental law to further protect the environment.  This research expresses the inefficiency of classic sanctions including civil and criminal ones and classic mechanisms for the protection of the environment by separating the concept of sanction from mechanism. Based on the results, new limitations such as green taxes, environmental insurance, and Environmental Damage Fund (EDF) have been emerging and developing due to the specific nature of environmental issues and their relationship with the necessity of creating and developing new sanctions and mechanisms, and given that the development fails to be enough for protection of the environment due to the existing limitations, despite the  development of classic sanctions and mechanisms.
Conclusion: In environmental law, two types of new sanctions have been identified and developed for efficient and effective protection of the environment, which include "pay compensation without agreement and going to the court in cases of severe damage to the environment" and "compliance and noncompliance control of member states to environmental conventions". 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • New sanctions
  • new mechanisms
  • pay compensation without agreement and going to the court
  • compliance and noncompliance of state

مراجع

Abdullahi, M., 2007. Criminal protection of the environment: a reflection on the requirements of environmental criminal law. Environmental Sciences. 5( 1), 97 – 117. 
Abdollahi, M., 2011. Approaches of the international liability system in compensation for non-prohibited acts in international law. Journal of Legal Research. 56, 211 - 278.
Agha Razi, M., Ghanbarvand, H. and Jafarian, M., 2014. Insurance as a mechanism for managing environmental risks. In Proceedings 24th National Conference on Insurance and Development. 13th November, Tehran, Iran.pp. 1-19.
Alavi, Z., 2014. Rituals of non-implementation in international environmental treaties. Ms.C. Thesis. Islamic Azad University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran.
Amini, A., Mianabadi, H. and Daryadel, E., 2019. Nature and key legal issues of paris agreement on climate change. Journal of Law Research. 22(86), 291-326. doi: 10.29252/lawresearch.22.86.291
Asafu-Adjaye، J., 2006. Environmental Economics for Non-Economists: Techniques and Policies for Sustainable Development, Compiled by Dehghnian, Siavash, Second edition, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.
Bagherzadeh, M.R., 2003. Guaranteeing the implementation of international peace and security, Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute, first edition, Qom, Iran.
Chatterjee, C. and Lefcovitch, A., 2010. Gulf of Mexico oil disaster: some legal issues. Amicus Curiae. 84, 17-24.
Davis, M., 2012. Lessons unlearned: The legal and policy legacy of the BP deepwater horizon spill. Washington and Less Journal of Energy, Climate and the Environment. 17, 156-157.
Fahimi, A., 2012. Civil liability due to environmental degradation in Iranian jurisprudence and law (comparative study in French law and international documents). Preparation of Research Institute of Jurisprudence and Law.  56, 211 - 278.
Farzaneh, M.H., 2016. The role of insurance companies in the protection of the environment as the common heritage of mankind. In Proceedings 1st Conference of International New Developments in Management, Economics and Accounting. 23th October, Tehran, Iran pp.  211 – 278.
Fitzmaurice, M.A. and Redgwell, C., 2000. Environmental non-compliance procedures and international low. Netherlands Yearbook of International Low. 31, 35-65.
Ghasemzadeh, R., 2014. Investigating the dimensions of environmental law with emphasis on the aspect of prevention of environmental pollution. Allameh Journal. 15, 107-134.
Gillespie, A., 2007. Protected Areas and International Environmental Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.  New York, America
Gondlink, L., Hoysman, G.W., Helpop, E.E. and Shelton, D.L., 2015. Translated by Habibi, M.H., Environmental Law. University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Hanqin, H., 2003. Transboundary Damage in International Law. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge England.
Lisani, H., 2002. International responsibility of governments for nuclear pollution. Ms.C. Thesis. Universit of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Hayward, B., 1995. The greening of participatory democracy: A reconsideration of Environmental Politics. 4(4), 215-236.
Heidarzadeh, E. and Mozafarizadeh, S., 2013. Prevention OF Environmental Crime. Akhlagh-e Zisti (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 3(7), 163-192. http://jlap.srbiau.ac.ir/article_7161_930b3d28b2177694de7482092134288e.pdf
Igorevich Golubev, S., Viktorovna Gracheva, J., Vladimirovich Malikov, S. and Ivanovich Chuchaev, A., 2020. Environmental crimes: Law enforcement issues. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences. 18(5), 533-540. doi: 10.22124/cjes.2020.4483.
Izdikhah, N. and Gorji Fard, H., 2014. The role of legal sanctions and criminal in support of the environment with an emphasis on the protection of forests and meadows. Journal of Judgment. 15, 97-130.
Jalali, M., 2009. Establishment international environmental court and difficulties involved. Journal of Law and Politic Sciences. 29(1), 63-85.
Jalalian, Askar, 2015. Inadequacy of International Law and International Environmental Law in Support of the International Environment. Rahboard Quarterly Journal. 75, 23-52.
Kiss, A. and Shelton, D., 2009. Systems Analysis of International law: A methodological Inquiry. Netherlands Yearbook of International Law. 45-74. England. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0167676800001562,
Lang, W., 2017. compliance control in international environmental law: Institutional Necessities. Heidelberg Journal of International Law. 56, 685-695.
Machado Filho, H., 2018. Looking for Adequate Tools for the Enforcement of Multilateral Environmental Agreements: Compliance Procedures and Mechanisms. 1-15.
Macrory, R., 2013. Sanctions and Safeguards: The Brave New World of Regulatory Enforcement. Current Legal Problems. 66(1), 233–266. https://doi.org/10.1093/clp/cut006
Mafi, H., 2006. Guarantee of implementation in public international law. Published in the Conference on Globalization of Law and Its Challenges, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
Mashhadi, A. and Shah Hosseini, A., 2016. Prevention of environmental damage in the light of the International Law Commission's 2001 proposal on the prevention of damage caused by the border of Dangerous Activities.  Quarterly Journal of Public Law Studies. 46(2), 273-295.
Mehrara, A., goybari. S. and zarezidi, A.R., 2018. Investigating the role of environmental protection in sustainable development. Applied studies in management and development sciences. 10, 91-102.
 Mousavi, M., 2019. The relationship between international performance guarantees and the principle of personal punishment. Islamic Education and Criminal Law and Criminology. 3 (6), 71-92.
Okonkwo, T., 2017. How International Law Can Deal with Lack of Sanctions and BindingTargets in the Paris Agreement. Journal of Sustainable Development. 10(5), 225-233.
Poorhashemi, A., Arghand,  B., 2013. International Environmental Law. Dadgostar Publications, Tehran, Iran.
Poorhashemi, A., Parande Motlagh, A., 2015. Public International Law. Dadgostar Publications, Tehran, Iran.
Poorhashemi, A. and Mousavi, M., 2011. International Responsibility of Governments in Environmental Law. Quarterly Journal of Private and Criminal Law Research. 7(15), 75-92.
Prosser, W., 1964. The law of Torts. USA Publishing Company, America.
Rabani, H., Jalalian, A. and Pournouri, M., 2020. Typology of Environmental Crimes in Iran (Case Study: Crimes Related to Environmental Pollution). Anthropogenic Pollution Journal. 4 (2), 78-83.
Rousseau, S. and Blondiau, T., 2014. Act-based Versus Harm-Based Sanctions for Environmental Offenders. Environmental Policy and Governance. 24(6), 439-454. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1660
Sagemueller, I., 2005. NonCompliance Procedures under The Cartagena Protocol. New Zealand Journal of Environmental Law. 9, 163-208, New Zealand, Australia. Available Online at: www.heinonline.org.
Schwabach, A., 2006. International Environmental Disputes (Contemporary World issues). ABC-CLIO publishing. England.
Seyed Nejad Fahim, R. and Aghdami, I., 2011. Green tax on the path of sustainable development. Economic Journal. 3(4), 91-100.
Seyfi, J., 2015. Unity of Liability Contractual and Non-Contractual International and Its Effects on Contract Law. Legal Research Quarterly. Shahid Beheshti University. Tehran, Iran.
Shah Hosseini, A. and Mashhadi, A., 2017. Compensation for environmental damage under the International Law Commission's 2006 Plan of Principles on Allocation of Damages in Cases of Cross-Border Damage Due to Dangerous Activities. Public Law Research. 19(55), 141-165.
Tabatabai Motameni, M., 2008. Administrative comparative law. Second edition. Samt Organization Publications,Tehran, Iran.
Terner, R,k, 2005. Environmental economics: an elementary introduction. 4th edition. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
Urbinati, S., 2009. Procedures and Mechanisms Relating to Compliance under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Chang, Eds, Non-Compliance Procedures and Mechanisms and the Effectiveness of International Environmental Agreements. T.M.C. ASSER PRES. 63-84.
Williams, F.D., 2008. Taxation and the environment. a discussion paper. KPMG Tax business school. UK, 13. England. 
Yazdanpanah, H., 1390. Applications of the polluter pay principle in environmental law. Ms.C. Thesis. Shahid Beheshti University,Tehran, Iran.
Zargoosh, M., 2010. Civil Liability of the Government General Rules, Basics and principles. First edition.  Mizan Publications, Tehran, Iran.
Ziai Bigdeli, M.R., 2007. Public International Law, Ganjedanesh Publications, Tehran, Iran.
فصلنامه علوم محیطی
دوره 21، شماره 3
1402
صفحه 289-306

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار