ارزیابی اکولوژیک کشت گیاهان دارویی در مراتع مختلف استان لرستان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: تغییرات آب و هوایی و برداشت بی­رویه و همچنین چرای خارج از توان اکولوژیک مراتع مختلف کشور باعث از بین رفتن و همچنین کاهش پوشش­ های گیاهی در مراتع مختلف کشور شده است. این موضوع بویژه برای گیاهان خاص از جمله گیاهان دارویی در دهه اخیر شدیدتر بوده است. با تشخیص جوامع گیاهی و تجزیه و تحلیل سرشت اکولوژیکی هر یک از گونه ­ها می ­توان برای مدیریت صحیح و منطبق بر اصول اکولوژیک برای زمان حاضر و آینده برنامه ­ریزی نمود. با توجه به موارد مطرح شده در بالا، مطالعه حاضر با استفاده از رهیافت تحلیل سلسه مراتبی و نرم ­افزار ArcGIS به منظور ارزیابی اکولوژیک کشت گیاهان دارویی در مراتع مختلف استان لرستان برای احیای مراتع و حفاظت از این گیاهان گیاهان دارویی انجام شد.
مواد و روش­ ها: منطقه مورد مطالعه مراتع درجه یک استان لرستان در غرب کشور بود. در انجام این پژوهش داده­ های مورد نیاز شامل داده ­های خاکی، داده ­های بلندمدت اقلیمی (2020 - 1970) و توپوگرافی بودند. داده ­های اقلیمی و توپوگرافی از بانک داده WorldClim تهیه شدند. داده ­های خاکی نیز از مرکز خاک بین المللی اطلاعات مرجع (ISRIC) بدست آمدند. گیاهان دارویی مورد بررسی در این تحقیق شامل آنغوزه، باریجه، شیرین ­بیان، کرفس کوهی و گل­ گاوزبان ایرانی بودند. از قضاوت 15 کارشناس خبره جهت مقایسات زوجی و وزن­ دهی به پارامترهای اکولوژیک برای هر گیاه دارویی به روش دلفی استفاده شد و وزن هر کدام از گزینه ­ها و معیارها در نرم ­افزار Expert Choice11 تعیین شد. بعد از آن جهت انطباق نیازمندی­ های محیطی گیاه دارویی با خصوصیات اراضی، از روش طبقه ­بندی شکست­ های‌ طبیعی جنکس (Natural breaks –Jenks) در نرم ­افزار ArcGIS استفاده شد.
نتایج و بحث: نتایج نشان داد که نقش عامل اقلیمی میانگین دمای سالانه با ضریب وزنی 309/0 در کشت گیاهان دارویی بیشـتر از سـایر عوامل بوده و بعد از آن ارتفاع و بارندگی تجمعی سالانه با ضریب وزنـی 212/0 است. همچنین در بین عوامل مورد بررسی کمترین وزن متعلق به درصد کربن آلی خاک (057/0) بود. از نظر میانگین دمای سالانه، بیش از 53 درصد از مراتع استان لرستان دمایی بین 10 تا 15 درجه سانتی­ گراد را تجربه می­ کند. مراتع استان لرستان به­ طور میانگین 350 میلی­ متر بارش را دریافت می­ کنند. بیش از 60 درصد از مراتع استان لرستان در ارتفاع بین 2000 تا 3000 متر بالاتر از سطح دریا قرار دارند. از نظر شیب بیش از 54 درصد از مراتع دارای شیبی بین 25 تا 60 درصد هستند. خاک مراتع لرستان دارای بافتی سنگین بود به ­طوری که بیش از 75 درصد از مراتع استان لرستان دارای بافت خاک رسی لوم بودند. بیش از 59 درصد مراتع استان لرستان دارای کربن آلی خاکی 2 تا 5 درصد بودند. همچنین بیش از 74 درصد از این اراضی دارای اسیدیته بین 7/7 تا 9/7 بودند. همچنین مراتع استان لرستان از نظر پتانسیل و داشتن شرایط اکولوژیکی مناسب جهت رویش گیاهان دارویی آنغوزه، باریجه، گل­ گاو­زبان ایرانی، کرفس کوهی و شیرین ­بیان به سه کلاس؛ متوسط، خوب و خیلی خوب تقسیم شدند. به‎ترتیب 98، 97 و 94 درصد از مراتع استان لرستان برای کشت گیاهان دارویی آنغوزه، باریجه و کرفس کوهی مجموعا در طبقه خیلی خوب و خوب قرار گرفتند. با این وجود این مقدار برای کشت گل ­گاو­زبان و شیرین ­بیان به ترتیب برابر با 26 و 27 درصد بود.
نتیجه ­گیری: به­ طور کلی مراتع استان لرستان پتانسیل خوبی برای کشت گیاهان دارویی آنغوزه، باریجه و کرفس کوهی داشتند و برای کشت گیاهان دارویی گل­ گاو­زبان ایرانی و شیرین ­بیان دارای پتانسیل متوسطی می­ باشند. با این وجود با توجه به موقعیت جغرافیایی مراتع، تناسب کشت گیاهان دارویی متفاوت بود که توصیه برای کشت هر گیاه دارویی باید بر اساس هر ناحیه جغرافیایی مورد بررسی باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Ecological evaluation of cultivating medicinal plants in different rangelands of Lorestan Province

نویسنده [English]

  • Sajjad Rahimi-Moghaddam
Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Climate changes and indiscriminate harvesting as well as overgrazing of different Iranian rangelands have caused the destruction and reduction of vegetation in the rangelands. This has been especially severe for medicinal plants, in the last decade. By identifying the plant communities and analyzing the ecological nature of each species, it is possible to plan for optimal management based on ecological principles for the present and the future. Based on the above-mentioned issues, the current research was conducted regarding the ecological evaluation of cultivating medicinal plants in different rangelands of Lorestan Province through analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach and ArcGIS software in order to restore the rangelands and protect the medicinal plants.
Material and methods: The studied area was the rangelands class 1 of Lorestan Province in the west of Iran. Required data included soil, long-term climatic (1970-2020), and topographic data. Climatic and topographical data were obtained from the WorldClim database. Soil data were gathered by the International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC). Studied medicinal plants were Asafoetida, Galbanum, Liquorice, Keluss, and Borago Oxtongue flower. The judgment of 15 experts was used for pairwise comparisons and weighting of ecological data for each medicinal plant using the Delphi method, and the weight of each of the options and criteria was calculated in Expert Choice11 software. Then, to match the environmental requirements of the medicinal plants with the characteristics of the rangelands, the natural breaks –(Jenks) classification method was employed in ArcGIS software.
Results and discussion: The results showed the major role of annual mean temperature with a weighting coefficient of 0.309 in cultivating medicinal plants, followed by elevation and annual cumulative rainfall (0.212). Also, among the studied factors, the lowest weight belonged to soil organic carbon percentage (0.057). For annual mean temperature, more than 53% of rangelands in Lorestan Province experienced a temperature between 10 and 15 °C. The rangelands received an average of 350 mm. More than 60% of the rangelands were located at an elevation between 2000 and 3000 m. For slope, more than 54% of rangelands had a slope between 25 and 60%. The soil of Lorestan rangelands had a heavy texture, so that more than 75% of the rangelands had clay loam soil texture. More than 59% of the rangelands had soil organic carbon of 2-5%. Also, more than 74% of the rangelands had a pH between 7.7 and 7.9. Also, the rangelands were divided into three classes (very good, good, and medium) in terms of potential and having suitable ecological conditions for growing Asafoetida, Galbanum, Liquorice, Keluss, and Borago Oxtongue flowers. Ninety-eight, 97, and 94% of the rangelands were placed in the very good and good categories for cultivating Asafoetida, Galbanum, and Keluss, respectively. However, these values were 26 and 27% for planting Liquorice and Borago Oxtongue flower, respectively.
Conclusion: Overall, the rangelands of Lorestan Province had a good potential for growing Asafoetida, Galbanum, and Keluss, and they had a medium potential for cultivating Liquorice and Borago Oxtongue flowers. However, the suitability of medicinal plants cultivation varied based on the geographical position of the rangelands, and the recommendation for cultivating each medicinal plant should be considered according to each geographical zone.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Analytic hierarchy process
  • Asafoetida
  • Climate
  • Galbanum
  • Keluss

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فصلنامه علوم محیطی
دوره 21، شماره 3
1402
صفحه 249-266

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