بوم شناسی و بانک اطلاعات گرده گونه‌های درختچه‌ای و کاشته شده علفی شهر تهران: رویکرد مدیریت اکولوژیک و ایمنی شهری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم گیاهی و بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده علوم و فناوری زیستی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

2 مرکز تحقیقات ایمونولوژی، آسم و آلرژی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: داده ­های علم گرده­ شناسی، در علوم متنوعی چون سیستماتیک­ گیاهی، گرده ­شناسی عسل شامل بررسی و ارزیابی کیفیت وخلوص عسل، گرده­ شناسی هوا، چینه ­شناسی، پزشکی­ قانونی، آب­ و­هواشناسی دیرینه، بازسازی پوشش­ های گیاهی دیرین، پیش­ بینی و شبیه ­سازی وقایع اقلیمی گذشته و پیش بینی وقایع اقلیمی آینده، باستان ­شناسی، رده ­بندی و فیلوژنی و شناسایی حساسیت­ های فصلی، کاربرد دارد. به ­دلیل آن که بسیاری از گونه ­های گیاهی کاشته ­شده و زینتی در گروه عامل­ های آلرژی­ زا محسوب می­ گردند و با توجه به اینکه مطالعات کمی پیرامون گرده شناسی با رویکرد آلرژی­ زایی در ایران تحقق یافته است، بنابراین انجام یک مطالعه گرده ­شناسی و تهیه بانک اطلاعاتی گرده­ شناسی شهر تهران از اهمیت پایه ­ای در مطالعات آلرژی برخوردار است. هدف­ های این مطالعه بررسی صفات ریخت ­شناسی و ریزریخت­ شناسی، طبقه بندی و تهیه بانک اطلاعاتی گرده ­شناسی گونه ­های علفی و درختچه ­ای کاشته­ شده شهر تهران به روش میکروسکوپ الکترونی است.
مواد و روش ­ها: شهر تهران با مساحتی حدود 600 کیلومترمربع به ­دلیل قرار گیری در دامنه ­های جنوبی البرز، وسعت جغرافیایی و قرارگیری در یک شیب ارتفاعی گسترده از شرایط اقلیمی متنوعی برخوردار است که در برگیرنده گونه­ های متنوع زینتی است. بنابراین با بررسی فلورهای چاپ شده و اطلاعات سازمان فضای سبز شهر تهران لیستی از گونه­ های تأثیرگذار و فراوان تهیه شد. سپس نمونه­ های گیاهی مورد نظر از رویشگاه­ های گیاهی جمع آوری و براساس روش ­های استاندارد، آبگیری و تثبیت شدند. سپس گونه­ های گیاهی با استفاده از فلورهای ایران و ایرانیکا شناسایی شدند. در نهایت دانه‌های گرده جدا شده از بساک را روی پایه‌های مخصوص میکروسکوپ الکترونی قرار داده و پس از پوشش دادن نمونه‌ها با فلز طلا با میکروسکوپ الکترونی نگاره[i] عکسبرداری شدند. سپس دانه­ های گرده براساس منابع معتبر گرده­ شناسی طبقه ­بندی و توصیف گردیدند.
نتایج و بحث: نتایج این مطالعه شامل تهیه یک منبع مدون تصویری بومی پیرامون دانه گرده 145 گونه درختچه ­ای و علفی کاشته شده شهر تهران می­ باشد. این 145 گونه گیاهی متعلق به 65 خانواده گیاهی شامل 95 گونه علفی و 50 گونه درختچه ­ای هستند. خانواده آفتابگردان با 16 گونه و خانواده گلسرخیان با 14 گونه، بیشترین نمونه­ ها را دارا هستند. از 131جنس مورد بررسی، 43 جنس آلرژی­ زا گزارش شده ­اند که خانواده آفتابگردان با دارا بودن 5 جنس آلرژی­ زا و سپس خانواده ­های سرو و زیتون با 3 جنس آلرژی­ زا بیشترین فراوانی گونه­ های آلرژی­ زا را در بین خانواده ­های مورد بررسی دارند. نتایج این مطالعه نشان می ­دهد که درختچه­ های آلرژی­ زا فراوانی بیشتری نسبت به گیاهان علفی آلرژی ­زا دارند. این در حالی است که درختان و درختچه ­ها به ­دلیل تولید گرده فراوان تر و گرده ­افشانی با باد دارای تأثیرهای آلرژی­ زای بیشتری هستند. دانه­ های گرده­ این گونه ­ها به ­طور معمول کوچک بوده و می ­توانند در مسافت­ های طولانی پراکنده شوند و از ماندگاری بیشتری در هوا برخوردارند. نتایج این مطالعه نشان می ­دهد که گرده ­های آلرژی­ زا نیز از تنوع ریختی بالایی برخوردارند البته تأثیر معنادار ریز ریخت شناسی دانه گرده در ایجاد آلرژی به مطالعات گسترده ­تری نیاز دارد.
نتیجه گیری: دستاوردهای این مطالعه به ­عنوان یک الگو جهت مطالعات گرده شناسی و بویژه در پژوهش ­های آسم و آلرژی در کشور کاربرد خواهد داشت. همچنین این مطالعه در راستای تکمیل بانک اطلاعات گرده ­ای و اطلس گرده ­شناسی کشور انجام می­ گردد. نتایج این مطالعه نشان می ­دهد که در شهر تهران گونه ­های گیاهی زیادی بدون در نظر گرفتن ملاحظات آلرژی ­زایی کاشته شده که به ­عنوان یک هشدار مهم جهت مدیران اکولوژی شهر باید مد نظر قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Ecology and pollen database of shrub and cultivated herbaceous plant species in Tehran: An ecological management and urban safety approach

نویسندگان [English]

  • Safa Gohari 1
  • Ahmadreza Mehrabian 1
  • Raheleh Shokouhi Shoormasti 2
1 Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University,Tehran, Iran
2 Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Palynology as a multidisciplinary science can provide data base for a wide range of sciences such as Plant Systematics, Melissopalynology (quality control of honey), Aeropalynology, Stratigraphy, Palynology, Forensic Palynology, Paleoclimate, prediction and simulation of past climatic events, Archaeology, phylogeny, etc. Because several cultivated and ornamental species are classified as allergenic plants, identification, classification, and preparation of their database have particular importance. So far, few studies has been carried out on palynology in Iran. Therefore, it seems that carrying out a palynological study and preparing its database in Tehran is the first step in allergy research. The objectives of this study were to investigate the morphological and micro-morphological characteristics and classification, as well as preparing palynological database in Tehran.
Material and methods: Tehran has an area of about 600 km2 due to its location on the southern slopes of the Alborz Mountainous Region, widely extended along north to south and east to west zones, therefore showing a variety of climatic conditions that include diverse species (e.g., ornamental, etc.). So, after reviewing the published flora and present information on green space databases in the area, target taxa were selected. The plant samples were collected by field samplings and were deposited based on standard methods. Finally, the pollen grains were coated with gold material. Then, they were scanned with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Afterward, they were identified by diverse pollen references on palynology.
Results and discussion: The results of this study include the preparation of a native visual source about the pollen grains of 145 species of shrubs and cultivated herbaceous plant species in Tehran. These 145 plant species belong to 65 families, including 95 herbaceous species and 50 shrub species. Asteraceae (16 species) and Rosaceae (14 species) had the most species. Among the 131 studied genera, 43 genera were reported to be allergic. Asteraceae with 5 genera and Cupressaceae and Oleaceae with 3 genera had the highest frequency of allergenic species among the studied families. The results of this study showed that allergenic shrubs are more abundant than allergenic herbaceous plants. However, trees and shrubs have more allergenic effects due to more pollen production and wind pollination. The pollen grains of these species are usually small and can be scattered over long distances and have a longer durability in the air. The results of this study show that allergic pollens also have a high morphological diversity, however, the significant effect of pollen grain micro-morphological characteristics on allergies requires more extensive studies.
Conclusion: The achievements of this study will serve as a pilot for the study of palynological study, especially in asthma and allergy in the country. The results of this study show that in Tehran, several plant species have been planted without considering allergenic considerations, which should be considered as an important warning for ecological managers of the city.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • "Aeropalynology"
  • "Asthma and Allergy"
  • "Polynological Database"

مراجع

Adams, R. J. and Morton, J. K., 1972. An atlas of pollen of the trees and shrubs of eastern Canada and the adjacent United States. Department of Biology, University of Waterloo. Waterloo, Ontario.
Agashe, S. N. and Caulton, E., 2009. Pollen and spores: applications with special emphasis on aerobiology and allergy. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Aina, R., Asero, R., Ghiani, A., Marconi, G., Albertini, E. and Citterio, S., 2010. Exposure to cadmium-contaminated soils increases allergenicity of Poa annua L. pollen. Allergy. 65, 1313-1321.
Alaee Taleghani, M., 2003. Geomorphology of Iran. Tehran, Qoms Publications, Qom, Iran.
Álvarez-López, S., Fernández-González, M., González-Fernández, E., Garrido, A. and Rodríguez-Rajo, F., 2020. Tree allergen pollen-related content as pollution source in the city of Ourense (NW Spain). Forests. 11, 1129.
Ames, H. and Spackman, W., 1981. Catalog of fossil spores and pollen. Volume 42. Cretaceous Spores and Pollen from the USA and the USSR. University Park, Pennsylvania.
Anderson, M. and Hewitt, T., 2012. The Complete Illustrated Guide to Growing Cacti & Succulents: the Definitive Practical Reference on identification, Care and Cultivation, with a Directory of 400 Varieties and 700 Photographs. Southwater. Anness Publishing.
Arilla, M. C., Ibarrola, I., García, R., de la Hoz, B., Martínez, A. and Asturias, J. A., 2004. Quantification of the major allergen from cypress (Cupressus arizonica) pollen, Cup a 1, by monoclonal antibody-based ELISA. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology .134, 10-16.
Arshi, S., Zarrinfard, R., Fereshtehnejad, S., Poorsattar Bejeh Mir, A. and Javahertarash, N., 2010. Determination of the prevalence of allergy to autumn pollens in allergic rhinitis patients referred to the immunology-allergy clinic of Hazrat Rasool-e-Akram Hospital in Tehran during 2005-06. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 17, 59-67.
Assadi, M., 2019. Flora of Iran. Iran Nature. 4, 29-41.
Bassett, I. J., Crompton, C. W. and Parmelee, J. A., 1978. An atlas of airborne pollen grains and common fungus spores of Canada.  Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada.
Beggs, P. J., 2004. Impacts of climate change on aeroallergens: past and future. Clinical & Experimental Allergy. 34, 1507-1513.
Behrendt, H., Becker, W., Fritzsche, C., Sliwa-Tomczok, W., Tomczok, J., Friedrichs, K. and Ring, J., 1997. Air pollution and allergy: experimental studies on modulation of allergen release from pollen by air pollutants. International archives of allergy and immunology. 113, 69-74.
Cariñanos, P., Alcázar, P., Galán, C. and Domínguez, E., 2002. Privet pollen (Ligustrum sp.) as potential cause of pollinosis in the city of Cordoba, south-west Spain. Allergy. 57, 92-97.
Cariñanos, P. and Casares-Porcel, M., 2011. Urban green zones and related pollen allergy: A review. Some guidelines for designing spaces with low allergy impact. Landscape and Urban Planning. 101, 205-214.
Cariñanos, P., Grilo, F., Pinho, P., Casares-Porcel, M., Branquinho, C., Acil, N., Andreucci, M. B., Anjos, A., Bianco, P. M., Brini, S., Calaza-Martínez, P., Calvo, E., Carrari, E., Castro, J., Chiesura, A., Correia, O., Gonçalves, A., Gonçalves, P., Mexia, T., Mirabile, M., Paoletti, E., Santos-Reis, M., Semenzato, P. and Vilhar, U., 2019. Estimation of the Allergenic Potential of Urban Trees and Urban Parks: Towards the Healthy Design of Urban Green Spaces of the Future. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16, 1357.
Cecchi, L., D'Amato, G., Ayres, J. G., Galan, C., Forastiere, F., Forsberg, B., Gerritsen, J., Nunes, C., Behrendt, H., Akdis, C., Dahl, R. and Annesi-Maesano, I., 2010. Projections of the effects of climate change on allergic asthma: the contribution of aerobiology. Allergy. 65, 1073-1081.
Charpin, D., Pichot, C., Belmonte, J., Sutra, J. P., Zidkova, J., Chanez, P., Shahali, Y., Sénéchal, H. and Poncet, P., 2019. Cypress Pollinosis: from Tree to Clinic.  56, 174-195.
Chehregani, A., Majde, A., Moin, M., Gholami, M., Ali Shariatzadeh, M. and Nassiri, H., 2004. Increasing allergy potency of Zinnia pollen grains in polluted areas. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 58, 267-272.
Colinvaux P, O. P., Patiño J, 1999. Review: Amazon Pollen Manual and Atlas/Manual e Atlas Palinologico da Amozonia. Harwood Academic Publishers, USA.
Cortegano, I., Civantos, E., Aceituno, E., del Moral, A., López, E., Lombardero, M., del Pozo, V. and Lahoz, C., 2004. Cloning and expression of a major allergen from Cupressus arizonica pollen, Cup a 3, a PR-5 protein expressed under polluted environment. Allergy. 59, 485-490.
D'Amato, G., Cecchi, L., Bonini, S., Nunes, C., Annesi-Maesano, I., Behrendt, H., Liccardi, G., Popov, T. and van Cauwenberge, P., 2007. Allergenic pollen and pollen allergy in Europe. Allergy. 62, 976-990.
D’Amato, G. and Akdis, C. A., 2020. Global warming, climate change, air pollution and allergies. Allergy. 75, 2158-2160.
da Silva, C. I., Radaeski, J. N., Arena, M. V. N. and Bauermann, S. G., 2020. Atlas of pollen and plants used by bees. CISE.
Davies, J. M., Li, H., Green, M., Towers, M. and Upham, J. W., 2012. Subtropical grass pollen allergens are important for allergic respiratory diseases in subtropical regions. Clinical and Translational Allergy.2, 4.
Davis, P.,1965. 1985. Flora of Turkey, vols. 1-9, Edinburgh University Press, Edenborough.
De Linares, C., Plaza, M. P., Valle, A. M., Alcázar, P., Díaz de la Guardia, C. and Galán, C., 2021. Airborne Cupressaceae Pollen and Its Major Allergen, Cup a 1, in Urban Green Areas of Southern Iberian Peninsula. Forests. 12, 254.
Dewan, M. L., J. Famouri, M. Farmanara, R. Mahjoori, N. Pirooz, M. Samadi, M. Vakilian and P. Verof., 1963. Soil Map of Iran. Food and Agriculture Organization,United Nations, Rome.
Diethart, B., Sam, S. and Weber, M., 2007. Walls of allergenic pollen: Special reference to the endexine. Grana. 46, 164-175.
Djamali, M., Akhani, H., Khoshravesh, R., Andrieu-Ponel, V., Ponel, P. and Brewer, S., 2011. Application of the global bioclimatic classification to Iran: implications for understanding the modern vegetation and biogeography. Ecologia mediterranea. 37, 91-114.
Erdtman, G., 1960. The acetolysis method-a revised description. Sven Bot Tidskr. 54, 516-564.
Feás, X., Vázquez-Tato, M. P., Estevinho, L., Seijas, J. A. and Iglesias, A., 2012. Organic Bee Pollen: Botanical Origin, Nutritional Value, Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Activity and Microbiological Quality. Molecules. 17, 8359-8377.
Fereidouni, M., Hossini, R. F., Azad, F. J., Assarehzadegan, M. A. and Varasteh, A., 2009. Skin prick test reactivity to common aeroallergens among allergic rhinitis patients in Iran Allergologia et Immunopathologia. 37, 73-79.
 Ghahreman, A. and Attar, F., 2001. Biodiversity of plant species in Tehran Megalopolis. Tehran University Press, Tehran, Iran.
Ghosh, D., Roy, I., Chanda, S. and Gupta-Bhattacharya, S., 2007. Allergy to periwinkle pollen [Catharanthus roseus G. Don.]. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine. 14.
Gilmour, M. I., Jaakkola, M. S., London, S. J., Nel, A. E. and Rogers, C. A., 2006. How exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, outdoor air pollutants, and increased pollen burdens influences the incidence of asthma. Environmental health perspectives. 114, 627-633.
Gosling, W. D., Miller, C. S. and Livingstone, D. A., 2013. Atlas of the tropical West African pollen flora. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 199, 1-135.
Haberle, S. G., Bowman, D. M., Newnham, R. M., Johnston, F. H., Beggs, P. J., Buters, J., Campbell, B., Erbas, B., Godwin, I., Green, B. J., Huete, A., Jaggard, A. K., Medek, D., Murray, F., Newbigin, E., Thibaudon, M., Vicendese, D., Williamson, G. J. and Davies, J. M., 2014. The macroecology of airborne pollen in Australian and New Zealand urban areas. PloS one. 9, e97925.
Halbritter, H., Ulrich, S., Grímsson, F., Weber, M., Zetter, R., Hesse, M., Buchner, R., Svojtka, M. and Frosch-Radivo, A., 2018. Illustrated pollen terminology. Springer, Vienna.
Halbritter, H., Werber, M., Zetter, R., Frosch-Radivo, A., Buchner, R. and Hesse, M., 2007. Illustrated handbook on pollen terminology. Á Society for the Promotion of Palynological Research in Austria, pp. 1Á70.
Hyde, H. A. and Adams, K. F., 1958. An atlas of airborne pollen grains. London, Macmillan.
Jafari, M., 2010. Climate change impacts on Iranian ecosystems : with review on climate change study methods. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Iran.
Kimiayi, M., 1970. Pollinosis in Iran. Annals 0f Allergy. 28, 28-30.
Lancaster, R., Cheifetz, A. and Rogers, R., 2002. Perfect plant, perfect place. DK Pub.
Large, M.F., Braggins, J.E., 1991. Spore atlas of New Zealand ferns and fern allies Supplement to New Zealand Journal of Botany, 29 (1991), pp. 1-168.
Leal, A., Berrío, J. C., Raimúndez, E. and Bilbao, B., 2011. A pollen atlas of premontane woody and herbaceous communities from the upland savannas of Guayana, Venezuela. Palynology. 35, 226-266.
Lieux, M. H., 1980. An atlas of pollen of trees, shrubs, and woody vines of Louisiana and other southeastern States, Part 1. Ginkgoaceae to Lauraceae. Pollen et Spores, 22:17- 57.
Linneberg, A., Dam Petersen, K., Hahn-Pedersen, J., Hammerby, E., Serup-Hansen, N. and Boxall, N., 2016. Burden of allergic respiratory disease: a systematic review. Clinical and Molecular Allergy. 14, 12.
Lu, S., Ren, J., Hao, X., Liu, D., Zhang, R., Wu, M., Yi, F., Lin, J., Shinich, Y. and Wang, Q., 2014. Characterization of protein expression of Platanus pollen following exposure to gaseous pollutants and vehicle exhaust particles. Aerobiologia (Bologna). 30, 281-291.
Lucas, J. A., Gutierrez-Albanchez, E., Alfaya, T., Feo-Brito, F. and Gutiérrez-Mañero, F. J., 2019. Oxidative stress in ryegrass growing under different air pollution levels and its likely effects on pollen allergenicity. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 135, 331-340.
Majd, A., Shoushtari, M. S., Moin, M., Nejad, M. M., Zandieh, F., Bayat, P., Shoormasti, R. S., Movahedi, M., Fazlollahi, M. R. and Pourpak, Z., 2018. Pollen Database Registry in Iran. Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 17.
Mansouritorghabeh, H., Jabbari-Azad, F., Sankian, M., Varasteh, A. and Farid-Hosseini, R., 2019. The Most Common Allergenic Tree Pollen Grains in the Middle East: A Narrative Review. Iranian journal of medical sciences. 44, 87-98.
Milne, L. A. and Mildenhall, D. C., 2004. Forensic palynology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Motta, A. C., Marliere, M., Peltre, G., Sterenberg, P. A. and Lacroix, G., 2006. Traffic-related air pollutants induce the release of allergen-containing cytoplasmic granules from grass pollen. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 139, 294-298.
Mozaffarian, V., 2005. Trees and shrubs of Iran. Farhang Moaser, Tehran, Iran.
Naas, O., Mendez, M., Quijada, M., Gosselin, S., Farah, J., Choukri, A. and Visez, N., 2016. Chemical modification of coating of Pinus halepensis pollen by ozone exposure. Environ Pollut. 214, 816-821.
Nilsson, S. and Persson, S., 1981. Tree pollen spectra in the Stockholm region (Sweden), 1973–1980. Grana. 20, 179-182.
Oteros, J., Pusch, G., Weichenmeier, I., Heimann, U., Möller, R., Röseler, S., Traidl-Hoffmann, C., Schmidt-Weber, C. and Buters, J. T., 2015. Automatic and Online Pollen Monitoring. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 167, 158-166.
Patella, V., Florio, G., Magliacane, D., Giuliano, A., Crivellaro, M. A., Di Bartolomeo, D., Genovese, A., Palmieri, M., Postiglione, A., Ridolo, E., Scaletti, C., Ventura, M. T., Zollo, A., Air, P., Climate Change Task Force of the Italian Society of Allergology, A. and Clinical, I., 2018. Urban air pollution and climate change: “The Decalogue: Allergy Safe Tree” for allergic and respiratory diseases care. Clinical and Molecular Allergy. 16, 20.
Punt, W., Hoen, P., Blackmore, S., Nilsson, S. and Le Thomas, A., 2007. Glossary of pollen and spore terminology. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 143, 1-81.
Rechinger, K. H., 1963. Flora Iranica: flora des Iranischen Hochlandes und der umrahmenden gebirge. Akademische Druck-und Verlagsanstalt.
Sedghy, F., Varasteh, A.-R., Sankian, M. and Moghadam, M., 2018. Interaction Between Air Pollutants and Pollen Grains: The Role on the Rising Trend in Allergy. Reports of biochemistry & molecular biology. 6, 219-224.
Shafiee, A., 1976. Studies of atmospheric pollen in Tehran, Iran, 1974-75. Ann Allergy. 37, 133-137.
Shahali, Y., Pourpak, Z., Moin, M., Mari, A. and Majd, A., 2009. Instability of the structure and allergenic protein content in Arizona cypress pollen. Allergy. 64, 1773-1779.
Skjøth, C. A., Kurganskiy, A., Grundström, M., Werner, M. and Adams-Groom, B., 2021. Air pollution affecting pollen concentrations through radiative feedback in the atmosphere. Atmosphere. 12, 1376.
Songnuan, W., 2013. Wind-pollination and the roles of pollen allergenic proteins. Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology. 31, 261-270.
Takhtajan, A., 1986. Floristic regions of the world. university of California press Ltd. California, 522p.
Van Dijk , H. a. K., M, 2004. The Complete Encyclopedia Of Bulbs & Tubers: An Expert Guide to the Most Beautiful Bulbous and Tuberous Plants. Rebo Intl, UK.
Wani, S. and Hussain, 2017. Wind Pollination: A Review.
Weiss, K. B. and Sullivan, S. D., 2001. The health economics of asthma and rhinitis. I. Assessing the economic impact. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 107, 3-8.
Willard, D. A., Bernhardt, C. E., Weimer, L., Cooper, S. R., Gamez, D. and Jensen, J., 2004. Atlas of pollen and spores of the Florida Everglades. Palynology. 28, 175-227.
Willmer, P., 2011. Pollination and floral ecology.In, Pollination and floral ecology, Princeton University Press.
Wodehouse, R. P., 1935. Pollen grains. Their structure, identification and significance in science and medicine. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Ziello, C., Sparks, T. H., Estrella, N., Belmonte, J., Bergmann, K. C., Bucher, E., Brighetti, M. A., Damialis, A., Detandt, M., Galán, C., Gehrig, R., Grewling, L., Gutiérrez Bustillo, A. M., Hallsdóttir, M., Kockhans-Bieda, M.-C., De Linares, C., Myszkowska, D., Pàldy, A., Sánchez, A., Smith, M., Thibaudon, M., Travaglini, A., Uruska, A., Valencia-Barrera, R. M., Vokou, D., Wachter, R., de Weger, L. A. and Menzel, A., 2012. Changes to airborne pollen counts across Europe. PloS one. 7, e34076-e34076.
http://www.pollenlibrary.com
فصلنامه علوم محیطی
دوره 20، شماره 1
1401
صفحه 77-112

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار