ارزیابی کیفیت آب دریاچه سد کلان ملایر با استفاده از سنجه NSFWQI و پهنه بندی نتایج آن با استفاده از سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه سید جمال الدین اسدآبادی، اسدآباد، ایران

2 گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد همدان، همدان، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: در سال ­های اخیر، تغییرات در مقدار، توزیع و کیفیت آب­های سطحی جهان سبب شده است که به تمام این منابع توجه ویژه­ای شود. بر این اساس چه از لحاظ اقتصادی و چه از لحاظ توسعه اجتماعی در کشورها، دسترسی به آب با کیفیت خوب و بررسی ظرفیت آن دارای اهمیت است. هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی کیفیت آب با استفاده از سنجه کیفیت آب مؤسسه ملی بهداشت امریکا  (NSFWQI) 1 و پهنه بندی آن در نمونه­ های آب سطحی برداشت­شده از دریاچه پشت سد کلان ملایر بوده است.
مواد و روش ­ها: به ­منظور بررسی کیفیت آب دریاچه سد، در مجموع 19 نمونه آب در ماه ­های اردیبهشت، خرداد، شهریور، مهر و بهمن از نقاط مختلف سد برداشت شد. افزون بر آن، در هر مرحله نمونه برداری، از آب خروجی از سد نیز نمونه تهیه شد. پارامترهای مورد نیاز برای بررسی سنجه کیفیت آب شامل pH، اکسیژن محلول، جامدات کل، نیاز بیوشیمیائی اکسیژن، کدورت، دما، نیترات، فسفات و باکتری­های کلیفرم در نمونه ­ها اندازه گیری و تأثیر هر یک از آن­ها بر مقدار پارامترهای سنجه کیفیت آب بررسی شد. همچنین، پهنه­ بندی این سنجه در مسیر رودخانه و دریاچه سد با استفاده از نرم افزار Arc GIS در هر یک از مرحله ­های نمونه برداری به­ صورت جداگانه انجام شد.
نتایج و بحث: نتایج به ­دست آمده نشان می ­دهد که با توجه به بالا بودن بیلان عناصر تغذیه ­ای نیترات و فسفات، غلظت این عناصر در جریان ورودی بیشتر از آب خروجی از سد بوده است. همچنین نتایج بررسی باکتری­ های کلیفرم نشان داد که دریاچه سد کلان و رودخانه در همه فصل ­ها و در تمامی نقاط نمونه‌برداری، دارای آلودگی میکروبی به کلیفرم‌ها بیش از حد استاندارد مصرف شرب می­ باشد. کمترین مقدار عددی محاسبه شده سنجه کیفیت آب NSFWQI در مسیر رودخانه و دریاچه سد (1/59) در اردیبهشت ماه و بیشترین مقدار آن (4/74) در بهمن ماه به ­دست آمد. مطابق با نتایج، کیفیت آب خروجی از سد در محدوده متوسط قرار دارد. بالاتر بودن کیفیت آب در بهمن ماه به ­دلیل پایین بودن اکسیژن مورد نیاز بیوشیمیایى (BOD) 2 و بالا بودن میزان اکسیژن محلول بود. میزان اکسیژن محلول در بهمن ماه، بیشترین مقدار را نشان داد که می ­تواند ناشی از افزایش قابلیت انحلال اکسیژن به ­دلیل کاهش دمای آب و همچنین کاهش فعالیت­ های حیاتی (تنفس موجودا زنده و تجزیه مواد آلی) باشد.
نتیجه­ گیری: نتایج نشان داد که به ­طور کلی کیفیت آب در ایستگاه‌های مورد مطالعه در فصل زمستان به ­دلیل افزایش حجم دبی آب رودخانه و آب ذخیره شده در پشت سد، کاهش دما و کاهش فعالیت­ های کشاورزی شرایط مطلوب‌تری دارد. با توجه به فعالیت کشاورزی در منطقه ­های بالادست دریاچه سد و وجود روستاها در مجاورت رودخانه، می­توان نتیجه گرفت که ورود زه آب­ های کشاورزی که شامل سم ­ها و کودهای شیمیایی و حیوانی می­ باشند اساسا موجب ورود آلاینده هایی همچون نیترات و فسفات به رودخانه و سپس به مخزن سد می­ گردند.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Water quality assessment of Kalan Malayer Dam Lake using NSFWQI index and its zoning using GIS

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hajar Merrikhpour 1
  • Bahare Lorestani 2
  • Mehrdad Cheraghi 2
1 Soil Science group, Department of Agriculture, Sayyed Jamaleddin Asadabadi University, Asadabad, Iran
2 Department of Environment, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction:
In recent years, changes in the amount, distribution, and quality of surface water around the world have led to special attention to these resources. So, according to the economic concerns in the social development of countries, it is important to access water of good quality. The study aimed to investigate the quality of surface water samples taken from Lake Malayer Dam Lake using the Water Quality Index of the National Institutes of Health (NSFWQI).
Material and methods:
To evaluate the water quality of the dam lake, a total of 19 water samples were collected from different parts of the dam in May, June, September, October, and February, 2017-2018. The water parameters, including pH, soluble oxygen, total solids, oxygen biochemical demand, turbidity, temperature, nitrate, phosphate, and total coliform bacteria were measured and the effect of each parameter was calculated in the samples. Then, the water quality index was calculated. Also, the spatial variability of this index in the river and dam lake was done separately using Arc GIS software.
Results and discussion:
The results showed that due to the high budget of nitrate and phosphate, the concentration of these elements at the input flow was higher than the output flow. Also, the results of coliform bacteria showed that the Kalan dam in all seasons and all stations have microbial contamination that is higher than the standard limitation for drinking water. The lowest value of the NSFWQI index was obtained in the course of the river and the dam lake in May (59.1) and the highest value was obtained in February (74.4). According to the results, the quality of the water leaving the dam was average. The higher water quality in February was due to the low biological oxygen demand (BOD), which could be due to the increase in oxygen dissolution and the decrease in water temperature and vital activities (respiration of organisms and decomposition of organic matter).
Conclusion:
The results showed that the water quality in the studied stations in winter was generally more favorable due to the increasing volume of the water flow and the stored water behind the dam, the low temperature, and low agricultural activities. Agricultural activities at the beginning of the dam lake and the existence of villages near the river enter pesticides and chemical and animal fertilizers, which mainly contain pollutants such as nitrate and phosphate. Then, these pollutants move to the reservoir of the dam.
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Kalan Dam
  • Coliform
  • Water quality index
  • GIS

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فصلنامه علوم محیطی
دوره 19، شماره 2
تیر 1400
صفحه 151-168

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