اثربخشی کود زیستی بیوچار بر برخی از صفات مورفولوژیکی، فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی گیاه همیشه بهار (Calendula officinalis L.) تحت تنش کادمیو م

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه باغبانی (گیاهان دارویی)، مؤسسه آموزش عالی سنا، ساری، ایران

2 گروه علوم گیاهی، دانشکده علوم زیستی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران

3 گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: آلودگی خاک به فلزات سنگین بویژه در مناطق صنعتی یکی از اصلی‌ترین مشکلات محیط زیستی به شمار می‌آید. کادمیوم یک فلز سنگین است که در گیاهان تنش اکسیداتیو ایجاد می‌کند و اثرات مخرب بسیاری بر کیفیت محصول دارد. امروزه روش‌های مختلفی جهت کاهش اثرات منفی غلظت‌های بالای فلزات سنگین موجود در خاک مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. در این راستا، استفاده از بیوچار، روشی مقرون‌به‌صرفه و سازگار با محیط ‌زیست است که تأثیر آن به منظور کاهش قابلیت دسترسی زیستی فلزات سنگین در خاک یک مزیت مهم به شمار می‌رود.
مواد و روش­ ها: در این مطالعه، آزمایشی گلخانه‌ای به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار و با نمک کلرید کادمیوم در شش سطح (0، 1، 3، 5، 7 و 10 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر) و سه سطح بیوچار (0، 5/1 و 3 درصد وزنی) بر گیاه دارویی همیشه‌بهار (Calendula officinalis L.) انجام شد. تأثیر تیمارهای آزمایش به‌طور جداگانه و ترکیبی بر خصوصیات مورفولوژیک (وزن تر و وزن خشک اندام‌های هوایی و ریشه)، فیزیولوژیک (مقادیر کلروفیل a، کلروفیل b، کلروفیل کل و کاروتنوئید) و بیوشیمیایی (قند محلول، کاتالاز، پراکسیداز و پرولین) این گیاه دارویی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. مقایسه میانگین‌ها، با آزمون چند دامنه‌ای داﻧﮑﻦ در سطح احتمال پنج درصد صورت پذیرفت.
نتایج و بحث: نتایج نشان داد که غلظت‌های مختلف کادمیوم سبب کاهش وزن تر و خشک ریشه و اندام‌های هوایی گردید. بیشترین تأثیر کاهشی، مربوط به غلظت 10 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر کادمیوم بود. اثر متقابل بیوچار و کادمیوم فقط بر وزن خشک اندام‌های هوایی گیاه معنی‌دار شد. تأثیر تنش ناشی از افزایش غلظت کادمیوم بر فرآیندهای فیزیولوژیک گیاه متفاوت بود. به این ترتیب که با افزایش غلظت کادمیوم، روند کاهشی در محتوای کلروفیل و روند افزایشی در مقادیر کاروتنوئید و صفات بیوشیمیایی گیاه مشاهده شد. با توجه به اینکه اولین اثر کادمیوم بر گیاه، کاهش فتوسنتز و کلروز برگ‌ها می‌باشد، در بالاترین سطح کادمیوم، میزان کلروفیل کل نسبت به شاهد 40 درصد کاهش، اما میزان کاروتنوئید 50 درصد افزایش یافت (05/0>p). کاهش محتوای کلروفیل تحت تنش کادمیوم می‌تواند به‌دلیل آسیب‌های اکسیداتیو و بازدارندگی مراحل مختلف سنتز کلروفیل باشد. اما افزایش کاروتنوئیدها در مواجهه با تنش فلزات سنگین به این دلیل است که کاروتنوئیدها به عنوان مولکول‌های دخیل در سیستم دفاع آنتی‌اکسیدانی غیر آنزیمی، نقش حفاظتی در برابر تنش اکسیداتیو دارند. در مقابل، استفاده از تیمار بیوچار سبب افزایش معنی‌دار وزن تر اندام‌های هوایی، میزان کلروفیل a و کاروتنوئید گردید. همچنین، اثر متقابل تیمارها حاکی از این بود که در سطوح مختلف کادمیوم، با افزایش سطح بیوچار، وزن خشک اندام‌های هوایی، میزان کلروفیل b و کلروفیل کل روند افزایشی داشتند. از صفات بیوشیمیایی مورد بررسی، اثر متقابل تیمارها فقط بر میزان قند محلول (05/0>p) و کاتالاز (01/0>p) معنی‌دار شد. این یعنی جذب کادمیوم توسط بیوچار و کاهش اثر سمیت آن روی گیاهچه ‎ها، شرایط تولید بیشتر قند محلول و کاتالاز را فراهم نمود. در واقع، بیوچار به‌دلیل ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی بالا، سطح ویژه بالا و وجود گروه‌های عاملی، جذب مناسبی از کادمیوم داشت.
نتیجه‌گیری: در مجموع، نتایج به‌دست آمده بیانگر توان بیوچار در تثبیت و غیرقابل جذب نمودن کادمیوم بود. از این‌رو، استفاده از بیوچار در خاک می‌تواند دسترسی زیستی کادمیوم توسط گیاه در فرآیند گیاه‌پالایی را بهبود بخشد، هر چند که تأثیر نوع و واریته گیاه بر میزان کاهش تنش کادمیوم نبایستی نادیده گرفته شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effectiveness of Biochar Biofertilizer on Some Morphological, Physiological and Biochemical Traits of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) Under Cadmium Stress

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahyar Gerami 1
  • Leila Dustdar Mahmoudabad 1
  • Akram Ghorbanpour 2
  • Mohadeseh Amiri 3
1 Department of Horticultural Science (Medicinal Plant), Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
2 Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
3 Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Soil pollution by heavy metals, especially in industrial regions is one of the main environmental problems. Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that causes oxidative stress in plants and has many destructive effects on product quality. Nowadays, various methods are used to reduce the negative effects of high concentrations of heavy metals in the soil. In this regard, using biochar is a cost-effective and environmentally-friendly method and its influence on the reduction of heavy metals bioavailability of soil is an important advantage. Biochar is a carbon-rich material obtained by pyrolysis of biomass, such as agricultural residues and manures in conditions without oxygen or with limited oxygen content.
Material and Methods: In this study, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized blocks design with three replications on Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) medicinal plant with six levels of Cd (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 mg/l) and three levels of biochar (0, 1.5, and 3 w/w). The effect of experimental treatments was investigated separately and combined on the morphological (wet and dry weights of aerial parts and roots), physiological (the amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid), and biochemical (soluble sugar, catalase, peroxidase, and proline) characteristics of this medicinal plant. Means comparisons were done by Duncan's multiple range test at a probability level of 5%.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that different concentrations of Cd decreased the wet and dry weights of roots and aerial parts of the plant. The most reduction effect was related to the concentration of 10 mg/l of Cd. The interaction effect of biochar and Cd was significant only on the dry weight of aerial parts. The effect of stress caused by increasing the concentration of Cd on the plant's physiological processes was different. Considering that the first effect of Cd on the plant is the reduction of photosynthesis and chlorosis of the leaves, at the highest level of Cd, the amount of total chlorophyll decreased by 40% compared to the control sample, but the amount of carotenoid increased by 50% (p<0.05). The reduction of chlorophyll content under Cd stress can be due to oxidative damage and inhibition of different stages of chlorophyll synthesis. However, the increase in carotenoids in response to heavy metal stress occurs because these molecules, as part of the non-enzymatic antioxidant defense system, play a protective role against oxidative stress. In contrast, the use of biochar treatment caused a significant increase in the wet weight of aerial parts, the amount of chlorophyll a and carotenoid. Also, the interaction effect of the treatments indicated that at different levels of Cd, the characteristics of the dry weight of aerial parts, the amount of chlorophyll b, and the total chlorophyll increased with the increase in the biochar level. Among the investigated biochemical traits, the interaction effect of the treatments was significant only on the amount of soluble sugar (p<0.05) and catalase (p<0.01). This means that the absorption of Cd by biochar and the reduction of its toxicity effect on seedlings provided the conditions for more production of soluble sugar and catalase. In fact, biochar had high adsorption of Cd due to its high cation exchange capacity, high specific surface, and presence of functional groups.
Conclusion: In total, the results showed the biochar capacity to stabilize and inactivity Cd absorption. Therefore, the incorporation of biochar to soil can improve Cd bioavailability by plants in the phytoremediation, although the effect of type and plant variety on the amount of decreasing Cd stress should not be ignored.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • biochar
  • bioremediation
  • cadmium
  • Calendula officinalis
  • heavy metal

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فصلنامه علوم محیطی
دوره 22، شماره 4
1403
صفحه 625-642

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