Shahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-132411220130622A New Landfill Siting Method Based on Land Classification Maps and GISA New Landfill Siting Method Based on Land Classification Maps and GIS95068FAMahnaz EskandariPhD Student, Department of Soil Science, Science and research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranMehdi HomaeeProfessor, Department of Soil Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranShahla MahmodiProfessor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tehran University, Karaj, IranEbrahim PaziraProfessor, Department of Soil Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20150517<span style="left: 155.6px; top: 791.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07744);" dir="ltr">Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill site selection is an </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 804.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06518);" dir="ltr">important task in waste management, because the optimal </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 817.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09836);" dir="ltr">siting must consider numbers of evaluation criteria. The </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 831.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08377);" dir="ltr">objective of this study was to propose a new quantitative </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 843.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01575);" dir="ltr">method for reducing the number of evaluation criteria inputs </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 857.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.18273);" dir="ltr">for landfill siting, simplifying the siting process and </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 869.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08263);" dir="ltr">reducing the time needed as well as enhancing the multi-</span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 883.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10515);" dir="ltr">applicability of available soil maps. Consequently, after </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 895.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06574);" dir="ltr">presenting the proposed method, it was applied to select a </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 909.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01283);" dir="ltr">suitable landfill site for Marvdasht city and was compared to </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 922.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0184);" dir="ltr">the common environmental siting method afterwards. At the </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 935.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04836);" dir="ltr">first step, the necessary criteria for landfill siting including </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 948.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1108);" dir="ltr">four constraint and eight factor criteria was specifically </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 961.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0546);" dir="ltr">obtained from land classification map of the study area. In </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 974.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15974);" dir="ltr">the next step, the criteria were standardized by rating </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 987.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11844);" dir="ltr">approach and were then weighted. Thereafter, by using </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1000.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07038);" dir="ltr">simple additive weighting method, the suitability map for </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1013.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01851);" dir="ltr">landfill siting was obtained in a 0-1 domain and divided into </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1026.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.18566);" dir="ltr">five suitability classes. Comparing the results of the </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1039.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08527);" dir="ltr">proposed method with the common environmental siting </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1052.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07267);" dir="ltr">approach indicated that the best suitable lands for landfill </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1065.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02544);" dir="ltr">siting based on both methods are located almost in the same </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1078.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13049);" dir="ltr">region. Despite the fact that the numbers of evaluation </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1091.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01515);" dir="ltr">criteria in the proposed method were less than the traditional </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1104.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16129);" dir="ltr">methods, the weighting method was much easier and </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1117.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15652);" dir="ltr">constructing the database for landfill siting was more </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1130.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.21068);" dir="ltr">convincing. Further, the results obtained from land </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1143.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1074);" dir="ltr">classification map can well consider the productivity of </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1156.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01299);" dir="ltr">soils. </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 791.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07744);" dir="ltr">Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill site selection is an </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 804.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06518);" dir="ltr">important task in waste management, because the optimal </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 817.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09836);" dir="ltr">siting must consider numbers of evaluation criteria. The </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 831.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08377);" dir="ltr">objective of this study was to propose a new quantitative </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 843.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01575);" dir="ltr">method for reducing the number of evaluation criteria inputs </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 857.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.18273);" dir="ltr">for landfill siting, simplifying the siting process and </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 869.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08263);" dir="ltr">reducing the time needed as well as enhancing the multi-</span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 883.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10515);" dir="ltr">applicability of available soil maps. Consequently, after </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 895.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06574);" dir="ltr">presenting the proposed method, it was applied to select a </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 909.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01283);" dir="ltr">suitable landfill site for Marvdasht city and was compared to </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 922.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0184);" dir="ltr">the common environmental siting method afterwards. At the </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 935.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04836);" dir="ltr">first step, the necessary criteria for landfill siting including </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 948.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1108);" dir="ltr">four constraint and eight factor criteria was specifically </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 961.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0546);" dir="ltr">obtained from land classification map of the study area. In </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 974.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15974);" dir="ltr">the next step, the criteria were standardized by rating </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 987.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11844);" dir="ltr">approach and were then weighted. Thereafter, by using </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1000.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07038);" dir="ltr">simple additive weighting method, the suitability map for </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1013.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01851);" dir="ltr">landfill siting was obtained in a 0-1 domain and divided into </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1026.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.18566);" dir="ltr">five suitability classes. Comparing the results of the </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1039.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08527);" dir="ltr">proposed method with the common environmental siting </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1052.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07267);" dir="ltr">approach indicated that the best suitable lands for landfill </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1065.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02544);" dir="ltr">siting based on both methods are located almost in the same </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1078.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13049);" dir="ltr">region. Despite the fact that the numbers of evaluation </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1091.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01515);" dir="ltr">criteria in the proposed method were less than the traditional </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1104.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16129);" dir="ltr">methods, the weighting method was much easier and </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1117.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15652);" dir="ltr">constructing the database for landfill siting was more </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1130.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.21068);" dir="ltr">convincing. Further, the results obtained from land </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1143.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1074);" dir="ltr">classification map can well consider the productivity of </span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 1156.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01299);" dir="ltr">soils. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95068_9f6c04ed4f22bc96338fa7c6d27fe4e0.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-132411220130622Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles as an Excellent Adsorbent for Removal of Basic Dyes from Synthetic Textile’s Wastewater SamplesSodium Dodecyl Sulphate Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles as an Excellent Adsorbent for Removal of Basic Dyes from Synthetic Textile’s Wastewater Samples95081FAMohammad FarajiAssistant Professor, Faculty of Food Industry and Agriculture, Department of Food Science & Technology, Standard Research Institute (SRI).Nadia AhmadiSenior expert, Faculty of Food Industry and Agriculture, Department of Food Science & Technology, Standard Research Institute (SRI).Roya NoorbakhshHead of Reffrence lab, Faculty of Food Industry and Agriculture, Department of Food Science & Technology, Standard Research Institute (SRI).Journal Article20150517<span style="left: 140.4px; top: 874.033px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15103);" dir="ltr">Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 888.833px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03344);" dir="ltr">removal of basic dye, namely Basic Yellow 28 (BY 28), </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 903.233px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.042);" dir="ltr">from synthetic wastewater sample of textile’s company, </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 918.033px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19045);" dir="ltr">using sodium dodecyl sulphate coated magnetite </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 932.833px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01346);" dir="ltr">nanoparticles (SDS-Fe</span><span style="left: 269.2px; top: 938.033px; font-size: 9.2px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">3</span><span style="left: 273.6px; top: 932.833px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">O</span><span style="left: 283.6px; top: 938.033px; font-size: 9.2px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">4</span><span style="left: 288px; top: 932.833px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09877);" dir="ltr"> NPs). The effects of various </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 947.233px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.995157);" dir="ltr">experimental parameters (e.g. initial pH, SDS amount, ion </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 962.033px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13565);" dir="ltr">strength) were examined and optimal experimental </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 976.833px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15565);" dir="ltr">conditions were obtained. The results showed that </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 991.233px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0803);" dir="ltr">adsorption process onto the adsorbent is very fast and </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 1006.03px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03478);" dir="ltr">nearly 30 min of contact time was found to be sufficient </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 1020.83px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02965);" dir="ltr">for the dye adsorption to reach equilibrium. Equilibrium </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 1035.23px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02914);" dir="ltr">isotherm data were analyzed according to Langmuir and </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 1050.03px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04801);" dir="ltr">Freundlich equations. The characteristic parameters for </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 1064.83px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16538);" dir="ltr">each model have been determined. The Langmuir </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 1079.23px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.986928);" dir="ltr">isotherm gave the best correlation for the adsorption of the </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 1094.03px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03112);" dir="ltr">BY 28 onto the adsorbent. On the basis of the Langmuir </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 1108.83px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15132);" dir="ltr">analysis, the maximum adsorption capacities were </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 1124.03px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13431);" dir="ltr">determined to beand 140.8 mg g</span><span style="left: 340.8px; top: 1120.83px; font-size: 9.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03518);" dir="ltr">-1</span><span style="left: 348.4px; top: 1124.03px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05414);" dir="ltr">. Also, regeneration </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 1142.03px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05727);" dir="ltr">studies showed that Fe</span><span style="left: 274.8px; top: 1147.23px; font-size: 9.2px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">3</span><span style="left: 279.2px; top: 1142.03px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">O</span><span style="left: 289.2px; top: 1147.23px; font-size: 9.2px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">4</span><span style="left: 293.6px; top: 1142.03px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07571);" dir="ltr"> NPs can be regenerated and </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 1156.83px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.978913);" dir="ltr">reused at least for six times. </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 874.033px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15103);" dir="ltr">Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 888.833px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03344);" dir="ltr">removal of basic dye, namely Basic Yellow 28 (BY 28), </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 903.233px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.042);" dir="ltr">from synthetic wastewater sample of textile’s company, </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 918.033px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19045);" dir="ltr">using sodium dodecyl sulphate coated magnetite </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 932.833px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01346);" dir="ltr">nanoparticles (SDS-Fe</span><span style="left: 269.2px; top: 938.033px; font-size: 9.2px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">3</span><span style="left: 273.6px; top: 932.833px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">O</span><span style="left: 283.6px; top: 938.033px; font-size: 9.2px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">4</span><span style="left: 288px; top: 932.833px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09877);" dir="ltr"> NPs). The effects of various </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 947.233px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.995157);" dir="ltr">experimental parameters (e.g. initial pH, SDS amount, ion </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 962.033px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13565);" dir="ltr">strength) were examined and optimal experimental </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 976.833px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15565);" dir="ltr">conditions were obtained. The results showed that </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 991.233px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0803);" dir="ltr">adsorption process onto the adsorbent is very fast and </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 1006.03px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03478);" dir="ltr">nearly 30 min of contact time was found to be sufficient </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 1020.83px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02965);" dir="ltr">for the dye adsorption to reach equilibrium. Equilibrium </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 1035.23px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02914);" dir="ltr">isotherm data were analyzed according to Langmuir and </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 1050.03px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04801);" dir="ltr">Freundlich equations. The characteristic parameters for </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 1064.83px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16538);" dir="ltr">each model have been determined. The Langmuir </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 1079.23px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.986928);" dir="ltr">isotherm gave the best correlation for the adsorption of the </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 1094.03px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03112);" dir="ltr">BY 28 onto the adsorbent. On the basis of the Langmuir </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 1108.83px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15132);" dir="ltr">analysis, the maximum adsorption capacities were </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 1124.03px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13431);" dir="ltr">determined to beand 140.8 mg g</span><span style="left: 340.8px; top: 1120.83px; font-size: 9.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03518);" dir="ltr">-1</span><span style="left: 348.4px; top: 1124.03px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05414);" dir="ltr">. Also, regeneration </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 1142.03px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05727);" dir="ltr">studies showed that Fe</span><span style="left: 274.8px; top: 1147.23px; font-size: 9.2px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">3</span><span style="left: 279.2px; top: 1142.03px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">O</span><span style="left: 289.2px; top: 1147.23px; font-size: 9.2px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">4</span><span style="left: 293.6px; top: 1142.03px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07571);" dir="ltr"> NPs can be regenerated and </span><span style="left: 140.4px; top: 1156.83px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.978913);" dir="ltr">reused at least for six times. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95081_343dfecd20530a77dd6b8f88efd70b67.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-132411220130622Comparative Study of Ammonia Removal by Biofilters with Porous Compost and Processed SoilComparative Study of Ammonia Removal by Biofilters with Porous Compost and Processed Soil95089FASaeed Motesaddi ZarandiAssociate Professor, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.Ashraf Mazaheri TehraniInstructor, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences.Mohammad Reza AssoudinejadAssociate Professor, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; and member of Safety Promotion & Injury Prevention Research Center.Journal Article20150517<span style="left: 127.776px; top: 725.677px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.20236);" dir="ltr">Biofiltration is an efficient, easy and cost effective, </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 739.053px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00778);" dir="ltr">environmental friendly process for treating of ammonia from </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 752.781px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01467);" dir="ltr">air. The aim of this study is a comparative study of ammonia </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 766.157px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10637);" dir="ltr">removal from air by biofilters with porous compost and </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 779.533px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05904);" dir="ltr">processed soil. In order to remove ammonia, two columns </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 793.261px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02029);" dir="ltr">with 14 cm inner diameter were used. One of the columns is </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 806.637px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01469);" dir="ltr">filled with porous compost and another column is filled with </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 820.013px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01827);" dir="ltr">processed soil and scallop (scallop: processed soil, 1:4). The </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 833.741px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06191);" dir="ltr">performances of biofilters were studied under 10 different </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 847.117px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13454);" dir="ltr">flow rates (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 lit/min) and 5 </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 860.493px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.989009);" dir="ltr">different NH</span><span style="left: 186.56px; top: 865.069px; font-size: 7.392px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">3</span><span style="left: 190.432px; top: 860.493px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.978908);" dir="ltr"> concentrations intervals (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-</span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 874.221px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.995909);" dir="ltr">80 and 80-100 ppm) in the 25 degree Celsius temperature and </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 887.597px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.989969);" dir="ltr">optimum moisture (40-80%) interval. The results of this study </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 900.973px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19708);" dir="ltr">show that efficiency is decreased when flow rate or </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 914.701px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01046);" dir="ltr">concentration is increased. The efficiency of porous compost </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 928.077px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08693);" dir="ltr">was changed between 84.6 - 98.2% and the efficiency of </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 941.453px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.990116);" dir="ltr">processed soil was changed between 91.5 – 100%. Maximum </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 955.181px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09694);" dir="ltr">efficiency for both of the beds occurred on 0.19 g/(m</span><span style="left: 397.408px; top: 953.069px; font-size: 7.392px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">3</span><span style="left: 401.28px; top: 955.181px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.98406);" dir="ltr">.h) </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 968.557px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.998001);" dir="ltr">loading rate. Efficiency of processed soil and porous compost </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 981.933px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00002);" dir="ltr">was in 0-20 concentrations intervals at 1 lit/min flow rate and </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 995.661px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11002);" dir="ltr">beds attained 240 seconds. According to the results, for </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 1009.04px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05445);" dir="ltr">ammonia removal, the processed soil bed is more efficient </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 1022.41px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.978166);" dir="ltr">than the porous compost bed. </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 725.677px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.20236);" dir="ltr">Biofiltration is an efficient, easy and cost effective, </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 739.053px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00778);" dir="ltr">environmental friendly process for treating of ammonia from </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 752.781px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01467);" dir="ltr">air. The aim of this study is a comparative study of ammonia </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 766.157px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10637);" dir="ltr">removal from air by biofilters with porous compost and </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 779.533px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05904);" dir="ltr">processed soil. In order to remove ammonia, two columns </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 793.261px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02029);" dir="ltr">with 14 cm inner diameter were used. One of the columns is </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 806.637px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01469);" dir="ltr">filled with porous compost and another column is filled with </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 820.013px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01827);" dir="ltr">processed soil and scallop (scallop: processed soil, 1:4). The </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 833.741px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06191);" dir="ltr">performances of biofilters were studied under 10 different </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 847.117px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13454);" dir="ltr">flow rates (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 lit/min) and 5 </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 860.493px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.989009);" dir="ltr">different NH</span><span style="left: 186.56px; top: 865.069px; font-size: 7.392px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">3</span><span style="left: 190.432px; top: 860.493px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.978908);" dir="ltr"> concentrations intervals (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-</span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 874.221px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.995909);" dir="ltr">80 and 80-100 ppm) in the 25 degree Celsius temperature and </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 887.597px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.989969);" dir="ltr">optimum moisture (40-80%) interval. The results of this study </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 900.973px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19708);" dir="ltr">show that efficiency is decreased when flow rate or </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 914.701px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01046);" dir="ltr">concentration is increased. The efficiency of porous compost </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 928.077px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08693);" dir="ltr">was changed between 84.6 - 98.2% and the efficiency of </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 941.453px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.990116);" dir="ltr">processed soil was changed between 91.5 – 100%. Maximum </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 955.181px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09694);" dir="ltr">efficiency for both of the beds occurred on 0.19 g/(m</span><span style="left: 397.408px; top: 953.069px; font-size: 7.392px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">3</span><span style="left: 401.28px; top: 955.181px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.98406);" dir="ltr">.h) </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 968.557px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.998001);" dir="ltr">loading rate. Efficiency of processed soil and porous compost </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 981.933px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00002);" dir="ltr">was in 0-20 concentrations intervals at 1 lit/min flow rate and </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 995.661px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11002);" dir="ltr">beds attained 240 seconds. According to the results, for </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 1009.04px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05445);" dir="ltr">ammonia removal, the processed soil bed is more efficient </span><span style="left: 127.776px; top: 1022.41px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.978166);" dir="ltr">than the porous compost bed. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95089_7bd6f62390b51093f330ee47d90a4189.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-132411220130622Contamination and Source of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Water and Wastewater of Isfahan MetropolisContamination and Source of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Water and Wastewater of Isfahan Metropolis95099FAFarid MooreProfessor, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Shiraz University.Saman KhabaziMSc. Student, Environmental Geology Department of Earth Sciences, Shiraz University.Behnam KeshavarziAssistant Professor, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Shiraz University.Mohammad SarajiAssociate Professor, Department of Chemistry, University of Technology, Isfahan.Journal Article20150517<span style="left: 143.2px; top: 854.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01945);" dir="ltr">In order to examine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 869.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06588);" dir="ltr">contamination in surface water and wastewater of Isfahan </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 885.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01836);" dir="ltr">metropolis, 18 samples were collected sixty kilometers from </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 900.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0695);" dir="ltr">the center of Isfahan City. The highest level of Total PAH </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 915.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">(</span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 915.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">Σ</span><span style="left: 155.2px; top: 915.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1267);" dir="ltr"> PAH) occurred in treated wastewater, discharged by </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 931.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19906);" dir="ltr">wastewater treatment plant of Mobarake steel plant </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 946.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01802);" dir="ltr">(3.04</span><span style="left: 171.2px; top: 946.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">μ</span><span style="left: 178.4px; top: 946.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09126);" dir="ltr">g/l). Based on different isomer ratio in most of the </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 961.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03131);" dir="ltr">samples, pyrolysis was considered to be the possible source </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 977.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03304);" dir="ltr">of PAH compositions. Profiles of the total carcinogenic and </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 992.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03303);" dir="ltr">non-carcinogenic PAHs in sampling stations showed that in </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 1007.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0299);" dir="ltr">most samples the concentration of carcinogenic compounds </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 1023.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1567);" dir="ltr">was higher than that of non-carcinogenic ones. PAHs </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 1038.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01139);" dir="ltr">composition, according to the number of rings, displayed the </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 1053.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04823);" dir="ltr">following trend: 4 rings >3 rings> 5, 6 rings > 2 rings. The </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 1069.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.24575);" dir="ltr">potentially toxic PAH compositions, in water and </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 1084.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10948);" dir="ltr">wastewater samples, were assessed using TEQ. Pierson </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 1099.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09782);" dir="ltr">correlation coefficient of PAHs in water and wastewater </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 1115.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15067);" dir="ltr">samples indicates that compositions, having the same </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 1130.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.17419);" dir="ltr">number of rings, displayed good correlation. Cluster </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 1145.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02068);" dir="ltr">Analysis of water and wastewater samples indicated that the </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 1161.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0109);" dir="ltr">samples belong to three main clusters. </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 854.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01945);" dir="ltr">In order to examine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 869.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06588);" dir="ltr">contamination in surface water and wastewater of Isfahan </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 885.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01836);" dir="ltr">metropolis, 18 samples were collected sixty kilometers from </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 900.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0695);" dir="ltr">the center of Isfahan City. The highest level of Total PAH </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 915.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">(</span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 915.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">Σ</span><span style="left: 155.2px; top: 915.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1267);" dir="ltr"> PAH) occurred in treated wastewater, discharged by </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 931.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19906);" dir="ltr">wastewater treatment plant of Mobarake steel plant </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 946.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01802);" dir="ltr">(3.04</span><span style="left: 171.2px; top: 946.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">μ</span><span style="left: 178.4px; top: 946.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09126);" dir="ltr">g/l). Based on different isomer ratio in most of the </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 961.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03131);" dir="ltr">samples, pyrolysis was considered to be the possible source </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 977.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03304);" dir="ltr">of PAH compositions. Profiles of the total carcinogenic and </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 992.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03303);" dir="ltr">non-carcinogenic PAHs in sampling stations showed that in </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 1007.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0299);" dir="ltr">most samples the concentration of carcinogenic compounds </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 1023.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1567);" dir="ltr">was higher than that of non-carcinogenic ones. PAHs </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 1038.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01139);" dir="ltr">composition, according to the number of rings, displayed the </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 1053.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04823);" dir="ltr">following trend: 4 rings >3 rings> 5, 6 rings > 2 rings. The </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 1069.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.24575);" dir="ltr">potentially toxic PAH compositions, in water and </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 1084.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10948);" dir="ltr">wastewater samples, were assessed using TEQ. Pierson </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 1099.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09782);" dir="ltr">correlation coefficient of PAHs in water and wastewater </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 1115.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15067);" dir="ltr">samples indicates that compositions, having the same </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 1130.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.17419);" dir="ltr">number of rings, displayed good correlation. Cluster </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 1145.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02068);" dir="ltr">Analysis of water and wastewater samples indicated that the </span><span style="left: 143.2px; top: 1161.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0109);" dir="ltr">samples belong to three main clusters. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95099_86902434bc2c552917e539bb705237fc.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-132411220130622Origin and Partitioning of Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Anzali WetlandOrigin and Partitioning of Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Anzali Wetland95106FAFariba Zamani HargalaniPhD Candidate, Department of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranAbdolreza KarbassiAssociate Professor, Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, IranSeyed Masoud MonavariAssociate Professor, Department of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranParviz Abroomand AzarAssociate Professor, Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20150517<span style="left: 146.8px; top: 829.233px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01549);" dir="ltr">Anzali, one of the most important international wetlands, </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 845.633px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09047);" dir="ltr">is located on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea in </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 862.033px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13171);" dir="ltr">Iran. This wetland receives discharges of domestic, </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 878.033px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.055);" dir="ltr">agricultural and industrial wastewater, which affect the </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 894.433px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13279);" dir="ltr">distribution of elements. In this study, ten sediment </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 910.833px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10564);" dir="ltr">samples from the Anzali wetland were collected and </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 927.233px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06845);" dir="ltr">analyzed for total concentration of metals (As, Cd, Cr, </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 943.233px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08468);" dir="ltr">Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Fe). The results showed relatively </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 959.633px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0216);" dir="ltr">higher concentrations of most elements in comparison to </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 976.033px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02459);" dir="ltr">that of crust. The chemical partitioning of metals in each </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 992.433px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16403);" dir="ltr">sample was determined in four fractions (Loosely </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1008.43px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12115);" dir="ltr">bonded, Sulphide bonded, Organo-metallic bonded, </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1024.83px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02052);" dir="ltr">Resistant bonded). Based on the chemical partitioning of </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1041.23px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01886);" dir="ltr">metals, As and Cd were the most abundant in the loosely </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1057.23px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10175);" dir="ltr">bonded, so these elements were major hazard for the </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1073.63px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06005);" dir="ltr">aquatic environment and were a major pollutant in this </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1090.03px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01678);" dir="ltr">area. Cd is the metal that showed the highest percentages </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1106.43px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.17139);" dir="ltr">in the Organo-metallic bonded. As, Fe and Cr are </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1122.43px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11753);" dir="ltr">displayed in the greatest percentages in the resistant </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1138.83px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04708);" dir="ltr">bonded; this imply that these metals are strongly linked </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1155.23px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00842);" dir="ltr">to the sediments. </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 829.233px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01549);" dir="ltr">Anzali, one of the most important international wetlands, </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 845.633px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09047);" dir="ltr">is located on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea in </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 862.033px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13171);" dir="ltr">Iran. This wetland receives discharges of domestic, </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 878.033px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.055);" dir="ltr">agricultural and industrial wastewater, which affect the </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 894.433px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13279);" dir="ltr">distribution of elements. In this study, ten sediment </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 910.833px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10564);" dir="ltr">samples from the Anzali wetland were collected and </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 927.233px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06845);" dir="ltr">analyzed for total concentration of metals (As, Cd, Cr, </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 943.233px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08468);" dir="ltr">Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Fe). The results showed relatively </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 959.633px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0216);" dir="ltr">higher concentrations of most elements in comparison to </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 976.033px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02459);" dir="ltr">that of crust. The chemical partitioning of metals in each </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 992.433px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16403);" dir="ltr">sample was determined in four fractions (Loosely </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1008.43px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12115);" dir="ltr">bonded, Sulphide bonded, Organo-metallic bonded, </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1024.83px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02052);" dir="ltr">Resistant bonded). Based on the chemical partitioning of </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1041.23px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01886);" dir="ltr">metals, As and Cd were the most abundant in the loosely </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1057.23px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10175);" dir="ltr">bonded, so these elements were major hazard for the </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1073.63px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06005);" dir="ltr">aquatic environment and were a major pollutant in this </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1090.03px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01678);" dir="ltr">area. Cd is the metal that showed the highest percentages </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1106.43px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.17139);" dir="ltr">in the Organo-metallic bonded. As, Fe and Cr are </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1122.43px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11753);" dir="ltr">displayed in the greatest percentages in the resistant </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1138.83px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04708);" dir="ltr">bonded; this imply that these metals are strongly linked </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1155.23px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00842);" dir="ltr">to the sediments. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95106_cbf262e740839da70e9b66005d937b18.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-132411220130622Spatial Variability and Mappingofthe Total Concentration of Iron, Zinc, Copper and Manganese by Using Geostatistical Method in Southern Tehran SoilsSpatial Variability and Mappingofthe Total Concentration of Iron, Zinc, Copper and Manganese by Using Geostatistical Method in Southern Tehran Soils95123FAFatemeh Yazdani NejhadM.Sc. Student, Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, IranHossein TorabiAssistant Professor, Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20150517<span style="left: 139.2px; top: 832.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07677);" dir="ltr">This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 847.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01793);" dir="ltr">kriging and inverse distance weighting (IDW) estimators for </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 863.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09354);" dir="ltr">determination of spatial variability and mapping of iron, </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 878.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05394);" dir="ltr">zinc, copper and manganese heavy metals in 196 points of </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 893.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07096);" dir="ltr">surface soil(0-30cm) with a distance of 1000 m in 20,000 </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 909.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.084);" dir="ltr">hectares of Southern area of Tehran. The best models for </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 924.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02536);" dir="ltr">iron and manganese were exponential and spherical for zinc </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 939.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02964);" dir="ltr">and copper. For determining the accuracy of estimator, Jack </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 955.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02533);" dir="ltr">Knife technique, the mean error (ME) and root mean square </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 970.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04472);" dir="ltr">error of prediction (RMSE) were evaluated. For estimating </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 985.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05706);" dir="ltr">the inverse distance weighting (IDW) the powers of 1 to 5 </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 1001.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04576);" dir="ltr">were used. The contents of ME and RMSE in kriging were </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 1016.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0132);" dir="ltr">less than the IDW for four elements. The results showed that </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 1031.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08261);" dir="ltr">the total average concentrations of iron, zinc, copper and </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 1047.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05412);" dir="ltr">manganese, respectively were 29.37 g.kg</span><span style="left: 368px; top: 1044.63px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.9996);" dir="ltr">-1</span><span style="left: 375.2px; top: 1047.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07446);" dir="ltr">, 131.2 mg.kg</span><span style="left: 453.2px; top: 1044.63px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.9996);" dir="ltr">-1</span><span style="left: 460.4px; top: 1047.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09091);" dir="ltr">, </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 1062.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10429);" dir="ltr">46.1 mg.kg</span><span style="left: 204.8px; top: 1059.83px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.9996);" dir="ltr">-1</span><span style="left: 212px; top: 1062.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19522);" dir="ltr"> and 682.6 mg.kg</span><span style="left: 321.6px; top: 1059.83px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04024);" dir="ltr">-1`</span><span style="left: 331.6px; top: 1062.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15411);" dir="ltr">. Manganese and zinc </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 1077.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0629);" dir="ltr">pollution in soils were widespread. Iron and copper levels </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 1093.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07982);" dir="ltr">were below the critical limit. Comparison of the land use </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 1108.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.20505);" dir="ltr">map with continuous map of iron, zinc, copper and </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 1123.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04844);" dir="ltr">manganese showed the land use, distance and proximity to </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 1139.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03987);" dir="ltr">the highways, industrial and residential areas and irrigation </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 1154.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05204);" dir="ltr">with waste</span><span style="left: 204.4px; top: 1154.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07438);" dir="ltr">water had significant effect on the contents of </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 1169.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01174);" dir="ltr">heavy metals to different extent. </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 832.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07677);" dir="ltr">This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 847.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01793);" dir="ltr">kriging and inverse distance weighting (IDW) estimators for </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 863.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09354);" dir="ltr">determination of spatial variability and mapping of iron, </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 878.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05394);" dir="ltr">zinc, copper and manganese heavy metals in 196 points of </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 893.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07096);" dir="ltr">surface soil(0-30cm) with a distance of 1000 m in 20,000 </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 909.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.084);" dir="ltr">hectares of Southern area of Tehran. The best models for </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 924.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02536);" dir="ltr">iron and manganese were exponential and spherical for zinc </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 939.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02964);" dir="ltr">and copper. For determining the accuracy of estimator, Jack </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 955.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02533);" dir="ltr">Knife technique, the mean error (ME) and root mean square </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 970.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04472);" dir="ltr">error of prediction (RMSE) were evaluated. For estimating </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 985.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05706);" dir="ltr">the inverse distance weighting (IDW) the powers of 1 to 5 </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 1001.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04576);" dir="ltr">were used. The contents of ME and RMSE in kriging were </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 1016.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0132);" dir="ltr">less than the IDW for four elements. The results showed that </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 1031.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08261);" dir="ltr">the total average concentrations of iron, zinc, copper and </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 1047.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05412);" dir="ltr">manganese, respectively were 29.37 g.kg</span><span style="left: 368px; top: 1044.63px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.9996);" dir="ltr">-1</span><span style="left: 375.2px; top: 1047.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07446);" dir="ltr">, 131.2 mg.kg</span><span style="left: 453.2px; top: 1044.63px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.9996);" dir="ltr">-1</span><span style="left: 460.4px; top: 1047.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09091);" dir="ltr">, </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 1062.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10429);" dir="ltr">46.1 mg.kg</span><span style="left: 204.8px; top: 1059.83px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.9996);" dir="ltr">-1</span><span style="left: 212px; top: 1062.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19522);" dir="ltr"> and 682.6 mg.kg</span><span style="left: 321.6px; top: 1059.83px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04024);" dir="ltr">-1`</span><span style="left: 331.6px; top: 1062.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15411);" dir="ltr">. Manganese and zinc </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 1077.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0629);" dir="ltr">pollution in soils were widespread. Iron and copper levels </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 1093.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07982);" dir="ltr">were below the critical limit. Comparison of the land use </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 1108.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.20505);" dir="ltr">map with continuous map of iron, zinc, copper and </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 1123.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04844);" dir="ltr">manganese showed the land use, distance and proximity to </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 1139.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03987);" dir="ltr">the highways, industrial and residential areas and irrigation </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 1154.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05204);" dir="ltr">with waste</span><span style="left: 204.4px; top: 1154.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07438);" dir="ltr">water had significant effect on the contents of </span><span style="left: 139.2px; top: 1169.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01174);" dir="ltr">heavy metals to different extent. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95123_ec945a8d87fddb4fd9c11e393bb54134.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-132411220130622Vulnerability Assessment of Wetland Ecosystems Based on their Ecological and Hydrological ValuesVulnerability Assessment of Wetland Ecosystems Based on their Ecological and Hydrological Values95132FALeila Rahimi BlouchiM.Sc., Environmental Planning and Management, Department of Environmental Planning and Management, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran.Bahram MalekmohammadiAssistant Professor, Department of Environmental Planning and Management, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran.Journal Article20150517<span style="left: 136.8px; top: 730.833px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16857);" dir="ltr">This study has been done to provide a method for </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 747.233px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01302);" dir="ltr">vulnerability assessment of wetland ecosystems based on </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 763.233px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0317);" dir="ltr">their ecological and hydrological values and threatening </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 779.633px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09752);" dir="ltr">factors. At first, wetland values and their threatening </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 796.033px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02021);" dir="ltr">factors have been reviewed and rated. Next, the relations </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 812.433px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12828);" dir="ltr">between wetland values and their threats have been </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 828.433px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.988059);" dir="ltr">assessed. By multiplying the scores achieved by all factors </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 844.833px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994827);" dir="ltr">studied, the vulnerability of wetland values are calculated, </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 861.233px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03799);" dir="ltr">and finally management strategies to deal with the most </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 877.233px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04973);" dir="ltr">important threats are presented. Shadegan international </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 893.633px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07633);" dir="ltr">wetland, which is located in Khuzestan Province, was </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 910.033px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09012);" dir="ltr">chosen as a case study and according to the proposed </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 926.433px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08742);" dir="ltr">method was assessed. According to the results of this </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 942.433px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06874);" dir="ltr">study, ecological values such as aquatic fauna, aquatic </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 958.833px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04342);" dir="ltr">flora, ecologically sensitive areas, wetland biodiversity, </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 975.233px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06851);" dir="ltr">and hydrological values such as hydrological stability, </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 991.633px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01197);" dir="ltr">storing the overflow water and preventing from flooding </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 1007.63px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00579);" dir="ltr">are the most important wetland values that are exposed to </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 1024.03px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06423);" dir="ltr">threats such as variation of hydrological regime due to </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 1040.43px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01798);" dir="ltr">upstream activities, inflow industrial contaminants to the </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 1056.43px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0047);" dir="ltr">wetland, indiscriminate exploitation of the vegetation and </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 1072.83px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06016);" dir="ltr">aquatic resource of the wetland and land use change in </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 1089.23px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11643);" dir="ltr">wetland habitats to agricultural land. By developing </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 1105.63px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01513);" dir="ltr">vulnerability assessment for Shadegan Wetland, the most </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 1121.63px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00405);" dir="ltr">effective strategies in the ecosystem approach for the best </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 1138.03px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.983175);" dir="ltr">management were presented. </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 730.833px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16857);" dir="ltr">This study has been done to provide a method for </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 747.233px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01302);" dir="ltr">vulnerability assessment of wetland ecosystems based on </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 763.233px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0317);" dir="ltr">their ecological and hydrological values and threatening </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 779.633px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09752);" dir="ltr">factors. At first, wetland values and their threatening </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 796.033px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02021);" dir="ltr">factors have been reviewed and rated. Next, the relations </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 812.433px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12828);" dir="ltr">between wetland values and their threats have been </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 828.433px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.988059);" dir="ltr">assessed. By multiplying the scores achieved by all factors </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 844.833px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994827);" dir="ltr">studied, the vulnerability of wetland values are calculated, </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 861.233px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03799);" dir="ltr">and finally management strategies to deal with the most </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 877.233px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04973);" dir="ltr">important threats are presented. Shadegan international </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 893.633px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07633);" dir="ltr">wetland, which is located in Khuzestan Province, was </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 910.033px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09012);" dir="ltr">chosen as a case study and according to the proposed </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 926.433px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08742);" dir="ltr">method was assessed. According to the results of this </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 942.433px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06874);" dir="ltr">study, ecological values such as aquatic fauna, aquatic </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 958.833px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04342);" dir="ltr">flora, ecologically sensitive areas, wetland biodiversity, </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 975.233px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06851);" dir="ltr">and hydrological values such as hydrological stability, </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 991.633px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01197);" dir="ltr">storing the overflow water and preventing from flooding </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 1007.63px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00579);" dir="ltr">are the most important wetland values that are exposed to </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 1024.03px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06423);" dir="ltr">threats such as variation of hydrological regime due to </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 1040.43px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01798);" dir="ltr">upstream activities, inflow industrial contaminants to the </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 1056.43px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0047);" dir="ltr">wetland, indiscriminate exploitation of the vegetation and </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 1072.83px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06016);" dir="ltr">aquatic resource of the wetland and land use change in </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 1089.23px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11643);" dir="ltr">wetland habitats to agricultural land. By developing </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 1105.63px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01513);" dir="ltr">vulnerability assessment for Shadegan Wetland, the most </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 1121.63px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00405);" dir="ltr">effective strategies in the ecosystem approach for the best </span><span style="left: 136.8px; top: 1138.03px; font-size: 14px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.983175);" dir="ltr">management were presented. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95132_7ed8723ce1202cd638865ef1c0329aa8.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-132411220130622Estimation of Farmers’ Willingness to Pay in Order to Reduce Karun Pollution Using Logit and Heckman ModelsEstimation of Farmers’ Willingness to Pay in Order to Reduce Karun Pollution Using Logit and Heckman Models95138FAMohammad Agha Pour SabaghiAssistant Professor Department of Agriculture Management, Faculty of Agricultural, shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad UniversitySimin MasihMaster of Agricultural Management, Faculty of Agriculture, shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad UniversityHadi MoaazedAssociate Professor Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Water Sciences, State University of Shahid ChamranJournal Article20150517<span style="left: 146px; top: 769.533px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08222);" dir="ltr">Because of excessive use of chemical fertilizer at </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 785.933px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.951075);" dir="ltr">Khuzestan province farms, each year volume equivalent </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 802.333px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.970862);" dir="ltr">2 milliard meter cube drainage water import directly to </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 818.733px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.999098);" dir="ltr">Karun. With attention to high volume of agriculture’s </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 835.133px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994207);" dir="ltr">pollution, determination factors affecting on farmers </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 851.533px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.983181);" dir="ltr">attitude to improve system planning in order to reduce </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 867.933px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.944628);" dir="ltr">water pollution have special importance. In recent study, </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 884.333px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.943443);" dir="ltr">in order to estimate wheat grower</span><span style="left: 339.6px; top: 884.333px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">'</span><span style="left: 342px; top: 884.333px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.944632);" dir="ltr">s tendency to payment </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 900.733px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.943153);" dir="ltr">in Province Molasani</span><span style="left: 272px; top: 900.733px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.937369);" dir="ltr">for reduction of pollution in Karun </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 917.133px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09901);" dir="ltr">river, contingent valuation method inclusive two </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 933.533px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02737);" dir="ltr">method, Logit and two-step Heckman are used. The </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 949.933px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03277);" dir="ltr">needed data collected with use of questionnaire and </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 966.333px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.936677);" dir="ltr">verbal interview with120 person and stochastic sampling </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 982.733px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.992941);" dir="ltr">method. Study result show that in both two Logic and </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 999.133px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.959345);" dir="ltr">Heckman models variable involve age, proposed price, </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1015.53px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.962249);" dir="ltr">river pollution reason, family size have negative effects </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1031.53px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01206);" dir="ltr">on agricultures willing to pay. Also results show that </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1047.93px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.940226);" dir="ltr">each family willing to pay amount1880000 and 1640000 </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1064.33px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.999392);" dir="ltr">Rails in year for water pollution reduction. Reception </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1080.73px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.98547);" dir="ltr">farmers for assigned partial of own income in order to </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1097.13px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0411);" dir="ltr">reduce Karun river pollution suggest of importance </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1113.53px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.960346);" dir="ltr">and position of this river between region`s farmers. At </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1129.93px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.987478);" dir="ltr">this meantime, to factors affecting amount of farmer’s </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1146.33px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.939272);" dir="ltr">payment in order to reinforcement farmers role to reduce </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1162.73px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.930432);" dir="ltr">river pollution have especial importance. </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 769.533px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08222);" dir="ltr">Because of excessive use of chemical fertilizer at </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 785.933px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.951075);" dir="ltr">Khuzestan province farms, each year volume equivalent </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 802.333px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.970862);" dir="ltr">2 milliard meter cube drainage water import directly to </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 818.733px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.999098);" dir="ltr">Karun. With attention to high volume of agriculture’s </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 835.133px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994207);" dir="ltr">pollution, determination factors affecting on farmers </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 851.533px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.983181);" dir="ltr">attitude to improve system planning in order to reduce </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 867.933px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.944628);" dir="ltr">water pollution have special importance. In recent study, </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 884.333px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.943443);" dir="ltr">in order to estimate wheat grower</span><span style="left: 339.6px; top: 884.333px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">'</span><span style="left: 342px; top: 884.333px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.944632);" dir="ltr">s tendency to payment </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 900.733px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.943153);" dir="ltr">in Province Molasani</span><span style="left: 272px; top: 900.733px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.937369);" dir="ltr">for reduction of pollution in Karun </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 917.133px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09901);" dir="ltr">river, contingent valuation method inclusive two </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 933.533px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02737);" dir="ltr">method, Logit and two-step Heckman are used. The </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 949.933px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03277);" dir="ltr">needed data collected with use of questionnaire and </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 966.333px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.936677);" dir="ltr">verbal interview with120 person and stochastic sampling </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 982.733px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.992941);" dir="ltr">method. Study result show that in both two Logic and </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 999.133px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.959345);" dir="ltr">Heckman models variable involve age, proposed price, </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1015.53px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.962249);" dir="ltr">river pollution reason, family size have negative effects </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1031.53px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01206);" dir="ltr">on agricultures willing to pay. Also results show that </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1047.93px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.940226);" dir="ltr">each family willing to pay amount1880000 and 1640000 </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1064.33px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.999392);" dir="ltr">Rails in year for water pollution reduction. Reception </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1080.73px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.98547);" dir="ltr">farmers for assigned partial of own income in order to </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1097.13px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0411);" dir="ltr">reduce Karun river pollution suggest of importance </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1113.53px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.960346);" dir="ltr">and position of this river between region`s farmers. At </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1129.93px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.987478);" dir="ltr">this meantime, to factors affecting amount of farmer’s </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1146.33px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.939272);" dir="ltr">payment in order to reinforcement farmers role to reduce </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1162.73px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.930432);" dir="ltr">river pollution have especial importance. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95138_307b64bd1c97eb88c4ae2938efc5ed76.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-132411220130622Evaluation of the Contamination Level of Heavy Metals in Dust-Fall Particles in Western Iran Using Geo-Accumulation IndexEvaluation of the Contamination Level of Heavy Metals in Dust-Fall Particles in Western Iran Using Geo-Accumulation Index95145FAReza Bashiri KhuzestaniM.Sc. Student in Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan.Bubak SouriAssistant Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan.Journal Article20150517<span style="left: 146.8px; top: 708.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11773);" dir="ltr">Emission of dust-fall particles in western Iran has been </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 725.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11681);" dir="ltr">considered as one of the most important environmental </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 743.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01928);" dir="ltr">issues in recent years. Additionally, presence of heavy metal </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 761.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06044);" dir="ltr">in these particles due to their toxicity and health problems </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 778.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15359);" dir="ltr">has been an issue of interest by researches. Therefore </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 796.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.18207);" dir="ltr">evaluation of the contamination level of this kind of </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 813.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09897);" dir="ltr">pollution and then determination of proper management </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 831.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01949);" dir="ltr">strategies for controlling their emission is very important. In </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 849.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10517);" dir="ltr">fact, the main scope of this research was to evaluate the </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 866.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02634);" dir="ltr">contamination level of heavy metals in dust-fall particulates </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 884.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04717);" dir="ltr">precipitated in western Iran using Geo-accumulation index </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 902.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.999);" dir="ltr">(I</span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 907.433px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.961846);" dir="ltr">geo</span><span style="left: 167.6px; top: 902.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04561);" dir="ltr">). In this research these particles were sampled through </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 919.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02351);" dir="ltr">passive deposit gauge method for a period of one year, from </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 937.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06699);" dir="ltr">April 2010 to March 2011, in Sanandaj city, western Iran, </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 955.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05517);" dir="ltr">where has been reportedly the third highly polluted city of </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 972.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19011);" dir="ltr">the world in 2010 for dust-fall particles. The results </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 990.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03178);" dir="ltr">demonstrated that mean ± SD of the concentration of heavy </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1007.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05955);" dir="ltr">metals were 14003.570±915.3 for Fe, 497.731±29.817 for </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1025.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13978);" dir="ltr">Mn, 61.307±5.414 for Cu and 18.287±1.955 for As in </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1043.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05439);" dir="ltr">mg/Kg based on dry weights of dustfall particles. Also the </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1060.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09706);" dir="ltr">analysis of the Geo-accumulation index showed that the </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1078.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05446);" dir="ltr">maximum amounts of I</span><span style="left: 276px; top: 1083.43px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.961846);" dir="ltr">geo</span><span style="left: 288px; top: 1078.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06302);" dir="ltr"> values were -1.751 for Fe, -0.63 </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1095.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19831);" dir="ltr">for Mn, 0.848 for Cu and 1.249 for As, which were </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1113.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05938);" dir="ltr">evaluated as uncontaminated for Fe and Mn and moderate </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1131.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0116);" dir="ltr">contamination Cu and As. </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 708.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11773);" dir="ltr">Emission of dust-fall particles in western Iran has been </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 725.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11681);" dir="ltr">considered as one of the most important environmental </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 743.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01928);" dir="ltr">issues in recent years. Additionally, presence of heavy metal </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 761.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06044);" dir="ltr">in these particles due to their toxicity and health problems </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 778.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15359);" dir="ltr">has been an issue of interest by researches. Therefore </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 796.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.18207);" dir="ltr">evaluation of the contamination level of this kind of </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 813.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09897);" dir="ltr">pollution and then determination of proper management </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 831.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01949);" dir="ltr">strategies for controlling their emission is very important. In </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 849.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10517);" dir="ltr">fact, the main scope of this research was to evaluate the </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 866.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02634);" dir="ltr">contamination level of heavy metals in dust-fall particulates </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 884.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04717);" dir="ltr">precipitated in western Iran using Geo-accumulation index </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 902.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.999);" dir="ltr">(I</span><span style="left: 155.6px; top: 907.433px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.961846);" dir="ltr">geo</span><span style="left: 167.6px; top: 902.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04561);" dir="ltr">). In this research these particles were sampled through </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 919.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02351);" dir="ltr">passive deposit gauge method for a period of one year, from </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 937.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06699);" dir="ltr">April 2010 to March 2011, in Sanandaj city, western Iran, </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 955.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05517);" dir="ltr">where has been reportedly the third highly polluted city of </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 972.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19011);" dir="ltr">the world in 2010 for dust-fall particles. The results </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 990.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03178);" dir="ltr">demonstrated that mean ± SD of the concentration of heavy </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1007.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05955);" dir="ltr">metals were 14003.570±915.3 for Fe, 497.731±29.817 for </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1025.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13978);" dir="ltr">Mn, 61.307±5.414 for Cu and 18.287±1.955 for As in </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1043.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05439);" dir="ltr">mg/Kg based on dry weights of dustfall particles. Also the </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1060.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09706);" dir="ltr">analysis of the Geo-accumulation index showed that the </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1078.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05446);" dir="ltr">maximum amounts of I</span><span style="left: 276px; top: 1083.43px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.961846);" dir="ltr">geo</span><span style="left: 288px; top: 1078.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06302);" dir="ltr"> values were -1.751 for Fe, -0.63 </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1095.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19831);" dir="ltr">for Mn, 0.848 for Cu and 1.249 for As, which were </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1113.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05938);" dir="ltr">evaluated as uncontaminated for Fe and Mn and moderate </span><span style="left: 146.8px; top: 1131.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0116);" dir="ltr">contamination Cu and As. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95145_a4a9355b6eaab95b63368e37fcc6b43a.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-132411220130622Investigation of Marigold Interference Effect on Weed Composition and Diversity of Tomato in an Intercropping SystemInvestigation of Marigold Interference Effect on Weed Composition and Diversity of Tomato in an Intercropping System95158FAAlireza KoochekiProfessor, Department of Agronomy, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.GhorbanAli AsadiAssistant Professor, Department of Agronomy, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.Reza GhorbaniProfessor, Department of Agronomy, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.Elham AziziAssistant Professor, Department of Agronomy, Payam Noor University, Iran.Journal Article20150517<span style="left: 144px; top: 798.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06463);" dir="ltr">In order to investigate the role of marigold (</span><span style="left: 388.8px; top: 798.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01552);" dir="ltr">Tagetes erecta</span><span style="left: 465.2px; top: 798.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.999429);" dir="ltr">) </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 813.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06995);" dir="ltr">interference effects on weed composition and diversity of </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 829.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02545);" dir="ltr">tomato (</span><span style="left: 187.6px; top: 829.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.956856);" dir="ltr">Solanum lycopersicum</span><span style="left: 303.6px; top: 829.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.989583);" dir="ltr">), an experiment was conducted </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 844.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.972422);" dir="ltr">as split plot based on complete randomized block design with 3 </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 859.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11963);" dir="ltr">replications at Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 875.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.990564);" dir="ltr">University of Mashhad, Iran, during 2010 to</span><span style="left: 379.6px; top: 875.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.981117);" dir="ltr">2011. Treatments </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 890.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.951669);" dir="ltr">included three tomato varieties (Jina, Flat and strain hitack Tork) </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 905.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.984436);" dir="ltr">and five cropping patterns (tomato monoculture and marigold- </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 921.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0012);" dir="ltr">tomato intercropping with 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 ratio). Results </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 936.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.953007);" dir="ltr">indicated that in the first sampling, the highest weed density was </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 951.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05396);" dir="ltr">observed in tomato monoculture (78.96 plants per m</span><span style="left: 432px; top: 949.433px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">2</span><span style="left: 436px; top: 951.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05184);" dir="ltr">). The </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 967.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06089);" dir="ltr">lowest weed density was obtained in marigold and tomato </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 982.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.960614);" dir="ltr">intercropping with 1:3 ratio (37.62). In the second sampling, the </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 997.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.979706);" dir="ltr">lowest weed density was in marigold and tomato intercropping </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 1013.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.94605);" dir="ltr">with 1:3 ratio. In the first sampling, total dry weight of weed was </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 1028.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02901);" dir="ltr">more than that in the second sampling. In two sampling, the </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 1043.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.988347);" dir="ltr">highest total dry weight of weed was observed in the marigold </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 1059.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.948353);" dir="ltr">and tomato intercropping with 1:3 ratio. By altering the cropping </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 1074.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01194);" dir="ltr">pattern, Shannon, Margalof and Simpson diversity indices of </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 1089.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01847);" dir="ltr">weed were changed. The lowest weed diversity indices were </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 1105.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03281);" dir="ltr">observed in the marigold and tomato intercropping with 1:1 </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 1120.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07099);" dir="ltr">ratio. Also, significant positive regressions were obtained </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 1135.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08354);" dir="ltr">between insect diversity indices (Shannon, Margalof and </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 1151.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.947892);" dir="ltr">Simpson) and weed diversity indices. </span><span style="left: 196.4px; top: 1177.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09393);" dir="ltr">y Indices, Intercropping, </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 1195.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994228);" dir="ltr">Monoculture, Weeds. </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 798.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06463);" dir="ltr">In order to investigate the role of marigold (</span><span style="left: 388.8px; top: 798.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01552);" dir="ltr">Tagetes erecta</span><span style="left: 465.2px; top: 798.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.999429);" dir="ltr">) </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 813.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06995);" dir="ltr">interference effects on weed composition and diversity of </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 829.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02545);" dir="ltr">tomato (</span><span style="left: 187.6px; top: 829.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.956856);" dir="ltr">Solanum lycopersicum</span><span style="left: 303.6px; top: 829.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.989583);" dir="ltr">), an experiment was conducted </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 844.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.972422);" dir="ltr">as split plot based on complete randomized block design with 3 </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 859.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11963);" dir="ltr">replications at Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 875.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.990564);" dir="ltr">University of Mashhad, Iran, during 2010 to</span><span style="left: 379.6px; top: 875.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.981117);" dir="ltr">2011. Treatments </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 890.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.951669);" dir="ltr">included three tomato varieties (Jina, Flat and strain hitack Tork) </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 905.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.984436);" dir="ltr">and five cropping patterns (tomato monoculture and marigold- </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 921.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0012);" dir="ltr">tomato intercropping with 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 ratio). Results </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 936.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.953007);" dir="ltr">indicated that in the first sampling, the highest weed density was </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 951.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05396);" dir="ltr">observed in tomato monoculture (78.96 plants per m</span><span style="left: 432px; top: 949.433px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">2</span><span style="left: 436px; top: 951.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05184);" dir="ltr">). The </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 967.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06089);" dir="ltr">lowest weed density was obtained in marigold and tomato </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 982.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.960614);" dir="ltr">intercropping with 1:3 ratio (37.62). In the second sampling, the </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 997.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.979706);" dir="ltr">lowest weed density was in marigold and tomato intercropping </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 1013.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.94605);" dir="ltr">with 1:3 ratio. In the first sampling, total dry weight of weed was </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 1028.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02901);" dir="ltr">more than that in the second sampling. In two sampling, the </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 1043.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.988347);" dir="ltr">highest total dry weight of weed was observed in the marigold </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 1059.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.948353);" dir="ltr">and tomato intercropping with 1:3 ratio. By altering the cropping </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 1074.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01194);" dir="ltr">pattern, Shannon, Margalof and Simpson diversity indices of </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 1089.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01847);" dir="ltr">weed were changed. The lowest weed diversity indices were </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 1105.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03281);" dir="ltr">observed in the marigold and tomato intercropping with 1:1 </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 1120.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07099);" dir="ltr">ratio. Also, significant positive regressions were obtained </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 1135.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08354);" dir="ltr">between insect diversity indices (Shannon, Margalof and </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 1151.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.947892);" dir="ltr">Simpson) and weed diversity indices. </span><span style="left: 196.4px; top: 1177.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09393);" dir="ltr">y Indices, Intercropping, </span><span style="left: 144px; top: 1195.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994228);" dir="ltr">Monoculture, Weeds. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95158_976e3590be62fb27b70cb9e476a612f2.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-132411220130622Developing a Technical, Environmental and Economical Evaluation Model Based on GIS and ANP to Assess Municipal Solid Waste Management Scenarios (Case Study: Tehran, Iran)Developing a Technical, Environmental and Economical Evaluation Model Based on GIS and ANP to Assess Municipal Solid Waste Management Scenarios (Case Study: Tehran, Iran)95167FAMehdi Ghanbarzadeh LakAssistant Professor, Department of Civil Eng., Faculty of Eng., Urmia University, Urmia, IranNader ShariatmadariAssociate Professor, Civil Eng. Faculty, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, IranMohamad Reza SabourAssistant Professor, Civil Eng. Faculty, K.N. Toosi University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.Reza Ghanatiyan-NajafabadiM.Sc. of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMehdi HeydariPh.D. Candidate, Surveying Engineering Faculty, K.N. Toosi University of Science and Technology, Tehran, IranJournal Article20150517<span style="left: 148.512px; top: 817.683px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03955);" dir="ltr">Selecting Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management alternatives, </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 828.083px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00967);" dir="ltr">adaptable to local conditions as well as environmental, technical, and </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 838.483px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.975763);" dir="ltr">economical concerns, would be a time consuming and complicated task </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 848.883px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0381);" dir="ltr">without carrying out modern methods of site selection and decision </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 859.283px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994841);" dir="ltr">making. The horizontal development of settlement areas which in turn </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 870.099px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.96243);" dir="ltr">may enforce high costs of waste collection and transportation, beside the </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 880.499px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.93163);" dir="ltr">lack of unconstructed fields in the vicinity of large cities, enacting rigorous </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 890.899px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997016);" dir="ltr">legislation contributing to the minimum distances of waste processing </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 901.299px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.94716);" dir="ltr">facilities by dwelling areas, and finally, the social objections, are the most </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 911.699px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.947436);" dir="ltr">noticeable challenges facing solid waste management practices. The main </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 922.099px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01924);" dir="ltr">objective of the present research is to develop a computerized model </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 932.915px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11299);" dir="ltr">facilitating MSW disposal site selection task, in addition to the </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 943.315px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01573);" dir="ltr">determination of best applicable management scenarios capable with </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 953.715px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02373);" dir="ltr">environmental, technical, and economical concerns. Tehran city was </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 964.115px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06339);" dir="ltr">chosen as a case study to implement the model and to interpret its </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 974.515px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.950133);" dir="ltr">sensitivity to the factors affecting the overall decision making process. At </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 984.915px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04283);" dir="ltr">the first stage of the current research, data layers, such as protected </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 995.315px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.935365);" dir="ltr">regions, military areas, historical and cultural areas, topography, rivers and </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1006.13px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980721);" dir="ltr">lakes, faults, geology and land use information, was provided about the </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1016.53px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.950345);" dir="ltr">study area. By the means of a GIS based software, and superimposing the </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1026.93px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.961932);" dir="ltr">above-mentioned layers, acceptable areas were determined in the second </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1037.33px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.988426);" dir="ltr">stage. Finally, several scenarios including Material Recovery Facilities </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1047.73px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.976998);" dir="ltr">(MRF), compost production systems, incineration units, Waste-Derived </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1058.13px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.93418);" dir="ltr">Fuel (RDF) facilities, and landfilling sites were allocated to any acceptable </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1068.95px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.955137);" dir="ltr">area, according to the quality and quantity of wastes generated in the city </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1079.35px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.972652);" dir="ltr">of Tehran. These scenarios were evaluated using developed ANP model </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1089.75px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.99639);" dir="ltr">in this paper. Results showed the superiority of the first scenario (with </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1100.15px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994811);" dir="ltr">normal weight of 0.3079), while the normal priority of other scenarios </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1110.55px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04779);" dir="ltr">were as 0.2441, 0.2393 and 0.2087 for the second, fourth and third </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1120.95px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.99503);" dir="ltr">alternative, respectively. As the priority values of the second and forth </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1131.35px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01346);" dir="ltr">scenarios were approximately the same, sensitivity analysis based on </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1142.16px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.968174);" dir="ltr">selective changes in the weight of main clusters were performed. Due to </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1152.56px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00576);" dir="ltr">the fact that the fourth scenario, in which the bulk of collected wastes </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1162.96px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.939713);" dir="ltr">would be landfilled, might impose the greatest environmental risks among </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1173.36px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02116);" dir="ltr">other scenarios, by any amplification in the weight of environmental </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1183.76px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.937981);" dir="ltr">criteria, the preference of this option would decrease. However, increasing </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1194.16px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.950052);" dir="ltr">the weight of technical criteria, might prefer the forth scenario because of </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1204.98px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03409);" dir="ltr">its simplest technology used. Other scenarios have shown to be less </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1215.38px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.991262);" dir="ltr">sensitive to changes in the weights of the main criteria, so that the first </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1225.78px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.954411);" dir="ltr">scenario was usually dominant to the second one and the second scenario </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1236.18px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.925512);" dir="ltr">had always the top priority comparing to the third scenario. </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 817.683px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03955);" dir="ltr">Selecting Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management alternatives, </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 828.083px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00967);" dir="ltr">adaptable to local conditions as well as environmental, technical, and </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 838.483px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.975763);" dir="ltr">economical concerns, would be a time consuming and complicated task </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 848.883px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0381);" dir="ltr">without carrying out modern methods of site selection and decision </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 859.283px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994841);" dir="ltr">making. The horizontal development of settlement areas which in turn </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 870.099px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.96243);" dir="ltr">may enforce high costs of waste collection and transportation, beside the </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 880.499px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.93163);" dir="ltr">lack of unconstructed fields in the vicinity of large cities, enacting rigorous </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 890.899px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997016);" dir="ltr">legislation contributing to the minimum distances of waste processing </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 901.299px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.94716);" dir="ltr">facilities by dwelling areas, and finally, the social objections, are the most </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 911.699px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.947436);" dir="ltr">noticeable challenges facing solid waste management practices. The main </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 922.099px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01924);" dir="ltr">objective of the present research is to develop a computerized model </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 932.915px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11299);" dir="ltr">facilitating MSW disposal site selection task, in addition to the </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 943.315px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01573);" dir="ltr">determination of best applicable management scenarios capable with </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 953.715px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02373);" dir="ltr">environmental, technical, and economical concerns. Tehran city was </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 964.115px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06339);" dir="ltr">chosen as a case study to implement the model and to interpret its </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 974.515px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.950133);" dir="ltr">sensitivity to the factors affecting the overall decision making process. At </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 984.915px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04283);" dir="ltr">the first stage of the current research, data layers, such as protected </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 995.315px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.935365);" dir="ltr">regions, military areas, historical and cultural areas, topography, rivers and </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1006.13px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980721);" dir="ltr">lakes, faults, geology and land use information, was provided about the </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1016.53px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.950345);" dir="ltr">study area. By the means of a GIS based software, and superimposing the </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1026.93px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.961932);" dir="ltr">above-mentioned layers, acceptable areas were determined in the second </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1037.33px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.988426);" dir="ltr">stage. Finally, several scenarios including Material Recovery Facilities </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1047.73px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.976998);" dir="ltr">(MRF), compost production systems, incineration units, Waste-Derived </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1058.13px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.93418);" dir="ltr">Fuel (RDF) facilities, and landfilling sites were allocated to any acceptable </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1068.95px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.955137);" dir="ltr">area, according to the quality and quantity of wastes generated in the city </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1079.35px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.972652);" dir="ltr">of Tehran. These scenarios were evaluated using developed ANP model </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1089.75px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.99639);" dir="ltr">in this paper. Results showed the superiority of the first scenario (with </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1100.15px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994811);" dir="ltr">normal weight of 0.3079), while the normal priority of other scenarios </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1110.55px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04779);" dir="ltr">were as 0.2441, 0.2393 and 0.2087 for the second, fourth and third </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1120.95px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.99503);" dir="ltr">alternative, respectively. As the priority values of the second and forth </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1131.35px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01346);" dir="ltr">scenarios were approximately the same, sensitivity analysis based on </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1142.16px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.968174);" dir="ltr">selective changes in the weight of main clusters were performed. Due to </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1152.56px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00576);" dir="ltr">the fact that the fourth scenario, in which the bulk of collected wastes </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1162.96px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.939713);" dir="ltr">would be landfilled, might impose the greatest environmental risks among </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1173.36px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02116);" dir="ltr">other scenarios, by any amplification in the weight of environmental </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1183.76px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.937981);" dir="ltr">criteria, the preference of this option would decrease. However, increasing </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1194.16px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.950052);" dir="ltr">the weight of technical criteria, might prefer the forth scenario because of </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1204.98px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03409);" dir="ltr">its simplest technology used. Other scenarios have shown to be less </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1215.38px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.991262);" dir="ltr">sensitive to changes in the weights of the main criteria, so that the first </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1225.78px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.954411);" dir="ltr">scenario was usually dominant to the second one and the second scenario </span><span style="left: 148.512px; top: 1236.18px; font-size: 12.064px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.925512);" dir="ltr">had always the top priority comparing to the third scenario. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95167_8c72f3d8d0ce67ab9894895823a5694d.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-132411220130622Effects of GDP per Capita on Water FootprintEffects of GDP per Capita on Water Footprint95177FAGholamali SharzeieAssociate Professor, Department of Social Economics, Faculty of Economics, University of Tehran.Matin BorgheiMaster of Environmental Economics, University of TehranJournal Article20150517<span style="left: 147.6px; top: 881.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02476);" dir="ltr">Fresh water is one of the main resources which have special </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 898.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01354);" dir="ltr">importance in achieving sustainable development. The water </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 916.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11293);" dir="ltr">footprint of a country is defined as the volume of water </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 934.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.18853);" dir="ltr">needed for the production of the goods and services </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 951.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1248);" dir="ltr">consumed by the inhabitants of the country. A nation’s </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 969.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0877);" dir="ltr">water footprint has two components; the internal and the </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 987.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.25404);" dir="ltr">external water footprint. As countries go through </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 1004.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12886);" dir="ltr">industrialization, it is valuable to be able to predict the </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 1022.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05292);" dir="ltr">impact of economic growth on consumption habits. In this </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 1039.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05706);" dir="ltr">paper, the relationship between national income and water </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 1057.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07827);" dir="ltr">use were studied. National water footprint per capita was </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 1075.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09712);" dir="ltr">analyzed as a function of per capita income. We utilized </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 1092.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04068);" dir="ltr">cross sectional data to estimate the above relations. Results </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 1110.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08114);" dir="ltr">show that income is an important factor in increasing the </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 1127.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0943);" dir="ltr">water footprint per capita in the industrial sector and the </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 1145.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01181);" dir="ltr">external water footprint. </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 881.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02476);" dir="ltr">Fresh water is one of the main resources which have special </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 898.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01354);" dir="ltr">importance in achieving sustainable development. The water </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 916.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11293);" dir="ltr">footprint of a country is defined as the volume of water </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 934.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.18853);" dir="ltr">needed for the production of the goods and services </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 951.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1248);" dir="ltr">consumed by the inhabitants of the country. A nation’s </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 969.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0877);" dir="ltr">water footprint has two components; the internal and the </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 987.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.25404);" dir="ltr">external water footprint. As countries go through </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 1004.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12886);" dir="ltr">industrialization, it is valuable to be able to predict the </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 1022.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05292);" dir="ltr">impact of economic growth on consumption habits. In this </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 1039.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05706);" dir="ltr">paper, the relationship between national income and water </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 1057.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07827);" dir="ltr">use were studied. National water footprint per capita was </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 1075.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09712);" dir="ltr">analyzed as a function of per capita income. We utilized </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 1092.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04068);" dir="ltr">cross sectional data to estimate the above relations. Results </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 1110.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08114);" dir="ltr">show that income is an important factor in increasing the </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 1127.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0943);" dir="ltr">water footprint per capita in the industrial sector and the </span><span style="left: 147.6px; top: 1145.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01181);" dir="ltr">external water footprint. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95177_8a7c3e4df4b2515e36890ea14b793b73.pdf