Shahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-132411120130321Investigation of Tree and Grass Biodiversity in the Protected Area of Western Dena and its Relationship with Environmental FactorsInvestigation of Tree and Grass Biodiversity in the Protected Area of Western Dena and its Relationship with Environmental Factors94945FASeyyed Moeinoddin ZamaniMSc. Student of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Yasouj, YasoujRoghayeh ZolfaghariAssistant Professor, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture and Member of Scientific Board, University of Yasouj, YasoujJournal Article20150517<span style="left: 126.368px; top: 701.037px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1736);" dir="ltr">The Zagros forests are important and valuable forest </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 713.709px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03845);" dir="ltr">ecosystems in Iran. In order to study plant species diversity </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 726.733px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02093);" dir="ltr">and its relationship with environmental factors in the central </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 739.405px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12869);" dir="ltr">Zagros forest ecosystems, 600 hectares of forest of the </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 752.429px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.98929);" dir="ltr">western Dena protected area were selected near Yasuj City. 50 </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 765.101px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14751);" dir="ltr">plots of 450 square meters were then established with </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 777.773px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09487);" dir="ltr">dimensions of 15× 30 meters. So, 200 microplots of one </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 790.797px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08438);" dir="ltr">square meter, 200 microplots of 10 square meters and 50 </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 803.469px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04547);" dir="ltr">microplots of 45 square meters were established within the </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 816.493px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03167);" dir="ltr">main plots. All physiographic factors, such as slope, aspect, </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 829.165px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.999264);" dir="ltr">altitude, and the physical and chemical soil properties of each </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 841.837px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01368);" dir="ltr">plot, were collected and measured. All tree and grass species </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 854.861px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03587);" dir="ltr">on each plot were recorded. The results showed that factors </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 867.533px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.989896);" dir="ltr">such as lime, potassium and soil texture had diverse effects on </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 880.557px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05581);" dir="ltr">trees and grasses. Thus, by increasing lime and decreasing </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 893.229px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15863);" dir="ltr">potassium and larger soil particles, grass biodiversity </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 906.253px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00979);" dir="ltr">increased, while tree diversity decreased. Altitude and aspect </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 918.925px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13191);" dir="ltr">had an affect on tree richness, and slope affected grass </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 931.597px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08659);" dir="ltr">diversity. Lower altitudes and northern aspects showed a </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 944.621px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09959);" dir="ltr">higher amount of richness, and the middle slope had the </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 957.293px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11085);" dir="ltr">highest value of grass diversity. Also, the effects of soil </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 970.317px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03957);" dir="ltr">factors on grass biodiversity were more than physiographic </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 982.989px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03077);" dir="ltr">factors. The present study also determined that biodiversity, </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 995.661px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03756);" dir="ltr">especially grass biodiversity, despite protection, was low in </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 1008.69px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03223);" dir="ltr">the available areas and lower slopes, due to human harvests </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 1021.36px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.977548);" dir="ltr">and livestock grazing. </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 701.037px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1736);" dir="ltr">The Zagros forests are important and valuable forest </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 713.709px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03845);" dir="ltr">ecosystems in Iran. In order to study plant species diversity </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 726.733px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02093);" dir="ltr">and its relationship with environmental factors in the central </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 739.405px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12869);" dir="ltr">Zagros forest ecosystems, 600 hectares of forest of the </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 752.429px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.98929);" dir="ltr">western Dena protected area were selected near Yasuj City. 50 </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 765.101px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14751);" dir="ltr">plots of 450 square meters were then established with </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 777.773px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09487);" dir="ltr">dimensions of 15× 30 meters. So, 200 microplots of one </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 790.797px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08438);" dir="ltr">square meter, 200 microplots of 10 square meters and 50 </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 803.469px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04547);" dir="ltr">microplots of 45 square meters were established within the </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 816.493px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03167);" dir="ltr">main plots. All physiographic factors, such as slope, aspect, </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 829.165px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.999264);" dir="ltr">altitude, and the physical and chemical soil properties of each </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 841.837px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01368);" dir="ltr">plot, were collected and measured. All tree and grass species </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 854.861px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03587);" dir="ltr">on each plot were recorded. The results showed that factors </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 867.533px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.989896);" dir="ltr">such as lime, potassium and soil texture had diverse effects on </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 880.557px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05581);" dir="ltr">trees and grasses. Thus, by increasing lime and decreasing </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 893.229px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15863);" dir="ltr">potassium and larger soil particles, grass biodiversity </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 906.253px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00979);" dir="ltr">increased, while tree diversity decreased. Altitude and aspect </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 918.925px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13191);" dir="ltr">had an affect on tree richness, and slope affected grass </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 931.597px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08659);" dir="ltr">diversity. Lower altitudes and northern aspects showed a </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 944.621px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09959);" dir="ltr">higher amount of richness, and the middle slope had the </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 957.293px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11085);" dir="ltr">highest value of grass diversity. Also, the effects of soil </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 970.317px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03957);" dir="ltr">factors on grass biodiversity were more than physiographic </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 982.989px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03077);" dir="ltr">factors. The present study also determined that biodiversity, </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 995.661px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03756);" dir="ltr">especially grass biodiversity, despite protection, was low in </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 1008.69px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03223);" dir="ltr">the available areas and lower slopes, due to human harvests </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 1021.36px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.977548);" dir="ltr">and livestock grazing. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_94945_ae1cd028176ce8731b78dc5f8755853a.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-132411120130321The Evolution of Environmental Education in Iran: Presenting Some Suggestions for its PromotionThe Evolution of Environmental Education in Iran: Presenting Some Suggestions for its Promotion94953FASeyed Mohammad ShobeiriAssociate Professor, Department of Environmental Education, Payame Noor University, TehranHossein MeiboudiPh.D Student of Environmental Management, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, TehranJournal Article20150517<span style="left: 112px; top: 681.147px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.995725);" dir="ltr">The main purpose of this research is the study and analysis of </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 695.547px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00057);" dir="ltr">the evolution of environmental education from its beginnings </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 709.627px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0435);" dir="ltr">to the present time in Iran. The evolution of environmental </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 723.707px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16715);" dir="ltr">education in Iran over the past 40 years has not been </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 737.787px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.981072);" dir="ltr">straightforward. Although Iran does not have a lengthy history </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 751.867px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.990823);" dir="ltr">of environmental education, over the past three decades, steps </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 765.947px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03731);" dir="ltr">forward have been taken and remarkable progress has been </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 780.027px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10301);" dir="ltr">made. In this research, we use the case study method of </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 794.427px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14998);" dir="ltr">historical analysis to describe and analyze the overall </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 808.507px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.996126);" dir="ltr">situation, as well as the major projects, policies and programs </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 822.587px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09965);" dir="ltr">implemented to date in Iran. Data and information were </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 836.667px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07101);" dir="ltr">compiled using various sources, including environmental </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 850.747px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.982484);" dir="ltr">education office performance reports, and documents, records, </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 864.827px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10104);" dir="ltr">books and articles published in this field.</span><span style="left: 309.44px; top: 864.827px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.983554);" dir="ltr">Environmental </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 878.907px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.979001);" dir="ltr">education in Iran has experienced 4 major phases, and forward </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 892.987px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08663);" dir="ltr">momentum is improving.</span><span style="left: 236.8px; top: 892.987px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11524);" dir="ltr">This research also illustrates </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 907.067px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02505);" dir="ltr">recommendations for optimal development of this scientific </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 921.147px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.97237);" dir="ltr">expertise in the future. </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 681.147px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.995725);" dir="ltr">The main purpose of this research is the study and analysis of </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 695.547px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00057);" dir="ltr">the evolution of environmental education from its beginnings </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 709.627px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0435);" dir="ltr">to the present time in Iran. The evolution of environmental </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 723.707px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16715);" dir="ltr">education in Iran over the past 40 years has not been </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 737.787px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.981072);" dir="ltr">straightforward. Although Iran does not have a lengthy history </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 751.867px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.990823);" dir="ltr">of environmental education, over the past three decades, steps </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 765.947px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03731);" dir="ltr">forward have been taken and remarkable progress has been </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 780.027px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10301);" dir="ltr">made. In this research, we use the case study method of </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 794.427px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14998);" dir="ltr">historical analysis to describe and analyze the overall </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 808.507px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.996126);" dir="ltr">situation, as well as the major projects, policies and programs </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 822.587px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09965);" dir="ltr">implemented to date in Iran. Data and information were </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 836.667px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07101);" dir="ltr">compiled using various sources, including environmental </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 850.747px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.982484);" dir="ltr">education office performance reports, and documents, records, </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 864.827px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10104);" dir="ltr">books and articles published in this field.</span><span style="left: 309.44px; top: 864.827px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.983554);" dir="ltr">Environmental </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 878.907px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.979001);" dir="ltr">education in Iran has experienced 4 major phases, and forward </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 892.987px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08663);" dir="ltr">momentum is improving.</span><span style="left: 236.8px; top: 892.987px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11524);" dir="ltr">This research also illustrates </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 907.067px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02505);" dir="ltr">recommendations for optimal development of this scientific </span><span style="left: 112px; top: 921.147px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.97237);" dir="ltr">expertise in the future. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_94953_923125bcee7f3096e6a880fee2547cb6.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-132411120130321Assessment of a Model of Collaborative Management for Wetlands from a Community Viewpoint (Case study: Anzali Wetlands)Assessment of a Model of Collaborative Management for Wetlands from a Community Viewpoint (Case study: Anzali Wetlands)94962FASadegh SalehiAssociate Professor, Department of Social Science, Faculty of Humanities, University of Mazandaran0000-0003-2108-2132Atefeh QolamdoustGraduate student in sociology, Department of Social Science, University of MazandaranJournal Article20150517<span style="left: 128.48px; top: 716.877px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13999);" dir="ltr">Wetland habitats are natural ecosystems, which play a </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 730.605px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.955411);" dir="ltr">significant role in the development of surrounding communities. </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 743.981px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.957072);" dir="ltr">Due to their importance, the Convention on Wetlands Protection </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 757.357px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06573);" dir="ltr">was ratified on 2nd February, 1971, in the city of Ramsar, </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 771.085px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06895);" dir="ltr">Guilan, Iran. Anzali wetlands are registered as freshwater </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 784.461px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.960857);" dir="ltr">wetlands, and, currently, more than a million people either work </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 797.837px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.956852);" dir="ltr">or live around the lagoon. To consider the role of local people in </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 811.565px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.960795);" dir="ltr">the conservation of wetlands, in this paper, we ask, “What is the </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 824.941px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05686);" dir="ltr">level of awareness sustained by local people regarding the </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 838.317px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00831);" dir="ltr">Anzali Wetlands”? The Model of Collaborative Management </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 852.045px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.978587);" dir="ltr">for Wetlands has been used to assess the community viewpoint </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 865.421px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.97541);" dir="ltr">in this regard.In terms of methodology, the current study uses a </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 878.797px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.952127);" dir="ltr">survey method to study 50 sample cases of local people living in </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 892.525px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02662);" dir="ltr">the area of wetlands, as well as wetland stakeholders. Using </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 905.901px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.956701);" dir="ltr">statistical tests, the results showed that the local community was </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 919.277px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.987121);" dir="ltr">more aware of the collaborative management of wetlands than </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 933.005px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.949181);" dir="ltr">public administration employees</span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 716.877px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13999);" dir="ltr">Wetland habitats are natural ecosystems, which play a </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 730.605px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.955411);" dir="ltr">significant role in the development of surrounding communities. </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 743.981px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.957072);" dir="ltr">Due to their importance, the Convention on Wetlands Protection </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 757.357px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06573);" dir="ltr">was ratified on 2nd February, 1971, in the city of Ramsar, </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 771.085px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06895);" dir="ltr">Guilan, Iran. Anzali wetlands are registered as freshwater </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 784.461px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.960857);" dir="ltr">wetlands, and, currently, more than a million people either work </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 797.837px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.956852);" dir="ltr">or live around the lagoon. To consider the role of local people in </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 811.565px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.960795);" dir="ltr">the conservation of wetlands, in this paper, we ask, “What is the </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 824.941px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05686);" dir="ltr">level of awareness sustained by local people regarding the </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 838.317px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00831);" dir="ltr">Anzali Wetlands”? The Model of Collaborative Management </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 852.045px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.978587);" dir="ltr">for Wetlands has been used to assess the community viewpoint </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 865.421px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.97541);" dir="ltr">in this regard.In terms of methodology, the current study uses a </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 878.797px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.952127);" dir="ltr">survey method to study 50 sample cases of local people living in </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 892.525px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02662);" dir="ltr">the area of wetlands, as well as wetland stakeholders. Using </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 905.901px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.956701);" dir="ltr">statistical tests, the results showed that the local community was </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 919.277px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.987121);" dir="ltr">more aware of the collaborative management of wetlands than </span><span style="left: 128.48px; top: 933.005px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.949181);" dir="ltr">public administration employees</span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_94962_c1b00108b5773072c27c4c3189fb0e99.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-132411120130321Long-term Effects of Different Municipal Solid Waste Compost Levels on Some Macronutrient Concentrations in Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)Long-term Effects of Different Municipal Solid Waste Compost Levels on Some Macronutrient Concentrations in Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)94975FAAzadeh KashaniMSc. Student of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, SariHemmatollah PirdashtiAssociate Professor, Department of Agronomy, Genetic and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, SariMohammad Ali BahmanyarProfessor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, SariVahid AkbarpourInstructor, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, SariArastoo AbbasianInstructor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, SariJournal Article20150517<span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1053.4px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.963056);" dir="ltr">In order to evaluate the effect of different municipal solid waste </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1069.72px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994811);" dir="ltr">composts (MSWC), either enriched or non-enriched, on some </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1086.52px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14566);" dir="ltr">macronutrient concentrations in basil, in 2009, a field </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1102.84px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06237);" dir="ltr">experiment was arranged as a split plot based randomized </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1119.64px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05564);" dir="ltr">complete block design, with three replications. Main plots </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1135.96px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06008);" dir="ltr">consisted of six levels of fertilizer (control, recommended </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1152.76px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07406);" dir="ltr">chemical fertilizer or CF as 70, 60 and 50 kg ha</span><span style="left: 505.92px; top: 1149.88px; font-size: 10.08px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.887876);" dir="ltr">-1</span><span style="left: 513.6px; top: 1152.76px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07456);" dir="ltr"> of urea, </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1169.08px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03726);" dir="ltr">potassium sulphate and superphosphate triple, respectively, </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1185.88px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.970771);" dir="ltr">MSCW as 20 and 40 ton ha</span><span style="left: 351.36px; top: 1183px; font-size: 10.08px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.887876);" dir="ltr">-1</span><span style="left: 359.04px; top: 1185.88px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.951451);" dir="ltr"> alone or plus ½ CF), and sub plots </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1202.2px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.97463);" dir="ltr">were four application periods including one (2006), two (2006-</span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1219px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04118);" dir="ltr">2007), three (2006-2008) and four (2006-2009) continuous </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1235.32px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00596);" dir="ltr">years of MSWC application. Results showed that there was a </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1252.12px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.989439);" dir="ltr">highly significant interaction between MSWC and application </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1268.44px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19236);" dir="ltr">periods in terms of dry matter yield and N, P and K </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1285.24px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06287);" dir="ltr">concentrations. Orthogonal comparisons indicated that all </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1301.56px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.952573);" dir="ltr">studied traits significantly increased in plant leaf (approximately </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1318.36px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02246);" dir="ltr">14 to 36%) with higher application periods compared to CF. </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1334.68px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.991744);" dir="ltr">Using 20 ton ha</span><span style="left: 281.28px; top: 1331.8px; font-size: 10.08px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.887876);" dir="ltr">-1</span><span style="left: 288.96px; top: 1334.68px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.982727);" dir="ltr"> of MSWC for three or four continuous years </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1351.48px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09321);" dir="ltr">recorded the highest N and K concentrations. Generally, </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1367.8px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08216);" dir="ltr">application of 20 ton ha</span><span style="left: 344.16px; top: 1364.92px; font-size: 10.08px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.887876);" dir="ltr">-1</span><span style="left: 351.84px; top: 1367.8px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06914);" dir="ltr"> MSWC, either enriched or non-</span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1384.6px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997606);" dir="ltr">enriched, dramatically improved the studied traits in the plant </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1400.92px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.929622);" dir="ltr">leaf, except P concentration. </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1053.4px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.963056);" dir="ltr">In order to evaluate the effect of different municipal solid waste </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1069.72px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994811);" dir="ltr">composts (MSWC), either enriched or non-enriched, on some </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1086.52px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14566);" dir="ltr">macronutrient concentrations in basil, in 2009, a field </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1102.84px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06237);" dir="ltr">experiment was arranged as a split plot based randomized </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1119.64px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05564);" dir="ltr">complete block design, with three replications. Main plots </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1135.96px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06008);" dir="ltr">consisted of six levels of fertilizer (control, recommended </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1152.76px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07406);" dir="ltr">chemical fertilizer or CF as 70, 60 and 50 kg ha</span><span style="left: 505.92px; top: 1149.88px; font-size: 10.08px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.887876);" dir="ltr">-1</span><span style="left: 513.6px; top: 1152.76px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07456);" dir="ltr"> of urea, </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1169.08px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03726);" dir="ltr">potassium sulphate and superphosphate triple, respectively, </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1185.88px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.970771);" dir="ltr">MSCW as 20 and 40 ton ha</span><span style="left: 351.36px; top: 1183px; font-size: 10.08px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.887876);" dir="ltr">-1</span><span style="left: 359.04px; top: 1185.88px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.951451);" dir="ltr"> alone or plus ½ CF), and sub plots </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1202.2px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.97463);" dir="ltr">were four application periods including one (2006), two (2006-</span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1219px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04118);" dir="ltr">2007), three (2006-2008) and four (2006-2009) continuous </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1235.32px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00596);" dir="ltr">years of MSWC application. Results showed that there was a </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1252.12px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.989439);" dir="ltr">highly significant interaction between MSWC and application </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1268.44px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19236);" dir="ltr">periods in terms of dry matter yield and N, P and K </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1285.24px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06287);" dir="ltr">concentrations. Orthogonal comparisons indicated that all </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1301.56px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.952573);" dir="ltr">studied traits significantly increased in plant leaf (approximately </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1318.36px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02246);" dir="ltr">14 to 36%) with higher application periods compared to CF. </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1334.68px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.991744);" dir="ltr">Using 20 ton ha</span><span style="left: 281.28px; top: 1331.8px; font-size: 10.08px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.887876);" dir="ltr">-1</span><span style="left: 288.96px; top: 1334.68px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.982727);" dir="ltr"> of MSWC for three or four continuous years </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1351.48px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09321);" dir="ltr">recorded the highest N and K concentrations. Generally, </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1367.8px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08216);" dir="ltr">application of 20 ton ha</span><span style="left: 344.16px; top: 1364.92px; font-size: 10.08px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.887876);" dir="ltr">-1</span><span style="left: 351.84px; top: 1367.8px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06914);" dir="ltr"> MSWC, either enriched or non-</span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1384.6px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997606);" dir="ltr">enriched, dramatically improved the studied traits in the plant </span><span style="left: 180.96px; top: 1400.92px; font-size: 15.84px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.929622);" dir="ltr">leaf, except P concentration. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_94975_89c46a14482195ea4ae3a84d2d54a17f.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-132411120130321Impact of the Landscape and Design of Dormitory Environments on Student Satisfaction (Case Study: Girl student residences of the Hakim Sabzevari Sabzevar University)Impact of the Landscape and Design of Dormitory Environments on Student Satisfaction (Case Study: Girl student residences of the Hakim Sabzevari Sabzevar University)94983FAHadi NadimiProfessor, Dpartment of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Shahid Beheshti, TehranMohammad Reza Faghihi Habib AbadiAssistant Professor, Dpartmet of Statistics Group, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Shahid Beheshti, TehranMohammad Taghi NazarpourPhD Student of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Shahid Beheshti, TehranJournal Article20150517<span style="left: 148.096px; top: 833.491px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07318);" dir="ltr">Today's industrial and technological development has led </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 845.971px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0326);" dir="ltr">human beings further away from nature. However, man has </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 858.867px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08458);" dir="ltr">always been influenced by nature, and human nature has </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 871.763px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.945927);" dir="ltr">naturalistic tendencies. Many studies indicate a direct correlation </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 884.243px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.95878);" dir="ltr">between the levels of enjoyment of natural scenery and people’s </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 897.139px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06585);" dir="ltr">happiness. Various studies mention the benefits of natural </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 910.035px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.967782);" dir="ltr">landscapes as a therapy for daily stress, anxiety and depression. </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 922.515px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03334);" dir="ltr">A student residence is often among the first environments a </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 935.411px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.954063);" dir="ltr">student experiences away from home. He/she will be required to </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 948.307px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.96854);" dir="ltr">spend a lot of time at this location and, therefore, its design and </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 960.787px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03085);" dir="ltr">location are extrememly important for student wellbeing. A </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 973.683px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01628);" dir="ltr">more attractive environment will increase comfort and, thus, </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 986.579px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.971857);" dir="ltr">learning productivity.The purpose of this study is to investigate </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 999.059px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16911);" dir="ltr">the impact of the landscape and design of residential </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1011.95px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01274);" dir="ltr">environments on student satisfaction. To this end, the female </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1024.85px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.967578);" dir="ltr">student residences of the Hakim Sabzevari Sabzevar University </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1037.33px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00231);" dir="ltr">were used as a case study. The methods used in this study are </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1050.23px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.977123);" dir="ltr">from the library and in the field. Using stratified sampling and </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1063.12px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.998112);" dir="ltr">random distribution, 663 questionnaires with three residential </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1075.6px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.95313);" dir="ltr">types, including a linear scheme, a central courtyard scheme and </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1088.5px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.981153);" dir="ltr">a flat scheme, each of which has a different view of nature and </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1101.39px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.94626);" dir="ltr">green space, were completed. The hypothesis of this study is that </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1113.87px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00705);" dir="ltr">the environmental design and suitable landscaping of student </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1126.77px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.967702);" dir="ltr">residences can have a great effect on the wellbeing and comfort </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1139.67px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.965254);" dir="ltr">of students who live there, and lead to an increase in their sense </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1152.15px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.960179);" dir="ltr">of security and their feeling of “belonging”. The results indicate </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1165.04px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.968914);" dir="ltr">that the majority of students prefer to see natural environments, </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1177.94px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00964);" dir="ltr">untapped visions and perspectives, natural horizons, sunrises </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1190.42px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.965779);" dir="ltr">and sunsets, and green spaces around the residences. Therefore, </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1203.31px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.98671);" dir="ltr">it is suggested that natural landscape architecture should be an </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1216.21px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.944646);" dir="ltr">important principle in the design of student residential areas. </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 833.491px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07318);" dir="ltr">Today's industrial and technological development has led </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 845.971px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0326);" dir="ltr">human beings further away from nature. However, man has </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 858.867px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08458);" dir="ltr">always been influenced by nature, and human nature has </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 871.763px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.945927);" dir="ltr">naturalistic tendencies. Many studies indicate a direct correlation </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 884.243px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.95878);" dir="ltr">between the levels of enjoyment of natural scenery and people’s </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 897.139px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06585);" dir="ltr">happiness. Various studies mention the benefits of natural </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 910.035px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.967782);" dir="ltr">landscapes as a therapy for daily stress, anxiety and depression. </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 922.515px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03334);" dir="ltr">A student residence is often among the first environments a </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 935.411px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.954063);" dir="ltr">student experiences away from home. He/she will be required to </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 948.307px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.96854);" dir="ltr">spend a lot of time at this location and, therefore, its design and </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 960.787px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03085);" dir="ltr">location are extrememly important for student wellbeing. A </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 973.683px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01628);" dir="ltr">more attractive environment will increase comfort and, thus, </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 986.579px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.971857);" dir="ltr">learning productivity.The purpose of this study is to investigate </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 999.059px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16911);" dir="ltr">the impact of the landscape and design of residential </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1011.95px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01274);" dir="ltr">environments on student satisfaction. To this end, the female </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1024.85px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.967578);" dir="ltr">student residences of the Hakim Sabzevari Sabzevar University </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1037.33px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00231);" dir="ltr">were used as a case study. The methods used in this study are </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1050.23px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.977123);" dir="ltr">from the library and in the field. Using stratified sampling and </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1063.12px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.998112);" dir="ltr">random distribution, 663 questionnaires with three residential </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1075.6px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.95313);" dir="ltr">types, including a linear scheme, a central courtyard scheme and </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1088.5px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.981153);" dir="ltr">a flat scheme, each of which has a different view of nature and </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1101.39px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.94626);" dir="ltr">green space, were completed. The hypothesis of this study is that </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1113.87px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00705);" dir="ltr">the environmental design and suitable landscaping of student </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1126.77px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.967702);" dir="ltr">residences can have a great effect on the wellbeing and comfort </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1139.67px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.965254);" dir="ltr">of students who live there, and lead to an increase in their sense </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1152.15px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.960179);" dir="ltr">of security and their feeling of “belonging”. The results indicate </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1165.04px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.968914);" dir="ltr">that the majority of students prefer to see natural environments, </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1177.94px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00964);" dir="ltr">untapped visions and perspectives, natural horizons, sunrises </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1190.42px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.965779);" dir="ltr">and sunsets, and green spaces around the residences. Therefore, </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1203.31px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.98671);" dir="ltr">it is suggested that natural landscape architecture should be an </span><span style="left: 148.096px; top: 1216.21px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.944646);" dir="ltr">important principle in the design of student residential areas. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_94983_efabbafc8d0cfc79fcb6d562aba86db1.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-132411120130321Landscape Quality Assessment of Margoon Protected Area, for Developing Sustainable TourismLandscape Quality Assessment of Margoon Protected Area, for Developing Sustainable Tourism94992FAFerial Ahmadih.D Candidate in Architecture, Faculty of Art & Architecture, University of Tarbiat Modares, TehranMohammadreza BemanianProfessor, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of TehranMajid MakdoumProfessor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art & Architecture, University of Tarbiat Modares, TehranJournal Article20150517<span style="left: 153.504px; top: 957.459px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15508);" dir="ltr">In the current research, a case study method has been </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 973.683px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08315);" dir="ltr">applied to evaluate the landscape quality of the Margoon </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 989.491px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01337);" dir="ltr">protected area in order to develop sustainable tourism. In the </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1005.3px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01838);" dir="ltr">first step, theoretical basics and approaches were scrutinized </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1021.52px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06225);" dir="ltr">using library and internet resources. Then, above average, </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1037.33px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02775);" dir="ltr">average and poor landscapes were identified and the quality </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1053.14px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07242);" dir="ltr">of perspectives evaluated. After that, using GIS software, </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1069.36px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10749);" dir="ltr">the ranges using visible and invisible perspectives were </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1085.17px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07047);" dir="ltr">investigated. The results of the paper emphasized that the </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1100.98px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13595);" dir="ltr">landscapes should be improved by creating new green </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1117.2px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.24306);" dir="ltr">patches using native trees and shrubs, developing </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1133.01px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14883);" dir="ltr">widespread tourist activities in the range of the above </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1148.82px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02417);" dir="ltr">average landscape by designing appropriate walking, hiking </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1165.04px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.026);" dir="ltr">and climbing paths, removing concentrated tourist activities </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1180.85px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0526);" dir="ltr">such as camping, and designing appropriate places for this </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1196.66px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00731);" dir="ltr">activity in the range of the average landscape.</span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 957.459px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15508);" dir="ltr">In the current research, a case study method has been </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 973.683px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08315);" dir="ltr">applied to evaluate the landscape quality of the Margoon </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 989.491px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01337);" dir="ltr">protected area in order to develop sustainable tourism. In the </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1005.3px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01838);" dir="ltr">first step, theoretical basics and approaches were scrutinized </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1021.52px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06225);" dir="ltr">using library and internet resources. Then, above average, </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1037.33px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02775);" dir="ltr">average and poor landscapes were identified and the quality </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1053.14px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07242);" dir="ltr">of perspectives evaluated. After that, using GIS software, </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1069.36px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10749);" dir="ltr">the ranges using visible and invisible perspectives were </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1085.17px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07047);" dir="ltr">investigated. The results of the paper emphasized that the </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1100.98px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13595);" dir="ltr">landscapes should be improved by creating new green </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1117.2px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.24306);" dir="ltr">patches using native trees and shrubs, developing </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1133.01px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14883);" dir="ltr">widespread tourist activities in the range of the above </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1148.82px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02417);" dir="ltr">average landscape by designing appropriate walking, hiking </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1165.04px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.026);" dir="ltr">and climbing paths, removing concentrated tourist activities </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1180.85px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0526);" dir="ltr">such as camping, and designing appropriate places for this </span><span style="left: 153.504px; top: 1196.66px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00731);" dir="ltr">activity in the range of the average landscape.</span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_94992_ade914e47d1e0874def4019f88666288.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-132411120130321Study of Heavy Metal Levels in Soils of West Tehran (Case study: Chitgar forest park)Study of Heavy Metal Levels in Soils of West Tehran (Case study: Chitgar forest park)95007FAEbrahim MahmoodabadiM.Sc. student of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, KarajFereidon SarmadyanAssociate Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, KarajGHolamreza Savaghebi FirouzabadiProfessor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, KarajJournal Article20150517<span style="left: 126.368px; top: 704.557px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03971);" dir="ltr">Industry and road traffic, the main causes of environmental </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 717.581px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.991623);" dir="ltr">pollution in Tehran city, have been growing in recent decades. </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 730.253px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02912);" dir="ltr">This study was conducted to investigate the situation of soil </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 742.925px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16933);" dir="ltr">heavy metals in Tehran, and Chitgar Forest Park and </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 755.949px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07686);" dir="ltr">surrounding land were chosen as the study area. Soil was </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 768.621px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03754);" dir="ltr">sampled at 116 sites using a squared grid sampling strategy </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 781.645px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.979509);" dir="ltr">with a distance of 250 meters. The total concentration of seven </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 794.317px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0325);" dir="ltr">heavy metals: lead, nickel, cadmium, zinc, iron, manganese </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 807.341px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0644);" dir="ltr">and copper, were measured and analyzed by geostatistical </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 820.013px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.984005);" dir="ltr">techniques in GIS and GS+ software. The results of variogram </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 832.685px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03185);" dir="ltr">analysis and a study of generated maps revealed that spatial </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 845.709px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03844);" dir="ltr">variations of metal cadmium, zinc, lead, nickel, manganese </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 858.381px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12343);" dir="ltr">and copper in soils were affected by industrial activity. </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 871.405px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.988276);" dir="ltr">Among all metals, cadmium, with the highest value of Nugget </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 884.077px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01942);" dir="ltr">to sill ratio (71%), narrow range of 800 meters and variation </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 896.749px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0388);" dir="ltr">coefficient of 0.59, was more affected by industrial activity </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 909.773px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.983666);" dir="ltr">than other elements. By contrast, total iron concentration, with </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 922.445px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15227);" dir="ltr">a wide range of 2638 meters and a very low variation </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 935.469px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.991282);" dir="ltr">coefficient (0.14), was less affected by anthropogenic activity, </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 948.141px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15362);" dir="ltr">suggesting that its distribution is controlled by parent </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 961.165px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01906);" dir="ltr">materials. With respect to the total amount of global indices, </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 973.837px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06324);" dir="ltr">no heavy metal reached a toxic level, but the indices were </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 986.509px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14802);" dir="ltr">clearly affected by industrial activity in the area. This </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 999.533px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.987122);" dir="ltr">indicates a warning about the risk of toxicity in the future and, </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 1012.21px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04611);" dir="ltr">therefore, this should be considered in urban and industrial </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 1025.23px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980186);" dir="ltr">planning and management.</span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 704.557px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03971);" dir="ltr">Industry and road traffic, the main causes of environmental </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 717.581px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.991623);" dir="ltr">pollution in Tehran city, have been growing in recent decades. </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 730.253px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02912);" dir="ltr">This study was conducted to investigate the situation of soil </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 742.925px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16933);" dir="ltr">heavy metals in Tehran, and Chitgar Forest Park and </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 755.949px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07686);" dir="ltr">surrounding land were chosen as the study area. Soil was </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 768.621px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03754);" dir="ltr">sampled at 116 sites using a squared grid sampling strategy </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 781.645px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.979509);" dir="ltr">with a distance of 250 meters. The total concentration of seven </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 794.317px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0325);" dir="ltr">heavy metals: lead, nickel, cadmium, zinc, iron, manganese </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 807.341px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0644);" dir="ltr">and copper, were measured and analyzed by geostatistical </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 820.013px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.984005);" dir="ltr">techniques in GIS and GS+ software. The results of variogram </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 832.685px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03185);" dir="ltr">analysis and a study of generated maps revealed that spatial </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 845.709px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03844);" dir="ltr">variations of metal cadmium, zinc, lead, nickel, manganese </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 858.381px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12343);" dir="ltr">and copper in soils were affected by industrial activity. </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 871.405px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.988276);" dir="ltr">Among all metals, cadmium, with the highest value of Nugget </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 884.077px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01942);" dir="ltr">to sill ratio (71%), narrow range of 800 meters and variation </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 896.749px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0388);" dir="ltr">coefficient of 0.59, was more affected by industrial activity </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 909.773px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.983666);" dir="ltr">than other elements. By contrast, total iron concentration, with </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 922.445px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15227);" dir="ltr">a wide range of 2638 meters and a very low variation </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 935.469px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.991282);" dir="ltr">coefficient (0.14), was less affected by anthropogenic activity, </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 948.141px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15362);" dir="ltr">suggesting that its distribution is controlled by parent </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 961.165px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01906);" dir="ltr">materials. With respect to the total amount of global indices, </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 973.837px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06324);" dir="ltr">no heavy metal reached a toxic level, but the indices were </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 986.509px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14802);" dir="ltr">clearly affected by industrial activity in the area. This </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 999.533px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.987122);" dir="ltr">indicates a warning about the risk of toxicity in the future and, </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 1012.21px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04611);" dir="ltr">therefore, this should be considered in urban and industrial </span><span style="left: 126.368px; top: 1025.23px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980186);" dir="ltr">planning and management.</span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95007_82f0344610409ce45fbaaa6030a74ac2.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-132411120130321Operation and Management Model based on Collaborative Mechanism of Design in Shadegan (the views of local stakeholders)Operation and Management Model based on Collaborative Mechanism of Design in Shadegan (the views of local stakeholders)95016FAMohsen Kheirollahipost-Graduate Environmental Education Planning and Management Environmental, Department of Energy, Faculty of Science and Research Branch, College Islamic Azad University, KhuzestanMansour GhanianAssistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Engineering, Crop and Rural College of Agriculture and Natural Resources Ramin KhuzestanForozan FarrokhyAssistant Professor, Assosiate Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Environment Energy, Science and Research Branch, College Islamic Azad University, KhuzestanJournal Article20150517<span style="left: 127.424px; top: 812.269px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.965328);" dir="ltr">In this paper, more than half a century of successful implement-</span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 825.645px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.005);" dir="ltr">tation of a collaborative management industry, particularly in </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 839.373px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.975251);" dir="ltr">the field of managing natural resources by a sustainable human </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 852.749px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.989308);" dir="ltr">approach, is emphasized. The present study (design, operation </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 866.125px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994074);" dir="ltr">and management mechanism), is based on the participation of </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 879.853px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12163);" dir="ltr">the residents of Shadegan. Research methods include a </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 893.229px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.962839);" dir="ltr">descriptive survey and a statistical study of five rural residential </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 906.605px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.969893);" dir="ltr">areas placed in and around wildlife sanctuaries. Shadegan has a </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 920.333px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.953026);" dir="ltr">population of 6,000 people, and a sample of 361 individuals was </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 933.709px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01849);" dir="ltr">determined according to Morgan and Takman.Regarding the </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 947.085px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05426);" dir="ltr">outlook of residents and local farmers of different regions, </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 960.813px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0824);" dir="ltr">concerning economic, social, and cultural issues, and the </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 974.189px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.964248);" dir="ltr">environmental sustainability rate of participation incentives, the </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 987.565px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.974392);" dir="ltr">results of correlation analysis show that in regard to the current </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 1001.29px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.96476);" dir="ltr">management of wetlands, the difference in the percentage level, </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 1014.67px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01383);" dir="ltr">relative to the obstacles and challenges facing participants in </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 1028.05px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.945394);" dir="ltr">activities associated with wetlands, is five percent. </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 812.269px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.965328);" dir="ltr">In this paper, more than half a century of successful implement-</span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 825.645px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.005);" dir="ltr">tation of a collaborative management industry, particularly in </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 839.373px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.975251);" dir="ltr">the field of managing natural resources by a sustainable human </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 852.749px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.989308);" dir="ltr">approach, is emphasized. The present study (design, operation </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 866.125px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994074);" dir="ltr">and management mechanism), is based on the participation of </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 879.853px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12163);" dir="ltr">the residents of Shadegan. Research methods include a </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 893.229px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.962839);" dir="ltr">descriptive survey and a statistical study of five rural residential </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 906.605px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.969893);" dir="ltr">areas placed in and around wildlife sanctuaries. Shadegan has a </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 920.333px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.953026);" dir="ltr">population of 6,000 people, and a sample of 361 individuals was </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 933.709px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01849);" dir="ltr">determined according to Morgan and Takman.Regarding the </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 947.085px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05426);" dir="ltr">outlook of residents and local farmers of different regions, </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 960.813px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0824);" dir="ltr">concerning economic, social, and cultural issues, and the </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 974.189px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.964248);" dir="ltr">environmental sustainability rate of participation incentives, the </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 987.565px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.974392);" dir="ltr">results of correlation analysis show that in regard to the current </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 1001.29px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.96476);" dir="ltr">management of wetlands, the difference in the percentage level, </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 1014.67px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01383);" dir="ltr">relative to the obstacles and challenges facing participants in </span><span style="left: 127.424px; top: 1028.05px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.945394);" dir="ltr">activities associated with wetlands, is five percent. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95016_277edf48732ac2c03886824bab939bce.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-132411120130321Impact Assessment of Natural Resources and the Watershed Management Comprehensive Project in the West Part of Shiraz County on the Local Environment as Perceived by Its BeneficiariesImpact Assessment of Natural Resources and the Watershed Management Comprehensive Project in the West Part of Shiraz County on the Local Environment as Perceived by Its Beneficiaries95022FAAlireza AmobeigyM.Sc. Student Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agricultural, University of Shiraz, ShirazDariush HayatiAssociate Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agricultural, University of Shiraz, ShirazJournal Article20150517<span style="left: 146px; top: 743.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09094);" dir="ltr">Environmental impact assessment is a planning tool that </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 755.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14623);" dir="ltr">estimates the environmental impact of projects on the </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 767.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1025);" dir="ltr">environment. This research was conducted to assess the </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 779.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19071);" dir="ltr">environmental impact of the Natural Resources and </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 792.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.985281);" dir="ltr">Watershed Management Comprehensive Project in the west of </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 804.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07964);" dir="ltr">Shiraz county (</span><span style="left: 230.4px; top: 804.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0477);" dir="ltr">Bunrode Zangeneh </span><span style="left: 341.6px; top: 804.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03567);" dir="ltr">sub watershed) from its </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 816.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.986675);" dir="ltr">users’ viewpoint. The results are intended to provide solutions </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 829.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05132);" dir="ltr">to enhance the appropriateness of the project, in the aspect </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 841.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13624);" dir="ltr">mentioned, using qualitative and quantitative research </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 853.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02817);" dir="ltr">methods, survey techniques and semi-structured interviews. </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 865.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01252);" dir="ltr">The sample group in this study included 268 members of the </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 878.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16021);" dir="ltr">local Natural Resources and Watershed Management </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 890.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03422);" dir="ltr">Cooperative. Stratified random sampling was used to select </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 902.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14182);" dir="ltr">cooperative members. In the qualitative section of the </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 914.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09594);" dir="ltr">research, according to the users’ viewpoint, internal and </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 927.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06795);" dir="ltr">external factors affecting the project were recognized and </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 939.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08182);" dir="ltr">classified using SWOT analysis. Twenty members of the </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 951.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14476);" dir="ltr">cooperative were selected as the sample group for the </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 963.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.2082);" dir="ltr">qualitative part of the research. The findings of the </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 976.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02079);" dir="ltr">quantitative part of the research revealed that the project did </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 988.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04404);" dir="ltr">have an affect on environmental factors (soil quality, water </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1000.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10724);" dir="ltr">and vegetation), based on the users’ viewpoint. Internal </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1013.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980691);" dir="ltr">analysis of the project, based on the users’ viewpoint, revealed </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1025.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04142);" dir="ltr">that the following factors were recognized as the important </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1037.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02294);" dir="ltr">environmental strengths of the project: Reduction in surface </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1049.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16312);" dir="ltr">flow, nutrient leaching and soil erosion, whereas, the </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1061.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00473);" dir="ltr">important environmental weakness of the project included an </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1074.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02698);" dir="ltr">inability to determine the precise boundaries between areas. </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1086.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06878);" dir="ltr">External analysis of the project from the users’ viewpoint </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1098.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.986294);" dir="ltr">revealed that an important opportunity provided by the project </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1111.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994688);" dir="ltr">included determination of the limits of national territories and </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1123.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.23732);" dir="ltr">the separation of private land, whereas, important </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1135.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.992454);" dir="ltr">environmental threats of the project included the shortage and </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1147.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02771);" dir="ltr">poor distribution of rainfall. Several recommendations have </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1160.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11127);" dir="ltr">been presented at the end of the paper for better project </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1172.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980789);" dir="ltr">management in the future. </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 743.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09094);" dir="ltr">Environmental impact assessment is a planning tool that </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 755.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14623);" dir="ltr">estimates the environmental impact of projects on the </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 767.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1025);" dir="ltr">environment. This research was conducted to assess the </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 779.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19071);" dir="ltr">environmental impact of the Natural Resources and </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 792.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.985281);" dir="ltr">Watershed Management Comprehensive Project in the west of </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 804.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07964);" dir="ltr">Shiraz county (</span><span style="left: 230.4px; top: 804.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0477);" dir="ltr">Bunrode Zangeneh </span><span style="left: 341.6px; top: 804.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03567);" dir="ltr">sub watershed) from its </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 816.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.986675);" dir="ltr">users’ viewpoint. The results are intended to provide solutions </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 829.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05132);" dir="ltr">to enhance the appropriateness of the project, in the aspect </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 841.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13624);" dir="ltr">mentioned, using qualitative and quantitative research </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 853.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02817);" dir="ltr">methods, survey techniques and semi-structured interviews. </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 865.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01252);" dir="ltr">The sample group in this study included 268 members of the </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 878.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16021);" dir="ltr">local Natural Resources and Watershed Management </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 890.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03422);" dir="ltr">Cooperative. Stratified random sampling was used to select </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 902.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14182);" dir="ltr">cooperative members. In the qualitative section of the </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 914.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09594);" dir="ltr">research, according to the users’ viewpoint, internal and </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 927.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06795);" dir="ltr">external factors affecting the project were recognized and </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 939.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08182);" dir="ltr">classified using SWOT analysis. Twenty members of the </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 951.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14476);" dir="ltr">cooperative were selected as the sample group for the </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 963.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.2082);" dir="ltr">qualitative part of the research. The findings of the </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 976.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02079);" dir="ltr">quantitative part of the research revealed that the project did </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 988.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04404);" dir="ltr">have an affect on environmental factors (soil quality, water </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1000.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10724);" dir="ltr">and vegetation), based on the users’ viewpoint. Internal </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1013.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980691);" dir="ltr">analysis of the project, based on the users’ viewpoint, revealed </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1025.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04142);" dir="ltr">that the following factors were recognized as the important </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1037.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02294);" dir="ltr">environmental strengths of the project: Reduction in surface </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1049.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16312);" dir="ltr">flow, nutrient leaching and soil erosion, whereas, the </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1061.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00473);" dir="ltr">important environmental weakness of the project included an </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1074.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02698);" dir="ltr">inability to determine the precise boundaries between areas. </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1086.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06878);" dir="ltr">External analysis of the project from the users’ viewpoint </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1098.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.986294);" dir="ltr">revealed that an important opportunity provided by the project </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1111.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994688);" dir="ltr">included determination of the limits of national territories and </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1123.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.23732);" dir="ltr">the separation of private land, whereas, important </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1135.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.992454);" dir="ltr">environmental threats of the project included the shortage and </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1147.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02771);" dir="ltr">poor distribution of rainfall. Several recommendations have </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1160.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11127);" dir="ltr">been presented at the end of the paper for better project </span><span style="left: 146px; top: 1172.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980789);" dir="ltr">management in the future. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95022_081c87c806b7d521da15729a52f30373.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-132411120130321Using Remote Sensing for Detecting Land Use Changes with Emphasis on Urban Development(Case Study: Anzali Wetland Watershed)Using Remote Sensing for Detecting Land Use Changes with Emphasis on Urban Development(Case Study: Anzali Wetland Watershed)95039FAAli BaliPhD Candidate in Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment &Energy, Science and Research Branch, University of Islamic Azad, TehranSeyyed Masoud MonavariAssistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment &Energy, Science and Research Branch, University of Islamic Azad, TehranBorhan RiaziAssistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment &Energy, Science and Research Branch, University of Islamic Azad, TehranNemat KhorasaniProfessor, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment &Energy, Science and Research Branch, University of Islamic Azad, TehranMir Masoud KheirkhahAssistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment &Energy, Science and Research Branch, University of Islamic Azad, TehranJournal Article20150517<span style="left: 148.4px; top: 931.933px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06096);" dir="ltr">In the last two decades, the increase in technology </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 949.133px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13384);" dir="ltr">and global population has led to environmental </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 966.333px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07317);" dir="ltr">change and degradation. Remote sensing is a new </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 983.933px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11231);" dir="ltr">technology which provides accessibility and the </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1001.13px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0968);" dir="ltr">ability to extract basic information for managing </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1018.33px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00922);" dir="ltr">earth resources. In this study, land use changes in the </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1035.53px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.992922);" dir="ltr">Anzali watershed in Gilan province has been detected </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1052.73px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03307);" dir="ltr">using GIS/RS. Initially, we produced land use maps </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1069.93px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07099);" dir="ltr">using satellite images of Landsat (MSS 1975, TM </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1087.13px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.995213);" dir="ltr">1989, ETM+ 2000) and IRS (LISS III) in six land use </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1104.33px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00493);" dir="ltr">classes. Then, land use changes were compared over </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1121.53px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.999478);" dir="ltr">32 years using the post classification method. Studies </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1139.13px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.988484);" dir="ltr">showed that the urban area has rapidly increased from </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1155.93px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01075);" dir="ltr">4878 ha in 1989 to 19089 ha in 2007. </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 931.933px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06096);" dir="ltr">In the last two decades, the increase in technology </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 949.133px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13384);" dir="ltr">and global population has led to environmental </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 966.333px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07317);" dir="ltr">change and degradation. Remote sensing is a new </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 983.933px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11231);" dir="ltr">technology which provides accessibility and the </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1001.13px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0968);" dir="ltr">ability to extract basic information for managing </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1018.33px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00922);" dir="ltr">earth resources. In this study, land use changes in the </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1035.53px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.992922);" dir="ltr">Anzali watershed in Gilan province has been detected </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1052.73px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03307);" dir="ltr">using GIS/RS. Initially, we produced land use maps </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1069.93px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07099);" dir="ltr">using satellite images of Landsat (MSS 1975, TM </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1087.13px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.995213);" dir="ltr">1989, ETM+ 2000) and IRS (LISS III) in six land use </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1104.33px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00493);" dir="ltr">classes. Then, land use changes were compared over </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1121.53px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.999478);" dir="ltr">32 years using the post classification method. Studies </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1139.13px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.988484);" dir="ltr">showed that the urban area has rapidly increased from </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1155.93px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01075);" dir="ltr">4878 ha in 1989 to 19089 ha in 2007. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95039_174179d9c7bf1bb31315ac8ca3b0973e.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-132411120130321The Study of Leadership Dimension Roles in Enviropreneurship Development: Evidence from Iranian Environmental NGOsThe Study of Leadership Dimension Roles in Enviropreneurship Development: Evidence from Iranian Environmental NGOs95050FASeyed Mohammad MoghimiProfessor, Department of Public Management, Faculty of Management, University of TehranAmir AlambeigiAssistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of TehranJournal Article20150517<span style="left: 144.4px; top: 806.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09047);" dir="ltr">In this article, with regard to the little empirical research </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 821.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06709);" dir="ltr">undertaken on enviropreneurship and leadership, drawing </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 837.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07738);" dir="ltr">from a relational perspective, we explore the relationship </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 852.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08916);" dir="ltr">between enviropreneurship and leadership. The research </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 867.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02789);" dir="ltr">method was descriptive correlation, and data were collected </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 883.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08435);" dir="ltr">from 51 environmental NGOs engaged in environmental </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 898.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04081);" dir="ltr">issues using the random sampling method. A questionnaire </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 913.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07266);" dir="ltr">was employed for variable measurements, and its content </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 929.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03087);" dir="ltr">validity confirmed by a panel study. An alpha coefficient of </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 944.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00365);" dir="ltr">0.94 for enviropreneurship and 0.96 for leadership confirmed </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 959.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03381);" dir="ltr">that the reliability is satisfied. Structural equation modeling </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 975.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00681);" dir="ltr">(SEM), as a multivariate technique, and PLS-Graph software </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 990.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.982289);" dir="ltr">were used. According to path analysis results, four dimensions </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 1005.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.25903);" dir="ltr">of leadership have significant roles to play in the </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 1021.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07381);" dir="ltr">enviropreneurship development of environmental NGOs. </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 1036.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00596);" dir="ltr">Empirical results showed that enviropreneurship competency </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 1051.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02473);" dir="ltr">in environmental NGOs is dependent upon transformational </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 1067.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.23318);" dir="ltr">leadership (TL), and 33% of enviropreneurship in </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 1082.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12802);" dir="ltr">environmental NGO variance can be explained by TL. </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 1097.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09203);" dir="ltr">Research findings offer a new theoretical framework for </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 1113.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.983899);" dir="ltr">future theory development. </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 806.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09047);" dir="ltr">In this article, with regard to the little empirical research </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 821.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06709);" dir="ltr">undertaken on enviropreneurship and leadership, drawing </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 837.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07738);" dir="ltr">from a relational perspective, we explore the relationship </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 852.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08916);" dir="ltr">between enviropreneurship and leadership. The research </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 867.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02789);" dir="ltr">method was descriptive correlation, and data were collected </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 883.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08435);" dir="ltr">from 51 environmental NGOs engaged in environmental </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 898.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04081);" dir="ltr">issues using the random sampling method. A questionnaire </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 913.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07266);" dir="ltr">was employed for variable measurements, and its content </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 929.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03087);" dir="ltr">validity confirmed by a panel study. An alpha coefficient of </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 944.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00365);" dir="ltr">0.94 for enviropreneurship and 0.96 for leadership confirmed </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 959.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03381);" dir="ltr">that the reliability is satisfied. Structural equation modeling </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 975.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00681);" dir="ltr">(SEM), as a multivariate technique, and PLS-Graph software </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 990.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.982289);" dir="ltr">were used. According to path analysis results, four dimensions </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 1005.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.25903);" dir="ltr">of leadership have significant roles to play in the </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 1021.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07381);" dir="ltr">enviropreneurship development of environmental NGOs. </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 1036.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00596);" dir="ltr">Empirical results showed that enviropreneurship competency </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 1051.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02473);" dir="ltr">in environmental NGOs is dependent upon transformational </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 1067.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.23318);" dir="ltr">leadership (TL), and 33% of enviropreneurship in </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 1082.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12802);" dir="ltr">environmental NGO variance can be explained by TL. </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 1097.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09203);" dir="ltr">Research findings offer a new theoretical framework for </span><span style="left: 144.4px; top: 1113.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.983899);" dir="ltr">future theory development. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95050_8d1a2e13e1bb3ba23558c970ade944be.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-132411120130321Statistical Analysis of the Number of Freezing Days in Tehran During 56 Years to Investigation of Variation of Climate ChangeStatistical Analysis of the Number of Freezing Days in Tehran During 56 Years to Investigation of Variation of Climate Change95059FAMahmoud AhmadiAssistant professor, Faculty of Erath Science, Shahid Beheshti UniversityPrastoo AzimiMSc.Student in Physical Geography, Shahid Beheshti UniversityJournal Article20150517<span style="left: 148.4px; top: 881.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02012);" dir="ltr">During last decades the environmental and economic effects </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 899.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.2674);" dir="ltr">of climate changes have been very important for </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 917.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980415);" dir="ltr">environmental scientists. According to temperature fluctuation </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 934.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02744);" dir="ltr">studies, the minimum, maximum, and average temperatures </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 952.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10381);" dir="ltr">are to be increased. So, the objective of this study is the </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 969.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06925);" dir="ltr">investigation of variations of the number of freezing days </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 987.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19392);" dir="ltr">during a 57 years data set and modeling the data by </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1005.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05811);" dir="ltr">multivariable statistics methods. The applied models were </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1023.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.992542);" dir="ltr">ARIMA time-series, Regressions, and Correlation coefficient. </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1040.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04812);" dir="ltr">The results showed that the variations of temperature were </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1058.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00258);" dir="ltr">very disorder from 1951 to 1975 and they were not following </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1075.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11434);" dir="ltr">a specific model. However, it showed the decreasing in </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1093.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00702);" dir="ltr">freezing days during 1976-2007 which could be due to urban </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1111.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.976416);" dir="ltr">warming and crating island effect in this duration. </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 881.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02012);" dir="ltr">During last decades the environmental and economic effects </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 899.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.2674);" dir="ltr">of climate changes have been very important for </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 917.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980415);" dir="ltr">environmental scientists. According to temperature fluctuation </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 934.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02744);" dir="ltr">studies, the minimum, maximum, and average temperatures </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 952.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10381);" dir="ltr">are to be increased. So, the objective of this study is the </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 969.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06925);" dir="ltr">investigation of variations of the number of freezing days </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 987.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19392);" dir="ltr">during a 57 years data set and modeling the data by </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1005.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05811);" dir="ltr">multivariable statistics methods. The applied models were </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1023.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.992542);" dir="ltr">ARIMA time-series, Regressions, and Correlation coefficient. </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1040.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04812);" dir="ltr">The results showed that the variations of temperature were </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1058.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00258);" dir="ltr">very disorder from 1951 to 1975 and they were not following </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1075.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11434);" dir="ltr">a specific model. However, it showed the decreasing in </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1093.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00702);" dir="ltr">freezing days during 1976-2007 which could be due to urban </span><span style="left: 148.4px; top: 1111.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.976416);" dir="ltr">warming and crating island effect in this duration. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95059_bdbb09bc0ef164e4aa31d4e1559c96b0.pdf