Shahid Beheshti University Advanced Environmental Sciences 3115-7173 10 1 2012 09 22 A GIS-Based Study of The Natural Bed of Malfe and Andargoli Villages Rural Complex A GIS-Based Study of The Natural Bed of Malfe and Andargoli Villages Rural Complex 94934 FA Saeed MirRiahi, Professor Assistant , Architecture Department,faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University. Tehran, Iran. Saed Farajnejad Ghadi Lecturer, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mazandaran, Iran. Maryam Ghasemnejad M.Sc, Geography- Climatology in Environmental Planning,Faculty of Earth Science,Shahid Beheshti University.tehran , Iran. Journal Article 2015 05 17 In this study, topographic as well as rural texture parameters were analyzed in the form of spatial layers. For this purpose, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was first prepared and then, based on the classification of the land form parameters and overlaying them with the land use/land cover layer, the relationship of the physical parameters with the structural context of Malfe and Andargoli villages was analyzed. Finally, both compatible and non-compatible forms of exploitation of the natural bed of the two villages were identified. Furthermore, the results of this study suggest that GIS with the possibility of developing data can be an efficient tool in the process of rural and urban planning. In this study, topographic as well as rural texture parameters were analyzed in the form of spatial layers. For this purpose, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was first prepared and then, based on the classification of the land form parameters and overlaying them with the land use/land cover layer, the relationship of the physical parameters with the structural context of Malfe and Andargoli villages was analyzed. Finally, both compatible and non-compatible forms of exploitation of the natural bed of the two villages were identified. Furthermore, the results of this study suggest that GIS with the possibility of developing data can be an efficient tool in the process of rural and urban planning.

https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_94934_bb70b0afa16c416f649bce6b3cd298b4.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Advanced Environmental Sciences 3115-7173 10 1 2012 09 22 Ordering Discontinuous Digital Stream Networks in a Watershed by Developing an Object-oriented Model in the GIS Environment Ordering Discontinuous Digital Stream Networks in a Watershed by Developing an Object-oriented Model in the GIS Environment 94862 FA Mahmoodreza Tabatabaei, Ph.D. Candidate, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari University and Research Instructor in the Soil Conservation & Watershed Management Research Institute. Karim Solaimani Ali Akbar Noroozi Member of Scientific Board of the Soil Conservation & Watershed Management Research Institute. Journal Article 2015 05 17 A watershed stream network consists of a collection of rivers and streams that drain surface water flows within a watershed. These spatial data are key in calculating various aspects of a watershed, such as physiography, hydrology, soil erosion, sediment, etc. One of physical parameters in a watershed is the “bifurcation ratio”, which shows the level of roundness or elongation of a watershed related to a stream network. The bifurcation ratio is calculated on the basis of an ordered stream network and it is one of the main criteria used to evaluate watershed flood hydrograph patterns. The main problems in ordering watershed stream networks are the discontinuity in stream networks of topography maps and differences with water flow model maps. These deficiencies create problems in calculating other watershed parameters such as length, ordering, and density of streams. As current GIS software is not able to compensate for these shortcomings, the present research used a previously designed GIS model (ArcGIS environment, using ESRI ArcObjects), applying a new approach for ordering watershed stream networks. The results of this study showed that this methodology could be applied to conduct a more accurate ordering of stream network (based on Strahler’s Algorithm) where there is no discontinuity between streams in a network, and to gain better harmony with water flow model of a watershed. A watershed stream network consists of a collection of rivers and streams that drain surface water flows within a watershed. These spatial data are key in calculating various aspects of a watershed, such as physiography, hydrology, soil erosion, sediment, etc. One of physical parameters in a watershed is the “bifurcation ratio”, which shows the level of roundness or elongation of a watershed related to a stream network. The bifurcation ratio is calculated on the basis of an ordered stream network and it is one of the main criteria used to evaluate watershed flood hydrograph patterns. The main problems in ordering watershed stream networks are the discontinuity in stream networks of topography maps and differences with water flow model maps. These deficiencies create problems in calculating other watershed parameters such as length, ordering, and density of streams. As current GIS software is not able to compensate for these shortcomings, the present research used a previously designed GIS model (ArcGIS environment, using ESRI ArcObjects), applying a new approach for ordering watershed stream networks. The results of this study showed that this methodology could be applied to conduct a more accurate ordering of stream network (based on Strahler’s Algorithm) where there is no discontinuity between streams in a network, and to gain better harmony with water flow model of a watershed.

https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_94862_716ba220d2c90a0f43815d9aa8e06a56.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Advanced Environmental Sciences 3115-7173 10 1 2012 09 22 Designing for Achievement of Sustainable Vernacular Patterns in a Cultural Context Designing for Achievement of Sustainable Vernacular Patterns in a Cultural Context 94928 FA Reza CyrusSabri Professor, Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture and Urban Studies, University of California System and Virginia Tech. Journal Article 2015 05 17 Traditional wisdom in vernacular design can be a guiding light for our design approach today. All of the important pressing issues of our time, such as environmental sustainability, ecology, and meaning are an intricate part of a vernacular process of design. Vernacular architecture is the physical manifestation of a specific culture. The consideration of patterns of behaviour in the design process ensures the reflection of cultural identity and meaning in the proposed alternatives. In vernacular design the range of ideas are constrained in advance and are limited to a specific community or intended audience. The sustainable approach is embedded in a vernacular design which stems from a sense of oneness with nature. This article includes a variety of case studies related to vernacular architecture. Vernacular ways of building stem from a vernacular lifestyle and belief system. Lessons from this design process show us how to bring the sense of place back to any context. Traditional wisdom in vernacular design can be a guiding light for our design approach today. All of the important pressing issues of our time, such as environmental sustainability, ecology, and meaning are an intricate part of a vernacular process of design. Vernacular architecture is the physical manifestation of a specific culture. The consideration of patterns of behaviour in the design process ensures the reflection of cultural identity and meaning in the proposed alternatives. In vernacular design the range of ideas are constrained in advance and are limited to a specific community or intended audience. The sustainable approach is embedded in a vernacular design which stems from a sense of oneness with nature. This article includes a variety of case studies related to vernacular architecture. Vernacular ways of building stem from a vernacular lifestyle and belief system. Lessons from this design process show us how to bring the sense of place back to any context.

https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_94928_ca044cf2bda6849beeacae8bf799ccc6.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Advanced Environmental Sciences 3115-7173 10 1 2012 09 22 Determination of Mercuric Chloride Toxicity on Capoeta fusca under Laboratory Conditions Determination of Mercuric Chloride Toxicity on Capoeta fusca under Laboratory Conditions 94845 FA Hamid Reza Pourkhabbaz Assistant Professor, Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology. Ali Reza Pourkhabbaz Assistant Professor, Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Birjand, Assistant Professor, Higher Educational Institute of Birjand Hormozan. Journal Article 2015 05 17 Acute toxicity testing of contaminants, continually released into the aquatic ecosystems from industrial and residential areas and representing a potential risk to the aquatic biota is important. Mercury is a highly toxic metal to which, due to its wide usage in agricultural, industrial, medical and other fields, exposure cannot be avoided.The purpose of this study was to examine the acute toxicity of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) on a freshwater species of fish, Capotea fusca,according to the static testfor calculating LC50(lethality concentration for 50%).For this purpose,fish were exposed to mercuric chloride and were not fed for approximately 96 h by adding no food. Ten different concentrations in three replicates were chosen. For each treatment, 10 fish specimens were used. The solutions were prepared by dissolving mercuric chloride (Merck) in distilled water. Results represented that mortality decreased as exposure time increased, so that most of the mortality occurred during the first 24 h. Finally, the Conclusion showed that the LC50value at 72 h and 96 h were 0.539 mg/L. Acute toxicity testing of contaminants, continually released into the aquatic ecosystems from industrial and residential areas and representing a potential risk to the aquatic biota is important. Mercury is a highly toxic metal to which, due to its wide usage in agricultural, industrial, medical and other fields, exposure cannot be avoided.The purpose of this study was to examine the acute toxicity of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) on a freshwater species of fish, Capotea fusca,according to the static testfor calculating LC50(lethality concentration for 50%).For this purpose,fish were exposed to mercuric chloride and were not fed for approximately 96 h by adding no food. Ten different concentrations in three replicates were chosen. For each treatment, 10 fish specimens were used. The solutions were prepared by dissolving mercuric chloride (Merck) in distilled water. Results represented that mortality decreased as exposure time increased, so that most of the mortality occurred during the first 24 h. Finally, the Conclusion showed that the LC50value at 72 h and 96 h were 0.539 mg/L.

https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_94845_f0f36fc1e53dfbcd689b7ea58aca2762.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Advanced Environmental Sciences 3115-7173 10 1 2012 09 22 Spatial Variability of Selected Soil Properties in an Olive Orchard in Tarom Region, Zanjan Province, Iran Spatial Variability of Selected Soil Properties in an Olive Orchard in Tarom Region, Zanjan Province, Iran 94917 FA Omid Nouri Roudsari, PhD Student of Horticultural Science, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran, Iran. Kazem Arzani, Professor of Pomology, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University Tehran, Iran. Aziz Moameni Associate Professor, Soil and Water Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. Mehdi Taheri Assistant Professor, Soil and Water Research Department, Agricultural andNatural Resources Research Center, Zanjan, Iran Journal Article 2015 05 17 An experiment was carried out in order to study the spatial variability of soil fertility variables in an irrigated mature olive tree (Olea europea cv. `Zard’) orchard. The orchard is located in the Tarom area of Zanjan Province (48° 56′ to 50° 5′E and 36° 47′ to 37° 36′ N) and is under olive with trees planted 7×7 m. Soil parameters - including K, P, Na, Cl, EC and OM - were determined in soil samples from 0-60 cm depth in late February 2011. A regular 98×98 m sampling grid was established and the intersection points were georeferenced. The data were analyzed using both classical statistics and geostatistical methods. Maps were created as a basis for orchard soil site-specific management. Interpolations were realized according to thresholds and standard deviation of every parameter. Estimates were used to draw variation maps of each soil fertility component based on Kriging method. High geo-distribution variation was detected. The results showed that an important area is menaced by K deficiency. Indeed, in this area soil K was revealed to be under the 70 ppm threshold level. The geostatistical analysis indicated different spatial distribution models and spatial dependence levels for the soil properties. Sodium and OM were strongly distributed in patches. Phosphorous was moderately spatial dependent, and K did not follow a spatial correlated distribution. An experiment was carried out in order to study the spatial variability of soil fertility variables in an irrigated mature olive tree (Olea europea cv. `Zard’) orchard. The orchard is located in the Tarom area of Zanjan Province (48° 56′ to 50° 5′E and 36° 47′ to 37° 36′ N) and is under olive with trees planted 7×7 m. Soil parameters - including K, P, Na, Cl, EC and OM - were determined in soil samples from 0-60 cm depth in late February 2011. A regular 98×98 m sampling grid was established and the intersection points were georeferenced. The data were analyzed using both classical statistics and geostatistical methods. Maps were created as a basis for orchard soil site-specific management. Interpolations were realized according to thresholds and standard deviation of every parameter. Estimates were used to draw variation maps of each soil fertility component based on Kriging method. High geo-distribution variation was detected. The results showed that an important area is menaced by K deficiency. Indeed, in this area soil K was revealed to be under the 70 ppm threshold level. The geostatistical analysis indicated different spatial distribution models and spatial dependence levels for the soil properties. Sodium and OM were strongly distributed in patches. Phosphorous was moderately spatial dependent, and K did not follow a spatial correlated distribution.

https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_94917_763ffa900ad58c49d9b5f089f4ec3b2a.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Advanced Environmental Sciences 3115-7173 10 1 2012 09 22 Agricultural Water Conflict in the Doroodzan Dam Irrigation Network, Iran: The Opinion of Regional Water Experts Agricultural Water Conflict in the Doroodzan Dam Irrigation Network, Iran: The Opinion of Regional Water Experts 94836 FA Masoud Bijani, PhD Student of Agricultural Extension and Education, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Dariush Hayati Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Behrooz Abdolvand Coordinator of CREES (Caspian Region Environmental and Energy Studies), Freie Universität Berlin, Germany. Journal Article 2015 05 17 Agricultural water conflict describes conflicts among water stakeholders in the agricultural sector. The purpose of this study was to investigate regional water experts’ opinions towards agricultural water conflicts. The research was conducted in Doroodzan dam irrigation network in Fars Province, Iran. The study was carried out by using a descriptive, correlative method. All regional water experts who worked downstream of Doroodzan dam formed the population of this study (75 experts) of whom 66 people were recruited as a sample from this population. A questionnaire was used as a tool for gathering data and its validity was confirmed by a group of professionals. A pilot study was conducted and Cronbach's alpha test was applied to determine the data collection instrument reliability. Findings revealed that, among groups involved in water conflicts, the main conflict was between farmers in downstream and upstream. Downstream farmers were the main losers in water distribution. The dominant form of water conflict was "open conflict" as well. This result shows water conflict in this area is groing more gradually. The main reasons for increasing water conflict were "drought", "water scarcity" and "the style of water management by the government". According to the experts' opinions, the best type of water management must be a combination of governmental monitoring and local management by farmers. There were no significant differences among different groups of experts in regard to agricultural water conflict. Agricultural water conflict describes conflicts among water stakeholders in the agricultural sector. The purpose of this study was to investigate regional water experts’ opinions towards agricultural water conflicts. The research was conducted in Doroodzan dam irrigation network in Fars Province, Iran. The study was carried out by using a descriptive, correlative method. All regional water experts who worked downstream of Doroodzan dam formed the population of this study (75 experts) of whom 66 people were recruited as a sample from this population. A questionnaire was used as a tool for gathering data and its validity was confirmed by a group of professionals. A pilot study was conducted and Cronbach's alpha test was applied to determine the data collection instrument reliability. Findings revealed that, among groups involved in water conflicts, the main conflict was between farmers in downstream and upstream. Downstream farmers were the main losers in water distribution. The dominant form of water conflict was "open conflict" as well. This result shows water conflict in this area is groing more gradually. The main reasons for increasing water conflict were "drought", "water scarcity" and "the style of water management by the government". According to the experts' opinions, the best type of water management must be a combination of governmental monitoring and local management by farmers. There were no significant differences among different groups of experts in regard to agricultural water conflict.

https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_94836_48503ae76db889fbde04dc3d052b02f7.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Advanced Environmental Sciences 3115-7173 10 1 2012 09 22 An Input–Output Energy Analysis in Intensive Agro-ecosystems: A Case Study of Greenhouse Cucumber Production in Varamin County of Tehran Province, Iran An Input–Output Energy Analysis in Intensive Agro-ecosystems: A Case Study of Greenhouse Cucumber Production in Varamin County of Tehran Province, Iran 94907 FA Fatemeh Darijani, MSc. Of Agroecology, Department of Agroecology, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, GC. Hadi Veisi, Associate Professor, Department of Agroecology, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University. Korous Khoshbakht, Associate Professor, Department of Agroecology, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University. 0000-0002-8643-3979 Houman Liyaghati Associate Professor, Department of Agroecology, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University. 0000-0003-0604-6328 Ali Alipour Ph.D Student of Agroecology, Zabol University. Journal Article 2015 05 17 The aim of this study was to examine the energy equivalents of input and output in greenhouse cucumber production in Varamin County of Tehran Province, Iran. A survey methodology with a sample of 200 greenhouse farms was employed in 2010. The results showed that the output–input ratio, specific energy and energy productivity were 0.017, 46.84MJ/kg and 0.02 kg/MJ, respectively. In this sense, diesel (99.03%), human labour (0.37%) and fertilizer (0.34%), had the highest proportion of energy consumption. Based on the results obtained, twostrategies including input substitution and using technical progress were recommended for the best energy efficiency. The aim of this study was to examine the energy equivalents of input and output in greenhouse cucumber production in Varamin County of Tehran Province, Iran. A survey methodology with a sample of 200 greenhouse farms was employed in 2010. The results showed that the output–input ratio, specific energy and energy productivity were 0.017, 46.84MJ/kg and 0.02 kg/MJ, respectively. In this sense, diesel (99.03%), human labour (0.37%) and fertilizer (0.34%), had the highest proportion of energy consumption. Based on the results obtained, twostrategies including input substitution and using technical progress were recommended for the best energy efficiency.

https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_94907_5d29fed55b7753192702e35e0510796f.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Advanced Environmental Sciences 3115-7173 10 1 2012 09 22 Modeling Within-field Soil Variability and Its Potential Use in the Variable-rate Treatment of Experimental Plots Modeling Within-field Soil Variability and Its Potential Use in the Variable-rate Treatment of Experimental Plots 94827 FA Aziz Moameni Associate Professor, Department of Soil Genesis and Classification, Soil and Water Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. Abbasali Damavandi Soil survey expert, Department of Soil and Water, Zanjan Agricultural Research Center, Zanjan, Iran. Kamran Eftekhari Asssstant Professor, Department of Soil Genesis and Classification, Soil and Water Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. Journal Article 2015 05 17 This study described the soil variability in an experimental 10×10 m plot in Zanjan Province. The study was aimed at: (i) characterizing the short-range spatial variability of soil properties that control soil fertility and plant nutrition, (ii) delineating uniform areas within trial sites based on spatial dependence of soil properties, (iii) determining if this variation is large and can be managed at practical scales. Surface soil samples (0-30 cm) were analyzed for clay, silt and sand contents, calcium carbonate equivalent, pH, organic carbon, available phosphorus and available potassium. The spatial variability of soil properties was described using geostatistics. Sampling on a 1 m2 grid, revealed a relatively large spatial variability of soil properties. Clay content exhibited no spatial dependence but other variables investigated were well-described with variogram models and significant short-range variations depicted. Based on the geostatistical analysis, a stratification of the field into potential management zones was possible. This study described the soil variability in an experimental 10×10 m plot in Zanjan Province. The study was aimed at: (i) characterizing the short-range spatial variability of soil properties that control soil fertility and plant nutrition, (ii) delineating uniform areas within trial sites based on spatial dependence of soil properties, (iii) determining if this variation is large and can be managed at practical scales. Surface soil samples (0-30 cm) were analyzed for clay, silt and sand contents, calcium carbonate equivalent, pH, organic carbon, available phosphorus and available potassium. The spatial variability of soil properties was described using geostatistics. Sampling on a 1 m2 grid, revealed a relatively large spatial variability of soil properties. Clay content exhibited no spatial dependence but other variables investigated were well-described with variogram models and significant short-range variations depicted. Based on the geostatistical analysis, a stratification of the field into potential management zones was possible.

https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_94827_82bcc47ac89d327a3e1fbcec885452d4.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Advanced Environmental Sciences 3115-7173 10 1 2012 09 22 Strategies for Enhancing the Quality of Urban Natural Public Spaces: Tehran’s Farahzad River-valley’s Landscape Strategies for Enhancing the Quality of Urban Natural Public Spaces: Tehran’s Farahzad River-valley’s Landscape 94897 FA Shahindokht Barghjelveh Assistant Professor, Department of Planning and Designing the Environment, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Nima Sayad MA Urban and Regional Designing and Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2015 05 17 The focus of this study has been the application of the concept of eco-hydrology through the rehabilitation of Tehran’s Farahzad River-valley’s urban landscape. The key element in the implementation of the concept has been the ecological management of the river-valley as the spatial link between geomorphology, vegetation, hydrology and land use. The study follows the proposition that to attain more qualified public spaces resulting from the development of urban river-valleys’ natural environments, it is necessary to stop the continuous ecological destruction of landscapes and to take steps to improve their ecological connectivity. Based on the potentials and the limitations of the region, the solutions for enhancing the quality of Tehran’s Farahzad River-valley’s public space, are derived from different levels of landscape management: System Ecology, Urban Ecology and Human Ecology. According to principles of landscape ecology, these strategies are provided to manage landscape’s resource allocation (level of construction and use), landscapes’ socio-spatial programming (level of ground coverage), and landscapes’ bio-socio-spatial networkfunction (level of recreational infrastructure). In this study, the analytical framework of the proposed component model is used for examining the quality of Tehran’s Farahzad River-valley’s Public Space. The information regarding this assessment is collected through observations and statistics gathered from relevant organizations. The focus of this study has been the application of the concept of eco-hydrology through the rehabilitation of Tehran’s Farahzad River-valley’s urban landscape. The key element in the implementation of the concept has been the ecological management of the river-valley as the spatial link between geomorphology, vegetation, hydrology and land use. The study follows the proposition that to attain more qualified public spaces resulting from the development of urban river-valleys’ natural environments, it is necessary to stop the continuous ecological destruction of landscapes and to take steps to improve their ecological connectivity. Based on the potentials and the limitations of the region, the solutions for enhancing the quality of Tehran’s Farahzad River-valley’s public space, are derived from different levels of landscape management: System Ecology, Urban Ecology and Human Ecology. According to principles of landscape ecology, these strategies are provided to manage landscape’s resource allocation (level of construction and use), landscapes’ socio-spatial programming (level of ground coverage), and landscapes’ bio-socio-spatial networkfunction (level of recreational infrastructure). In this study, the analytical framework of the proposed component model is used for examining the quality of Tehran’s Farahzad River-valley’s Public Space. The information regarding this assessment is collected through observations and statistics gathered from relevant organizations.

https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_94897_4c64317548aacc12014e0360021d1f62.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Advanced Environmental Sciences 3115-7173 10 1 2012 09 22 Relationship between Plant Diversity and Soil Characteristics in a Deciduous Cercis griffithii.L Site of Northern Zagros, Iran Relationship between Plant Diversity and Soil Characteristics in a Deciduous Cercis griffithii.L Site of Northern Zagros, Iran 94816 FA Mohammad Rezaipour M Sc. Student, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tehran Tarbiat Moderns University, Iran. Moslem Akbarinia Associate Professor, Faculty Of Natural Resource, Tehran Tarbiat Moderns University, Iran Masoud Tabar Kochaksaraei Associate Professor, Faculty Of Natural Resource, Tehran Tarbiat Moderns University, Iran Journal Article 2015 05 17 Of the 49 samples taken, the relationship between surface soil factors with understory vegetation diversity was investigated (Shannon's- H/, diversity index) along with the species tree by Canonical Components Analysis (CCA). Soil samples were taken and analyzed for pH, EC, C, K, Na, Mg, N, P, clay, sand, loam and organic matter. Major soil gradients of the study area were determined by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and were used in additional analyses rather than the original factors, thus avoiding the co-linearity problem. The relationship between understoryspecies diversity with soil gradients were studied by multiple regressions and the species tree by CCA. Results showed that the relationship of soil gradients with understory diversity was best described by a unimodal curve and the species tree by a CCA graph. The most important variables were the soil gradients with understory diversity, clay percentage, silt percentage, N and Mg. Also, within the species tree were clay, silt, sand and organic matter. However, there were unexplained variations in the relationship between soil factors and understory diversity. The remaining variation could partly be explained by thecanopy cover. Of the 49 samples taken, the relationship between surface soil factors with understory vegetation diversity was investigated (Shannon's- H/, diversity index) along with the species tree by Canonical Components Analysis (CCA). Soil samples were taken and analyzed for pH, EC, C, K, Na, Mg, N, P, clay, sand, loam and organic matter. Major soil gradients of the study area were determined by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and were used in additional analyses rather than the original factors, thus avoiding the co-linearity problem. The relationship between understoryspecies diversity with soil gradients were studied by multiple regressions and the species tree by CCA. Results showed that the relationship of soil gradients with understory diversity was best described by a unimodal curve and the species tree by a CCA graph. The most important variables were the soil gradients with understory diversity, clay percentage, silt percentage, N and Mg. Also, within the species tree were clay, silt, sand and organic matter. However, there were unexplained variations in the relationship between soil factors and understory diversity. The remaining variation could partly be explained by thecanopy cover.

https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_94816_4f50c49016d0728a159153ee7d57fb2a.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Advanced Environmental Sciences 3115-7173 10 1 2012 09 22 Safeguarding Endangered and Indigenous Languages – How Human Rights Can Contribute to Preserving Biodiversity Safeguarding Endangered and Indigenous Languages – How Human Rights Can Contribute to Preserving Biodiversity 94887 FA Janet Blake Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Law, International Relations Director of the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, Peace and Democracy and academic member of the Research Centre on Education for Sustainable Development, University Journal Article 2015 05 17 There exists an intimate and mutually-reinforcing relationship between linguistic and biological diversity. In order to safeguard biological diversity, then, it is vital also that we find ways to protect linguistic diversity under international law – as a common heritage – while also seeking national language policies that encourage it. There are approximately 6,800 different languages worldwide, of which the large majority are indigenous. Many of these are endangered and 6,500 of these languages are spoken by only 10% of the world’s population, placing many of them in a situation of extreme endangerment: as many as 90% will become extinct by the next century. Biological diversity faces a similarly dramatic decline and so it is a matter of extreme urgency to respond to various factors – including language loss – that contribute to this. This article aims to present the relationship of linguistic and biological diversity – with an emphasis on local and indigenous languages – in a way that can provide the basis for law- and policy-making. In so doing, it will also provide an analysis of the existing international law national policy frameworks relevant to the effective safeguarding of linguistic diversity and, in particular, with a view to fostering the contribution of the world’s languages to preserving biodiversity. There exists an intimate and mutually-reinforcing relationship between linguistic and biological diversity. In order to safeguard biological diversity, then, it is vital also that we find ways to protect linguistic diversity under international law – as a common heritage – while also seeking national language policies that encourage it. There are approximately 6,800 different languages worldwide, of which the large majority are indigenous. Many of these are endangered and 6,500 of these languages are spoken by only 10% of the world’s population, placing many of them in a situation of extreme endangerment: as many as 90% will become extinct by the next century. Biological diversity faces a similarly dramatic decline and so it is a matter of extreme urgency to respond to various factors – including language loss – that contribute to this. This article aims to present the relationship of linguistic and biological diversity – with an emphasis on local and indigenous languages – in a way that can provide the basis for law- and policy-making. In so doing, it will also provide an analysis of the existing international law national policy frameworks relevant to the effective safeguarding of linguistic diversity and, in particular, with a view to fostering the contribution of the world’s languages to preserving biodiversity.

https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_94887_661b68bbc9b2e13a4f9d5552976bf2ca.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Advanced Environmental Sciences 3115-7173 10 1 2012 09 22 A Study of Vegetation Response to Grazing Intensities in Mountain Rangelands of Gorgan A Study of Vegetation Response to Grazing Intensities in Mountain Rangelands of Gorgan 94799 FA Ghodratollah Heydari Assistant Professor of Range Management Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources Reza Tamartash Instructor of Range Management Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources Mohammadreza Tatian Assistant Professor of Range Management Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources Mohsen Baghestanifar M.Sc. Graduated of Range Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources Journal Article 2015 05 17 The intensive grazing of livestock of is one of the physical destroyer pressures on the rangeland ecosystems that cause reduction of vegetation and species variations. The basis for this study was to investigate the grazing effect of livestock on the plant characteristics in the grazed and non-grazed area. The Mountain rangelands of Gorgan, which have been moderately and heavily grazed areas, were selected. The systematic sampling was done randomly on four plots with three transects in each area. Simpson, Shannon, Menhinick and Margalef indices in PAST Software, recorded the species characteristics as diversity and richness in each plot. The data method used to analyzed there data was analysis of variance and means comparison in MINITAB Software. The results showed that the vegetation indices in heavily grazed area were less than the non-grazed area. The species diversity did not show significant difference in the moderately grazed areas comparable to other regions. The intensive grazing of livestock of is one of the physical destroyer pressures on the rangeland ecosystems that cause reduction of vegetation and species variations. The basis for this study was to investigate the grazing effect of livestock on the plant characteristics in the grazed and non-grazed area. The Mountain rangelands of Gorgan, which have been moderately and heavily grazed areas, were selected. The systematic sampling was done randomly on four plots with three transects in each area. Simpson, Shannon, Menhinick and Margalef indices in PAST Software, recorded the species characteristics as diversity and richness in each plot. The data method used to analyzed there data was analysis of variance and means comparison in MINITAB Software. The results showed that the vegetation indices in heavily grazed area were less than the non-grazed area. The species diversity did not show significant difference in the moderately grazed areas comparable to other regions.

https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_94799_706df93d9b361db5c2a627c639a40fd7.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Advanced Environmental Sciences 3115-7173 10 1 2012 09 22 Impact of Environmental Factors on the National Security of Iran – A Case Study of Arak Impact of Environmental Factors on the National Security of Iran – A Case Study of Arak 94872 FA Mohammad Yazdi, Associated professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth sciences, Shahid Beheshti University Esmaeel Ramazani MA students, Departments of Managements, Imam Husain University, Tehran‚ Iran Bahador Aminian Assistant Professor, Departments of Managements, Imam Husain University, Tehran ‚ Iran Journal Article 2015 05 17 The Arak Alumina Plant (Iralco) is located in the city of Arak in Central Province, Iran. The industry is of great social, economic, and political importance only for this province but for Iran as a whole. On the other hand, the industry is one of the environmental challenges of the province and the country. Hence, it is a typical case for understanding the relationship between national security and environmental problems. The following paper is the first attempt to set an example on how to deal with such issues. There is a growing perception that environmental degradation, inequitable access to natural resources and hazardous materials increase the probability of conflict and thereby pose a risk to human rights and even national security. This environmental security research seeks to facilitate a process to motivate action to advance and protect local peace and the environment at the same time. The following research focuses on assessing environmental problems in Iralco, which threaten security, societal stability and peace, human health and sustainable livelihoods within the country and the city of Arak. The results show the positive effect of the close collaboration of Government, security and environment offices, environmental and security experts and even local NGOs. Also, this research has carried out assessments for understanding the linkages between the environment and security in the political and socio-economic aspects of Iralco in Arak. The research also contributes to increasing the perception of the interdependency of natural resources, socio-economic development and political stability in Iran and other similar local industrialized regions. The Arak Alumina Plant (Iralco) is located in the city of Arak in Central Province, Iran. The industry is of great social, economic, and political importance only for this province but for Iran as a whole. On the other hand, the industry is one of the environmental challenges of the province and the country. Hence, it is a typical case for understanding the relationship between national security and environmental problems. The following paper is the first attempt to set an example on how to deal with such issues. There is a growing perception that environmental degradation, inequitable access to natural resources and hazardous materials increase the probability of conflict and thereby pose a risk to human rights and even national security. This environmental security research seeks to facilitate a process to motivate action to advance and protect local peace and the environment at the same time. The following research focuses on assessing environmental problems in Iralco, which threaten security, societal stability and peace, human health and sustainable livelihoods within the country and the city of Arak. The results show the positive effect of the close collaboration of Government, security and environment offices, environmental and security experts and even local NGOs. Also, this research has carried out assessments for understanding the linkages between the environment and security in the political and socio-economic aspects of Iralco in Arak. The research also contributes to increasing the perception of the interdependency of natural resources, socio-economic development and political stability in Iran and other similar local industrialized regions.

https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_94872_12582af78387df20a3a871d076df6844.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Advanced Environmental Sciences 3115-7173 10 1 2012 09 22 Investigating Refinery Wastewater Impacts on Groundwater Sources – A Case Study of Pars Oil Refinery Investigating Refinery Wastewater Impacts on Groundwater Sources – A Case Study of Pars Oil Refinery 94782 FA Nasrin Otadi Ph.D. Student, Department of Environmental and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Amir Hesam Hassani Assosiate Professor, Department of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2015 05 17 Pars Oil Refinery, situated 22 km away from metropolitan Tehran, is one of the most important motor oil refineries in the country. Currently, the refinery is composed of various sections including the Furfural, Separation, Storage, Blending, Can-making, Barrel-making and Dyeing, Loading and Unloading, Antifreeze, Grease-making, Boiler, Repair, and Laboratory Units. In the study area, because of such reasons as the high groundwater table the company has failed to launch the biological section of its wastewater treatment plant. In addition, with the possibility of effluents from residents’ sanitary wastewater as well as those from agriculture lands penetrating the soil and ending up in the underground water of the studied area, the present research was conducted on such an environmental dilemma. In order to investigate the hypothesis of effluent penetration into underground water, four stations were selected from among water wells existing throughout the area, and then the parameters of pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate, colour, nitrite, electrical conductivity (EC), sulfate, dissolved solids, ammonia, furfural, heavy metals, and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) were analyzed. It is noteworthy that the analyses were conducted on water samples seasonally from December 2006 to May 2009. Afterwards, through comparison of the results obtained from the forenamed tests and using standard values, the research hypothesis was confirmed. In other words, effluents do penetrate the wells and pollute the underground water. Pars Oil Refinery, situated 22 km away from metropolitan Tehran, is one of the most important motor oil refineries in the country. Currently, the refinery is composed of various sections including the Furfural, Separation, Storage, Blending, Can-making, Barrel-making and Dyeing, Loading and Unloading, Antifreeze, Grease-making, Boiler, Repair, and Laboratory Units. In the study area, because of such reasons as the high groundwater table the company has failed to launch the biological section of its wastewater treatment plant. In addition, with the possibility of effluents from residents’ sanitary wastewater as well as those from agriculture lands penetrating the soil and ending up in the underground water of the studied area, the present research was conducted on such an environmental dilemma. In order to investigate the hypothesis of effluent penetration into underground water, four stations were selected from among water wells existing throughout the area, and then the parameters of pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate, colour, nitrite, electrical conductivity (EC), sulfate, dissolved solids, ammonia, furfural, heavy metals, and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) were analyzed. It is noteworthy that the analyses were conducted on water samples seasonally from December 2006 to May 2009. Afterwards, through comparison of the results obtained from the forenamed tests and using standard values, the research hypothesis was confirmed. In other words, effluents do penetrate the wells and pollute the underground water.

https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_94782_98168dab882d360b33a7e9829372cd74.pdf