Shahid Beheshti University Advanced Environmental Sciences 3115-7173 9 4 2012 06 21 Presenting a Methodological Framework for Regional Environmental Assessment and Local-level Implementation of Agenda 21 – a Case Study of Sahand Region in East Azerbaijan Province Presenting a Methodological Framework for Regional Environmental Assessment and Local-level Implementation of Agenda 21 – a Case Study of Sahand Region in East Azerbaijan Province 96406 FA Mohammad Hossein Sharifzadegan, Associate Professor, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University. Naghmeh Mobarghaei Assisstant Professor, Environmental Science research Institute University of Shahid Beheshti. Pouya Joudi M.A Graduate, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University. Journal Article 2015 05 17 The creation of environmental problems in both developing and developed countries has attracted more attention to the question of environmental conservation during the decision making process. Rapid development and its effect on the environment have resulted in impact assessment to become a part of development activities and it has been necessary to assess strategies for selecting the best one. The implementation of sustainable development requires several support instruments of which the main one is environmental impact assessment which places more emphasis on access to sustainable forms in the development process. Recently, Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) has become known as an effective instrument in supporting the local sustainable development process. In this research, effort has been given to analyzing unsustainable socio-economic development patterns by applying REA in Sahand region.In addition some strategies have been created for localizing Agenda 21 and promoting sustainable and multi-sectoral development in this region. These results indicate that most environmental problems in the region are due to unsustainable socio-economic activities and too little attention being paid by the responsible institutions at the regional level. Hence, in order to minimize environmental problems and supporting the local sustainable development, not only is it necessary to propose development actions by considering the environmental parameters at the beginning of plans and policies, but we should also proceed to develop the necessary strategic actions in order to modify the causes of environmental problems due to unsustainable socio-economic development. The creation of environmental problems in both developing and developed countries has attracted more attention to the question of environmental conservation during the decision making process. Rapid development and its effect on the environment have resulted in impact assessment to become a part of development activities and it has been necessary to assess strategies for selecting the best one. The implementation of sustainable development requires several support instruments of which the main one is environmental impact assessment which places more emphasis on access to sustainable forms in the development process. Recently, Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) has become known as an effective instrument in supporting the local sustainable development process. In this research, effort has been given to analyzing unsustainable socio-economic development patterns by applying REA in Sahand region.In addition some strategies have been created for localizing Agenda 21 and promoting sustainable and multi-sectoral development in this region. These results indicate that most environmental problems in the region are due to unsustainable socio-economic activities and too little attention being paid by the responsible institutions at the regional level. Hence, in order to minimize environmental problems and supporting the local sustainable development, not only is it necessary to propose development actions by considering the environmental parameters at the beginning of plans and policies, but we should also proceed to develop the necessary strategic actions in order to modify the causes of environmental problems due to unsustainable socio-economic development.

https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_96406_44f1ab1d88a0e5031c422c1a820874f6.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Advanced Environmental Sciences 3115-7173 9 4 2012 06 21 The Effect of Soil and Water Characteristics on the Vegetative Parameters of Hara Trees in the Qeshm Mangrove Habitat, Hormozgan Province The Effect of Soil and Water Characteristics on the Vegetative Parameters of Hara Trees in the Qeshm Mangrove Habitat, Hormozgan Province 96416 FA Shahram Jafarnia PhD student, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources & Marine Sciences, University of Tarbiat Modares Seyed Mohammad Hojjati Assistant professor Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari Yahya Kooch PhD student, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources & Marine Sciences, University of Tarbiat Modares Journal Article 2015 05 17 In this study, a statistical survey of the mangrove habitat of Qeshm Island was carried out for better public recognition and its structure and the vegetative mangrove forest components as well as their relationship to the physical and chemical characteristics of soil and water were examined. In order to do this, six transects were chosen in three regions of mangrove with closed, medium, and low canopy density, respectively. In 60 sample plots, the vegetative parameters, tree density per hectare, canopy percentage, aerial root density and height, regeneration, and tree height were measured per unit area. In the center of each sample, fifteen physical and chemical soil and water parameters were measured. Finally, the relationship between the various vegetative characteristics at different cover densities and soil-water characteristic levels was studied using principal component analysis (PCA). The results of PCA on fifteen recorded environmental variables showed that the first and second principal components explain 86.63% and 13.36% of the evaluated parameter changes, respectively. Generally, the soil organic matter and clay percentage as well as the sodium level in areas with high densities of cover are considered to be factors impacting on the vegetative characteristics of Hara trees. In this study, a statistical survey of the mangrove habitat of Qeshm Island was carried out for better public recognition and its structure and the vegetative mangrove forest components as well as their relationship to the physical and chemical characteristics of soil and water were examined. In order to do this, six transects were chosen in three regions of mangrove with closed, medium, and low canopy density, respectively. In 60 sample plots, the vegetative parameters, tree density per hectare, canopy percentage, aerial root density and height, regeneration, and tree height were measured per unit area. In the center of each sample, fifteen physical and chemical soil and water parameters were measured. Finally, the relationship between the various vegetative characteristics at different cover densities and soil-water characteristic levels was studied using principal component analysis (PCA). The results of PCA on fifteen recorded environmental variables showed that the first and second principal components explain 86.63% and 13.36% of the evaluated parameter changes, respectively. Generally, the soil organic matter and clay percentage as well as the sodium level in areas with high densities of cover are considered to be factors impacting on the vegetative characteristics of Hara trees.

https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_96416_b4a4ffa8b2e32f890be4acd1e31f77a8.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Advanced Environmental Sciences 3115-7173 9 4 2012 06 21 Application of Remote Sensing in Monitoring Faults and Alterations and Identifying the Relationship Between Lithology and Vegetation Cover in Siyah Bishe (Mazandaran) Application of Remote Sensing in Monitoring Faults and Alterations and Identifying the Relationship Between Lithology and Vegetation Cover in Siyah Bishe (Mazandaran) 96427 FA Ali Akbar Matkan, AssociateProfessor,Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Earth Science, Shahid Beheshti University. Mohammad Yazdi, AssociateProfessor Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Science, Shahid Beheshti University Davood Ashoorloo Instructor of the Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Earth Science, Shahid Beheshti University. Narges Sadati PhD Student of the Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Science, Shahid Beheshti University. Journal Article 2015 05 17 The Siyah Bisheh area is located in the central part of Alborz zone, 40 km to the south of Amol. Rock units exposed in the area consist of sedimentary (carbonates, sandstone, siltstone), volcano-sedimentary (andesite to andesitic tuff, tuff), ignimbrite and basalt. Once erosion and tectonism have rendered volcanic structures undetectable, remote sensing provides an invaluable tool for their identification and identifying the relationship between lithology and vegetation has shown that the integrated use of remote sensing techniques and field studies can be a powerful tool for distinguishing and mapping the relationships between rock units, structures and alteration zones associated with mineral deposits along the Seyih Bishe area. The main image analysis techniques involved in this study were principal component analysis (PCA) and false color composite (FCC). The Siyah Bisheh area is located in the central part of Alborz zone, 40 km to the south of Amol. Rock units exposed in the area consist of sedimentary (carbonates, sandstone, siltstone), volcano-sedimentary (andesite to andesitic tuff, tuff), ignimbrite and basalt. Once erosion and tectonism have rendered volcanic structures undetectable, remote sensing provides an invaluable tool for their identification and identifying the relationship between lithology and vegetation has shown that the integrated use of remote sensing techniques and field studies can be a powerful tool for distinguishing and mapping the relationships between rock units, structures and alteration zones associated with mineral deposits along the Seyih Bishe area. The main image analysis techniques involved in this study were principal component analysis (PCA) and false color composite (FCC).

https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_96427_7c8259947c9b5e153259261bab74ad38.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Advanced Environmental Sciences 3115-7173 9 4 2012 06 21 Effects of Rangeland Ecosystem Simplification on Species Biodiversity and Functional T Effects of Rangeland Ecosystem Simplification on Species Biodiversity and Functional T 96433 FA Parviz Gholami, PhD. Student of Rangeland Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari University of Agriculture Sciences & Natural Resources Jamshid Ghorbani Assistant Professor of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari University of Agriculture Sciences & Natural Resources. Maryam Shokri Professor of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari University of Agriculture Sciences & Natural Resources. Journal Article 2015 05 17 The conversion of natural ecosystems into artificial or man-made ecosystems due to land use change can alter both ecosystem structure and function. The soil seed bank contains a source of viable and germinable seeds which can germinate under suitable environmental conditions. This can produce a new population or renew the present plant community. Information about the soil seed bank for Iranian flora is scarce and this study aimed to study the soil seed bank in rangeland which has been excluded from livestock grazing and the nearby area with a history of rangeland conversion into arable lands. We measured the seed bank in soils taken from two depths (0-5 and 5-10 cm) and how soil seed diversity and richness changes with land use changes. The results of this study showed that land use change significantly influenced soil seed bank diversity, species richness indices and functional group. The exclosure area showed the highest species richness, diversity and functional group while these indices significantly declined as rangeland became converted into arable lands. However, the abandoned area did not show significant differences from other two sites. Moreover, some functional groups such as annuals, therophytes, Gramineae and forb significantly reduced from the exclosure to the dryland area. This may show that abandoned areas have a potential according to their diversity and richness for returning into rangelands. The conversion of natural ecosystems into artificial or man-made ecosystems due to land use change can alter both ecosystem structure and function. The soil seed bank contains a source of viable and germinable seeds which can germinate under suitable environmental conditions. This can produce a new population or renew the present plant community. Information about the soil seed bank for Iranian flora is scarce and this study aimed to study the soil seed bank in rangeland which has been excluded from livestock grazing and the nearby area with a history of rangeland conversion into arable lands. We measured the seed bank in soils taken from two depths (0-5 and 5-10 cm) and how soil seed diversity and richness changes with land use changes. The results of this study showed that land use change significantly influenced soil seed bank diversity, species richness indices and functional group. The exclosure area showed the highest species richness, diversity and functional group while these indices significantly declined as rangeland became converted into arable lands. However, the abandoned area did not show significant differences from other two sites. Moreover, some functional groups such as annuals, therophytes, Gramineae and forb significantly reduced from the exclosure to the dryland area. This may show that abandoned areas have a potential according to their diversity and richness for returning into rangelands.

https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_96433_cef94dcc79563d0cfd4a314e779d0167.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Advanced Environmental Sciences 3115-7173 9 4 2012 06 21 Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Cuscuta campestris Yunker Ecotypes Based on their Molecular and Protein Markers Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Cuscuta campestris Yunker Ecotypes Based on their Molecular and Protein Markers 96440 FA Sara Tajdoost, h.D. student, Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University. Ramezan Ali Khavari-Nejad Professor, Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University. Fariba Meighani, Assistant Professor, Department of Weed Research, Plant Protection Research Institute. Eskandar Zand Associate Professor, Department of Weed Research, Plant Protection Research Institute. Zahra Noormohammadi Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University Journal Article 2015 05 17 The genetic diversity of 17 Cuscuta campestris ecotypes collected from different regions of Iran was assessed using ISSR and protein markers. Ten ISSR primers generated a total of 361 bands, of which 347 bands were polymorphic. PIC (polymorphism information content), based on ISSR and protein data, averaged 0.66 and 0.4 per primer, respectively. Cluster analysis and PCA plots derived from Dice’s similarity coefficientof the two-marker systems were highly concordant. The analysis of molecular variance allowed us to partition variation into: 81% (variance among populations) and 19% (variance within populations) based on ISSR data; and 85% (variance among populations) and 15% (within populations) for protein data. This high variation among ecotypes could be due to the high self fertilization, limited gene flow or the low rate of pollen and seed migration among ecotypes. Knowledge of the genetic variability of the weed acquired through using different molecular tools can be helpful in developing management programs in order to effective control of the weed in crop fields. The genetic diversity of 17 Cuscuta campestris ecotypes collected from different regions of Iran was assessed using ISSR and protein markers. Ten ISSR primers generated a total of 361 bands, of which 347 bands were polymorphic. PIC (polymorphism information content), based on ISSR and protein data, averaged 0.66 and 0.4 per primer, respectively. Cluster analysis and PCA plots derived from Dice’s similarity coefficientof the two-marker systems were highly concordant. The analysis of molecular variance allowed us to partition variation into: 81% (variance among populations) and 19% (variance within populations) based on ISSR data; and 85% (variance among populations) and 15% (within populations) for protein data. This high variation among ecotypes could be due to the high self fertilization, limited gene flow or the low rate of pollen and seed migration among ecotypes. Knowledge of the genetic variability of the weed acquired through using different molecular tools can be helpful in developing management programs in order to effective control of the weed in crop fields.

https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_96440_5d2c7aede8b4e5ca4a3c59db46bc4d81.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Advanced Environmental Sciences 3115-7173 9 4 2012 06 21 An Assessment of the Training Needs of Women Primary Teachers of Environment in the 17th District of the City of Tehran An Assessment of the Training Needs of Women Primary Teachers of Environment in the 17th District of the City of Tehran 96447 FA Azadeh Majdodin, Graduate of Educational Technology, Teacher in the Ministry of Education, Iran. Mohammad Reza Nili Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Technology, Faculty of Education, University of Alameh, Tehran. Hadi Veisi Associate Professor, Head of Research Center on “Education for Sustainble Development” Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Evin, Tehran. Journal Article 2015 05 17 The purpose of the study was to identify and prioritize the educational needs of women teachers of environment at primary school level who, as the target population for the study, were selected from the 17th district of the City of Tehran (Iran). 196 teachers were selected through the stratified random sampling technique from16 primary schools. The Borich needs assessment model was used to assess the perceived level of importance given by and competence of women teachers regarding 36 professional competencies. Training needs were analyzed and ranked using Mean Weighted Discrepancy Scores (MWDS). From the results of the Borich needs assessment model, four competencies were identified as having a greater requirement for environmental education by women primary school teachers, as follows: teaching methodologies, experiments and activities to facilitate the teaching of environmental subjects, ways of infusing motivation in field trips and evaluation of environmental education. All of these competencies refer to the competence of designing and implementing environmental education. The purpose of the study was to identify and prioritize the educational needs of women teachers of environment at primary school level who, as the target population for the study, were selected from the 17th district of the City of Tehran (Iran). 196 teachers were selected through the stratified random sampling technique from16 primary schools. The Borich needs assessment model was used to assess the perceived level of importance given by and competence of women teachers regarding 36 professional competencies. Training needs were analyzed and ranked using Mean Weighted Discrepancy Scores (MWDS). From the results of the Borich needs assessment model, four competencies were identified as having a greater requirement for environmental education by women primary school teachers, as follows: teaching methodologies, experiments and activities to facilitate the teaching of environmental subjects, ways of infusing motivation in field trips and evaluation of environmental education. All of these competencies refer to the competence of designing and implementing environmental education.

https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_96447_4e36a8a42a29936d8bd14916e116439f.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Advanced Environmental Sciences 3115-7173 9 4 2012 06 21 Studies on the Total and Exchangeable Concentrations of Zn, Pb, Co and Cd in Fine-Grained Sediments of Gavkhuni Playa Lake (Southeast of Isfahan) Studies on the Total and Exchangeable Concentrations of Zn, Pb, Co and Cd in Fine-Grained Sediments of Gavkhuni Playa Lake (Southeast of Isfahan) 96455 FA Hajar Rahimi, MSc. Student of Geology, University of Isfahan Hamid Reza Pakzad Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, Science Faculty, University of Isfahan Mehrdad Pasandi ssistant Professor, Department of Geology, Science Faculty, University of Isfahan Journal Article 2015 05 17 The fine grained sediments of Gavkhoni Playa Lake have the potential for concentrations of heavy metals due to climatic conditions, petrology and the presence of lead and zinc ores in the drainage basin and the passage of Zayandehrud River through industrial and agricultural regions. In this research, muddy sediments from the delta and playa of Gavkhuni Playa Lake were sampled to determine the levels of concentration of heavy metals and the geochemical/sedimentological parameters. Calcium carbonate, pH and organic matter increase while clay and Eh decrease from North to South of the playa. Clay minerals of muddy sediments in their order of frequency include, respectively, illite, chlorite, kaolinite and montmorillonite and the amount of these minerals does not vary from the delta to the south of the playa.Average concentrations of the heavy metals in ppm in order of abundance are: Zn (46.96), Pb (39.25), Co (8.14) and Cd (3.53). Cd and Pb concentrations are greater than normal while the Co and Zn concentrations are almost equal to the usual concentrations of these elements in shale. The Geoaccumulation index shows that the sediments are highly polluted by Cd, slightly to unpolluted polluted by Pb and not polluted to the other heavy metals. Exchangeable cation contents are much lower than the total concentrations. Organic matters play a more important role in the exchangeable concentration of the heavy metals relative to the type and content of clay minerals and their increase has augmented the exchangeable concentrations. The fine grained sediments of Gavkhoni Playa Lake have the potential for concentrations of heavy metals due to climatic conditions, petrology and the presence of lead and zinc ores in the drainage basin and the passage of Zayandehrud River through industrial and agricultural regions. In this research, muddy sediments from the delta and playa of Gavkhuni Playa Lake were sampled to determine the levels of concentration of heavy metals and the geochemical/sedimentological parameters. Calcium carbonate, pH and organic matter increase while clay and Eh decrease from North to South of the playa. Clay minerals of muddy sediments in their order of frequency include, respectively, illite, chlorite, kaolinite and montmorillonite and the amount of these minerals does not vary from the delta to the south of the playa.Average concentrations of the heavy metals in ppm in order of abundance are: Zn (46.96), Pb (39.25), Co (8.14) and Cd (3.53). Cd and Pb concentrations are greater than normal while the Co and Zn concentrations are almost equal to the usual concentrations of these elements in shale. The Geoaccumulation index shows that the sediments are highly polluted by Cd, slightly to unpolluted polluted by Pb and not polluted to the other heavy metals. Exchangeable cation contents are much lower than the total concentrations. Organic matters play a more important role in the exchangeable concentration of the heavy metals relative to the type and content of clay minerals and their increase has augmented the exchangeable concentrations.

https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_96455_3ade4fc3f732985522c13857dd2e2642.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Advanced Environmental Sciences 3115-7173 9 4 2012 06 21 An Analysis of the Relationship between the New Environmental Paradigm andHousehold Energy Consumption An Analysis of the Relationship between the New Environmental Paradigm andHousehold Energy Consumption 96464 FA Sadegh Salehi, Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences,Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Mazandaran University. Hossein Mahmoodi, Researcher, Department of Agroecology, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University. Narges Dibaei MSc. Student of Agroecology, Varamin Azad University Sara Karimzadeh Master of Sociology, Payamnoor University Journal Article 2015 05 17 This paper investigates the relationship between environmental attitudes and environmental behavior (namely, household energy consumption) in Urumia. In this study, attitudes of individuals at two levels of general environmental attitude and specific environmental attitude (energy consumption) have been studied. According to the research hypotheses, there is a positive and significant correlation between general environmental attitudes and specific environmental attitudes. General environmental attitudes were evaluated based on NEP and, methodologically, a survey method was applied with cluster sampling to choose the samples. The overall results showed that subjects for both attitudes received a high score, and there is a significant and positive relationship between general environmental attitudes and significant environmental behavior (energy consumption). The possible reasons for this result are discussed later in the paper and several suggestions are put forward for further studies. This paper investigates the relationship between environmental attitudes and environmental behavior (namely, household energy consumption) in Urumia. In this study, attitudes of individuals at two levels of general environmental attitude and specific environmental attitude (energy consumption) have been studied. According to the research hypotheses, there is a positive and significant correlation between general environmental attitudes and specific environmental attitudes. General environmental attitudes were evaluated based on NEP and, methodologically, a survey method was applied with cluster sampling to choose the samples. The overall results showed that subjects for both attitudes received a high score, and there is a significant and positive relationship between general environmental attitudes and significant environmental behavior (energy consumption). The possible reasons for this result are discussed later in the paper and several suggestions are put forward for further studies.

https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_96464_651f79c1827d4487132abfaec2485e1f.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Advanced Environmental Sciences 3115-7173 9 4 2012 06 21 The Investigation of Heavy Metals (Lead, Zinc, Manganese and Iron) Concentration Variation in Soil and Lepidium sativum L. Shoots under Organic and Mineral Treatments The Investigation of Heavy Metals (Lead, Zinc, Manganese and Iron) Concentration Variation in Soil and Lepidium sativum L. Shoots under Organic and Mineral Treatments 96472 FA Mansoureh Karimi, -Student of Master of Science, MSc. Student soil science, University college of Agriculturean Gholamreza Savghebe Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University college of Agricultureand Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. Babak Motesharezadeh Assistant Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University college of Agricultureand Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. Journal Article 2015 05 17 ntensive agriculture and industrial activities in several parts of Iran have reduced soil quality. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of organic and mineral amendments on polluted soil around the Angouran zinc and lead mines. The experimental treatments included two organic treatments: bagasse and rice husk at three levels, namely 1.25%, 2.5% and 5%, and three minerals treatments as follows: zeolite in three levels (5%, 10% and 15%); phosphate rock at three rates (1%, 3% and 5%); and triple superphosphate in three ratios (0.0075%, 0.015% and 0.3%) accompanied with the control treatment. After three months incubation, the heavy metal (lead, zinc, iron, manganese) concentrations were measured. After that, garden cress was planted in pots and, after completing its vegetative period and harvesting it, heavy metals in the garden cress shoots were measured. The results of data Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that the treatments had a significant effect on the reduction of heavy metal concentration in the soil and in garden cress shoots. The least lead concentration (28.17 mg kg⁻¹) was observed in the first level of rice husk and the highest reduction percentage of zinc concentration (34%) in garden cress shoots was found in the second level of rice husk. According to the effect of organic treatments on heavy metals fixation in soil and reduction of plant uptake, usage of organic matter in polluted soils can be a useful way to control the transfer of pollutants. ntensive agriculture and industrial activities in several parts of Iran have reduced soil quality. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of organic and mineral amendments on polluted soil around the Angouran zinc and lead mines. The experimental treatments included two organic treatments: bagasse and rice husk at three levels, namely 1.25%, 2.5% and 5%, and three minerals treatments as follows: zeolite in three levels (5%, 10% and 15%); phosphate rock at three rates (1%, 3% and 5%); and triple superphosphate in three ratios (0.0075%, 0.015% and 0.3%) accompanied with the control treatment. After three months incubation, the heavy metal (lead, zinc, iron, manganese) concentrations were measured. After that, garden cress was planted in pots and, after completing its vegetative period and harvesting it, heavy metals in the garden cress shoots were measured. The results of data Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that the treatments had a significant effect on the reduction of heavy metal concentration in the soil and in garden cress shoots. The least lead concentration (28.17 mg kg⁻¹) was observed in the first level of rice husk and the highest reduction percentage of zinc concentration (34%) in garden cress shoots was found in the second level of rice husk. According to the effect of organic treatments on heavy metals fixation in soil and reduction of plant uptake, usage of organic matter in polluted soils can be a useful way to control the transfer of pollutants.

https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_96472_29bb678b592c31797b120d50e9d2222c.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Advanced Environmental Sciences 3115-7173 9 4 2012 06 21 Impact Survey of the Bus Rapid Transit System on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tehran Impact Survey of the Bus Rapid Transit System on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tehran 96476 FA Saeed Motesaddi Zarandi, Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Maryam Alipour MSc. in Environmental Engineering, Department of Environment and Energy, Basic Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Azad University Faramarz Moatar Professor, Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Journal Article 2015 05 17 One of the global issues of air pollution is global warming. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) prevent the Sun's rays from returning back into space from the Earth's surface. Transport is the main source of GHG emissions whereby CO2, CH4and N2O gases released into the atmosphere from the consumption of fossil fuels by cars. This study has been conducted in Tehran, in 2010, with the aim of determining the quantity of emissions resulting from the implementation of the Bus Rapid Transport (BRT) systems as compared with conventional buses.The research methodology is based on the method of the IPCCand using Global Emission Factors. By employing statistics obtained from the Bus Company in Tehran and the Department of the Environment, emissions per passenger, emissions from the BRT system, baselines emissions, and emission reductions due to the introduction of the BRT system in Tehran, have all been calculated for 2010. The results of this calculation show that emissions per passenger in the BRT System, on Lines 1, 4 and 7, respectively, are 188.9, 189.1 and 282.7 (gr/p). The total amount of the BRT system’s emissions in the same lines is, respectively, 3.3×1010, 0.3×1010 and 3.1×1010(tCO2 e). Baseline emissions would be 7.5×1010, 1.4×1010 and 4.8×1010(tCO2 e) if those passengers wish to be transferred by conventional buses. Emission reductions achieved by the BRT system on these lines are 4.2×1010, 1.1×1010 and 1.7×1010(tCO2 e).Results have shown that the average emissions reductions per passenger made by the BRT System over the conventional system is 300 grams per passenger. The total average amount of emissions reductions has been 2.3×1010(tCO2 e), so the BRT system, in addition to raising the quality of the transport, also reduces the level of GHG Emissions compared to the conventional system. One of the global issues of air pollution is global warming. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) prevent the Sun's rays from returning back into space from the Earth's surface. Transport is the main source of GHG emissions whereby CO2, CH4and N2O gases released into the atmosphere from the consumption of fossil fuels by cars. This study has been conducted in Tehran, in 2010, with the aim of determining the quantity of emissions resulting from the implementation of the Bus Rapid Transport (BRT) systems as compared with conventional buses.The research methodology is based on the method of the IPCCand using Global Emission Factors. By employing statistics obtained from the Bus Company in Tehran and the Department of the Environment, emissions per passenger, emissions from the BRT system, baselines emissions, and emission reductions due to the introduction of the BRT system in Tehran, have all been calculated for 2010. The results of this calculation show that emissions per passenger in the BRT System, on Lines 1, 4 and 7, respectively, are 188.9, 189.1 and 282.7 (gr/p). The total amount of the BRT system’s emissions in the same lines is, respectively, 3.3×1010, 0.3×1010 and 3.1×1010(tCO2 e). Baseline emissions would be 7.5×1010, 1.4×1010 and 4.8×1010(tCO2 e) if those passengers wish to be transferred by conventional buses. Emission reductions achieved by the BRT system on these lines are 4.2×1010, 1.1×1010 and 1.7×1010(tCO2 e).Results have shown that the average emissions reductions per passenger made by the BRT System over the conventional system is 300 grams per passenger. The total average amount of emissions reductions has been 2.3×1010(tCO2 e), so the BRT system, in addition to raising the quality of the transport, also reduces the level of GHG Emissions compared to the conventional system.

https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_96476_785326a55082d3524a22fcaec9a900dc.pdf