Shahid Beheshti University
Environmental Sciences
1735-1324
9
2
2011
12
22
The Effect of NSSC Waste Paper Recycling Times on the Properties of the Produced Recycled Pulp
The Effect of NSSC Waste Paper Recycling Times on the Properties of the Produced Recycled Pulp
95267
FA
Zahra
Razmpour,
Sc. Student, Department of Cellulose and Paper Technology Engineering, Faculty of Energy and New Technologies Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Zirab Campus
Hossein
Kermanian
Assistant Professor, Department of Cellulose and Paper Technology Engineering, Faculty of Energy and New Technologies Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Zirab Savadkoh, Mazandaran, Iran.
Omid
Ramezani,
Assistant Professor, Department of Cellulose and Paper Technology Engineering, Faculty of Energy and New Technologies Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Zirab Savadkoh, Mazandaran, Iran.
Saeed
Mahdavi
Assistant Professor, Alborz Research Center, Forests, Range & Watershed Management Organization, Karadj, Tehran, Iran.
Mehdi
Rahmaninia
Assistant Professor, Department of Wood and Paper Science & Technology, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, , Mazandaran, Iran.
Journal Article
2015
05
17
<span style="left: 154px; top: 912.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02035);" dir="ltr">Recycling is a promising approach for rescuing the earth </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 930.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0549);" dir="ltr">from recoverable solid waste. Among different wastes, </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 947.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02819);" dir="ltr">paper plays an important role. The effects of wastepaper </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 965.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03023);" dir="ltr">recycling times on the properties of recycled paper have </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 983.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04066);" dir="ltr">always been considered but less attention has been paid </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 1000.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05611);" dir="ltr">to semi-chemical papers. In this study, the effect of the </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 1018.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1233);" dir="ltr">recycling times of NSSC wastepaper on their WRV </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 1035.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04678);" dir="ltr">(Water Retention Value), hornification of fibers, tensile </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 1053.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09762);" dir="ltr">strength index, burst strength index and tear strength </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 1071.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01887);" dir="ltr">index was investigated. Results indicated that successive </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 1089.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11557);" dir="ltr">recycling of NSSC wastepaper presents an identical </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 1106.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12984);" dir="ltr">behavior to successive recycling of chemical waste </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 1124.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04779);" dir="ltr">papers. The WRV, tensile strength index, burst strength </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 1141.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.21637);" dir="ltr">index and tear strength index decreased and the </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 1159.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01001);" dir="ltr">hornification of fibers increased</span><span style="left: 324.4px; top: 1159.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09091);" dir="ltr">. </span>
<span style="left: 154px; top: 912.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02035);" dir="ltr">Recycling is a promising approach for rescuing the earth </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 930.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0549);" dir="ltr">from recoverable solid waste. Among different wastes, </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 947.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02819);" dir="ltr">paper plays an important role. The effects of wastepaper </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 965.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03023);" dir="ltr">recycling times on the properties of recycled paper have </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 983.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04066);" dir="ltr">always been considered but less attention has been paid </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 1000.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05611);" dir="ltr">to semi-chemical papers. In this study, the effect of the </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 1018.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1233);" dir="ltr">recycling times of NSSC wastepaper on their WRV </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 1035.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04678);" dir="ltr">(Water Retention Value), hornification of fibers, tensile </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 1053.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09762);" dir="ltr">strength index, burst strength index and tear strength </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 1071.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01887);" dir="ltr">index was investigated. Results indicated that successive </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 1089.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11557);" dir="ltr">recycling of NSSC wastepaper presents an identical </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 1106.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12984);" dir="ltr">behavior to successive recycling of chemical waste </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 1124.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04779);" dir="ltr">papers. The WRV, tensile strength index, burst strength </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 1141.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.21637);" dir="ltr">index and tear strength index decreased and the </span><span style="left: 154px; top: 1159.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01001);" dir="ltr">hornification of fibers increased</span><span style="left: 324.4px; top: 1159.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09091);" dir="ltr">. </span>
https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95267_7e80330b8c81004b2aa003f0a98d9629.pdf
Shahid Beheshti University
Environmental Sciences
1735-1324
9
2
2011
12
22
The Comparison of Inputs Consumption Sustainability in Traditional and Developed Paddy Fields in Iran (Case Study of Gilan Province)
The Comparison of Inputs Consumption Sustainability in Traditional and Developed Paddy Fields in Iran (Case Study of Gilan Province)
95187
FA
Mohammad Sadegh
Ebrahimi,
Assistant Professor of Rural Development Department of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology
Khalil
Kalantri,
Professor of Agricultural Management and Development Department, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, University of Tehran
Ali
Asadi,
Associate Professor of Agricultural Management and Development Department, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, University of Tehran
Seyed Hamid
Movahed Mohammadi
ssociate Professor of Agricultural Extension and Education Department, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, University of Tehran
Iraj
Saleh
Associate Professor of Agricultural Economics Department, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, University of Tehran
Journal Article
2015
05
17
<span style="left: 151.6px; top: 916.833px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07275);" dir="ltr">Land consolidation programs in Iranian rice fields follow </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 928.433px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03849);" dir="ltr">numerous targets of which the most important is a decrease </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 940.033px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04584);" dir="ltr">in the consumption of chemical inputs: chemical fertilizers </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 951.633px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04306);" dir="ltr">and resultant chemical toxicity in paddy fields. The goal of </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 962.833px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16323);" dir="ltr">this research is the comparison of input consumption </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 974.433px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07139);" dir="ltr">sustainability in traditional and developed paddy fields in </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 986.033px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10953);" dir="ltr">Iran (a case study of Gilan Province). The research was </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 997.633px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.017);" dir="ltr">conducted in the form of a survey study. The necessary data </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1008.83px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05776);" dir="ltr">for this research collected squarely by 188 farmers of land </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1020.43px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09515);" dir="ltr">consolidation programs in Gilan Province were sampled </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1032.03px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10114);" dir="ltr">using a stratified random sampling procedure. Data was </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1043.63px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11511);" dir="ltr">collected through a questionnaire. The reliability of the </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1054.83px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11018);" dir="ltr">questionnaire was obtained by calculating the cronbach </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1066.43px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01822);" dir="ltr">alpha coefficient (0.65) after conducting a pilot study. The t-</span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1078.03px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03159);" dir="ltr">test of the test results showed that in two groups of farmers, </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1089.63px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10049);" dir="ltr">the farmers of developed paddy lands used significantly </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1100.83px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01084);" dir="ltr">more animal manure than traditional land paddy fields. Also, </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1112.43px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01648);" dir="ltr">in terms of the consumption of chemical fertilizers, there are </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1124.03px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13298);" dir="ltr">significant differences in the two communities and the </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1135.63px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06239);" dir="ltr">farmers of developed paddy lands used significantly more </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1146.83px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03434);" dir="ltr">urea fertilizer in paddy fields, but rice farmers in traditional </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1158.43px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.17271);" dir="ltr">paddy fields overall have a greater chemical toxicity </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1170.03px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13109);" dir="ltr">consumption, especially of chemical insecticides, than </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1181.63px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01085);" dir="ltr">equipped paddy fields farmers. </span>
<span style="left: 151.6px; top: 916.833px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07275);" dir="ltr">Land consolidation programs in Iranian rice fields follow </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 928.433px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03849);" dir="ltr">numerous targets of which the most important is a decrease </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 940.033px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04584);" dir="ltr">in the consumption of chemical inputs: chemical fertilizers </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 951.633px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04306);" dir="ltr">and resultant chemical toxicity in paddy fields. The goal of </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 962.833px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16323);" dir="ltr">this research is the comparison of input consumption </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 974.433px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07139);" dir="ltr">sustainability in traditional and developed paddy fields in </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 986.033px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10953);" dir="ltr">Iran (a case study of Gilan Province). The research was </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 997.633px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.017);" dir="ltr">conducted in the form of a survey study. The necessary data </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1008.83px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05776);" dir="ltr">for this research collected squarely by 188 farmers of land </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1020.43px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09515);" dir="ltr">consolidation programs in Gilan Province were sampled </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1032.03px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10114);" dir="ltr">using a stratified random sampling procedure. Data was </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1043.63px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11511);" dir="ltr">collected through a questionnaire. The reliability of the </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1054.83px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11018);" dir="ltr">questionnaire was obtained by calculating the cronbach </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1066.43px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01822);" dir="ltr">alpha coefficient (0.65) after conducting a pilot study. The t-</span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1078.03px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03159);" dir="ltr">test of the test results showed that in two groups of farmers, </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1089.63px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10049);" dir="ltr">the farmers of developed paddy lands used significantly </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1100.83px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01084);" dir="ltr">more animal manure than traditional land paddy fields. Also, </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1112.43px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01648);" dir="ltr">in terms of the consumption of chemical fertilizers, there are </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1124.03px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13298);" dir="ltr">significant differences in the two communities and the </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1135.63px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06239);" dir="ltr">farmers of developed paddy lands used significantly more </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1146.83px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03434);" dir="ltr">urea fertilizer in paddy fields, but rice farmers in traditional </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1158.43px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.17271);" dir="ltr">paddy fields overall have a greater chemical toxicity </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1170.03px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13109);" dir="ltr">consumption, especially of chemical insecticides, than </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1181.63px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01085);" dir="ltr">equipped paddy fields farmers. </span>
https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95187_689a02aba57d17b82d4bc22688318ab4.pdf
Shahid Beheshti University
Environmental Sciences
1735-1324
9
2
2011
12
22
Effects of Bio Fertilizer and Green Manure (Winter Wheat)in Combination with Integrated Nitrogen Sources (Chemical-Farmyard Manure) on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Effects of Bio Fertilizer and Green Manure (Winter Wheat)in Combination with Integrated Nitrogen Sources (Chemical-Farmyard Manure) on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
95251
FA
Sanaz
Shoghi Kalkhoran,
MSc. graduate of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University
Amir
Ghalavand
Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University
Seyed Ali Mohammad
Modares Sanavi
Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University
Journal Article
2015
05
17
<span style="left: 151.6px; top: 822.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19748);" dir="ltr">In order to study the quantitative and qualitative </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 834.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06273);" dir="ltr">characteristics of sunflower (Alestar hybrid) under the </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 846.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.957838);" dir="ltr">effects of bio fertilizer and winter wheat as a green manure,</span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 859.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12055);" dir="ltr">in combination with the integrated nitrogen sources </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 871.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04147);" dir="ltr">(chemical-farmyard manure, FYM), an experiment was </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 883.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15724);" dir="ltr">carried out on experimental farm at the Faculty of </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 895.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.981775);" dir="ltr">Agriculture of Tarbiat Modares University in Tehran (Iran) </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 907.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994926);" dir="ltr">during 2008. The experimental design was a split plot in a </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 920.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.981934);" dir="ltr">randomized complete blocks design with three replications </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 932.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09927);" dir="ltr">in which seven fertilizer treatments, namely F</span><span style="left: 412.4px; top: 937.833px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.936508);" dir="ltr">1 </span><span style="left: 422.4px; top: 932.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.97414);" dir="ltr">(100% </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 944.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04904);" dir="ltr">FYM), F</span><span style="left: 198.4px; top: 949.833px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.936508);" dir="ltr">2 </span><span style="left: 205.6px; top: 944.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0285);" dir="ltr">(75% FYM + 25% chemical), F</span><span style="left: 376.4px; top: 949.833px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06349);" dir="ltr">3 </span><span style="left: 383.6px; top: 944.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02818);" dir="ltr">(50% FYM + </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 957.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.99298);" dir="ltr">50% chemical), F</span><span style="left: 242.8px; top: 962.233px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06349);" dir="ltr">4 </span><span style="left: 249.2px; top: 957.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00472);" dir="ltr">(25% FYM + 75% chemical), F</span><span style="left: 416.4px; top: 962.233px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.936508);" dir="ltr">5 </span><span style="left: 422.4px; top: 957.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.97414);" dir="ltr">(100% </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 969.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.976352);" dir="ltr">chemical), F</span><span style="left: 214.8px; top: 974.633px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.936508);" dir="ltr">6 </span><span style="left: 220.4px; top: 969.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.983514);" dir="ltr">(50% FYM + 50% chemical + green manure) </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 981.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01142);" dir="ltr">and F</span><span style="left: 180.4px; top: 986.633px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.936508);" dir="ltr">7 </span><span style="left: 186px; top: 981.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980518);" dir="ltr">(75% FYM + 25% chemical + green manure), were </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 993.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04449);" dir="ltr">randomized to the main plot units and two levels of bio </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1006.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07373);" dir="ltr">fertilizer I</span><span style="left: 204.8px; top: 1011.43px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">1</span><span style="left: 208.8px; top: 1006.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08586);" dir="ltr"> (inoculation) and I</span><span style="left: 315.6px; top: 1011.43px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">0</span><span style="left: 320px; top: 1006.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0578);" dir="ltr"> (control) to the sub-plot </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1018.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.947147);" dir="ltr">units. The results revealed that for grain and biological yield, </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1030.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01184);" dir="ltr">yield components in integrated systems was significantly </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1043.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02922);" dir="ltr">more than in organic and chemical systems. The highest </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1055.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04446);" dir="ltr">grain yield (3034.5 kg/ha), head weight (90.06 g), head </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1067.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.992702);" dir="ltr">diameter (19.40 cm), 1000 seed weight (67.99 g) and seed </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1079.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02256);" dir="ltr">number in head (925.5) were obtained in the F</span><span style="left: 400px; top: 1085.03px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">6</span><span style="left: 409.2px; top: 1079.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.955809);" dir="ltr">treatment </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1091.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.932693);" dir="ltr">(F</span><span style="left: 162.4px; top: 1097.03px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">6</span><span style="left: 166.4px; top: 1091.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.966927);" dir="ltr">>F</span><span style="left: 180.4px; top: 1097.03px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">3</span><span style="left: 184.4px; top: 1091.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.966927);" dir="ltr">>F</span><span style="left: 198.4px; top: 1097.03px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">4</span><span style="left: 202.4px; top: 1091.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02104);" dir="ltr">>F</span><span style="left: 216.8px; top: 1097.03px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">7</span><span style="left: 220.8px; top: 1091.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.966927);" dir="ltr">>F</span><span style="left: 234.8px; top: 1097.03px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">2</span><span style="left: 238.8px; top: 1091.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.966927);" dir="ltr">>F</span><span style="left: 252.8px; top: 1097.03px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">5</span><span style="left: 256.8px; top: 1091.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.966927);" dir="ltr">>F</span><span style="left: 270.8px; top: 1097.03px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">1</span><span style="left: 274.8px; top: 1091.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.17518);" dir="ltr">). Inoculation of bio fertilizer </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1104.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0432);" dir="ltr">improved the grain yield and yield components, oil and </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1116.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00212);" dir="ltr">protein content and the oil quality of sunflower compared </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1128.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0863);" dir="ltr">with untreated plants. Saturated fatty acids decreased </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1141.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.959092);" dir="ltr">significantly, while unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid and </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1153.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06366);" dir="ltr">oleic acid) increased in response to raising the organic </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1165.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.948944);" dir="ltr">manure and using bio fertilizer. </span>
<span style="left: 151.6px; top: 822.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19748);" dir="ltr">In order to study the quantitative and qualitative </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 834.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06273);" dir="ltr">characteristics of sunflower (Alestar hybrid) under the </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 846.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.957838);" dir="ltr">effects of bio fertilizer and winter wheat as a green manure,</span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 859.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12055);" dir="ltr">in combination with the integrated nitrogen sources </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 871.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04147);" dir="ltr">(chemical-farmyard manure, FYM), an experiment was </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 883.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15724);" dir="ltr">carried out on experimental farm at the Faculty of </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 895.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.981775);" dir="ltr">Agriculture of Tarbiat Modares University in Tehran (Iran) </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 907.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994926);" dir="ltr">during 2008. The experimental design was a split plot in a </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 920.233px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.981934);" dir="ltr">randomized complete blocks design with three replications </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 932.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09927);" dir="ltr">in which seven fertilizer treatments, namely F</span><span style="left: 412.4px; top: 937.833px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.936508);" dir="ltr">1 </span><span style="left: 422.4px; top: 932.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.97414);" dir="ltr">(100% </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 944.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04904);" dir="ltr">FYM), F</span><span style="left: 198.4px; top: 949.833px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.936508);" dir="ltr">2 </span><span style="left: 205.6px; top: 944.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0285);" dir="ltr">(75% FYM + 25% chemical), F</span><span style="left: 376.4px; top: 949.833px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06349);" dir="ltr">3 </span><span style="left: 383.6px; top: 944.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02818);" dir="ltr">(50% FYM + </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 957.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.99298);" dir="ltr">50% chemical), F</span><span style="left: 242.8px; top: 962.233px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06349);" dir="ltr">4 </span><span style="left: 249.2px; top: 957.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00472);" dir="ltr">(25% FYM + 75% chemical), F</span><span style="left: 416.4px; top: 962.233px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.936508);" dir="ltr">5 </span><span style="left: 422.4px; top: 957.033px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.97414);" dir="ltr">(100% </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 969.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.976352);" dir="ltr">chemical), F</span><span style="left: 214.8px; top: 974.633px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.936508);" dir="ltr">6 </span><span style="left: 220.4px; top: 969.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.983514);" dir="ltr">(50% FYM + 50% chemical + green manure) </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 981.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01142);" dir="ltr">and F</span><span style="left: 180.4px; top: 986.633px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.936508);" dir="ltr">7 </span><span style="left: 186px; top: 981.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980518);" dir="ltr">(75% FYM + 25% chemical + green manure), were </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 993.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04449);" dir="ltr">randomized to the main plot units and two levels of bio </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1006.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07373);" dir="ltr">fertilizer I</span><span style="left: 204.8px; top: 1011.43px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">1</span><span style="left: 208.8px; top: 1006.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08586);" dir="ltr"> (inoculation) and I</span><span style="left: 315.6px; top: 1011.43px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">0</span><span style="left: 320px; top: 1006.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0578);" dir="ltr"> (control) to the sub-plot </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1018.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.947147);" dir="ltr">units. The results revealed that for grain and biological yield, </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1030.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01184);" dir="ltr">yield components in integrated systems was significantly </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1043.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02922);" dir="ltr">more than in organic and chemical systems. The highest </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1055.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04446);" dir="ltr">grain yield (3034.5 kg/ha), head weight (90.06 g), head </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1067.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.992702);" dir="ltr">diameter (19.40 cm), 1000 seed weight (67.99 g) and seed </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1079.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02256);" dir="ltr">number in head (925.5) were obtained in the F</span><span style="left: 400px; top: 1085.03px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">6</span><span style="left: 409.2px; top: 1079.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.955809);" dir="ltr">treatment </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1091.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.932693);" dir="ltr">(F</span><span style="left: 162.4px; top: 1097.03px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">6</span><span style="left: 166.4px; top: 1091.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.966927);" dir="ltr">>F</span><span style="left: 180.4px; top: 1097.03px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">3</span><span style="left: 184.4px; top: 1091.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.966927);" dir="ltr">>F</span><span style="left: 198.4px; top: 1097.03px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">4</span><span style="left: 202.4px; top: 1091.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02104);" dir="ltr">>F</span><span style="left: 216.8px; top: 1097.03px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">7</span><span style="left: 220.8px; top: 1091.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.966927);" dir="ltr">>F</span><span style="left: 234.8px; top: 1097.03px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">2</span><span style="left: 238.8px; top: 1091.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.966927);" dir="ltr">>F</span><span style="left: 252.8px; top: 1097.03px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">5</span><span style="left: 256.8px; top: 1091.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.966927);" dir="ltr">>F</span><span style="left: 270.8px; top: 1097.03px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">1</span><span style="left: 274.8px; top: 1091.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.17518);" dir="ltr">). Inoculation of bio fertilizer </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1104.23px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0432);" dir="ltr">improved the grain yield and yield components, oil and </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1116.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00212);" dir="ltr">protein content and the oil quality of sunflower compared </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1128.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0863);" dir="ltr">with untreated plants. Saturated fatty acids decreased </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1141.03px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.959092);" dir="ltr">significantly, while unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid and </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1153.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06366);" dir="ltr">oleic acid) increased in response to raising the organic </span><span style="left: 151.6px; top: 1165.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.948944);" dir="ltr">manure and using bio fertilizer. </span>
https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95251_ccc382f7b96ef9d95cd20d8d3f307d0f.pdf
Shahid Beheshti University
Environmental Sciences
1735-1324
9
2
2011
12
22
The Effects of Some Plant Residues on Germination and Early Growth of Some Tomato Weeds
The Effects of Some Plant Residues on Germination and Early Growth of Some Tomato Weeds
95235
FA
Jafar
Kambouzia
ssistant Professor, Department of Agroecology, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University.
Shahrad
Novin
MSc. Student Agroecology,Varamin Azad University
Journal Article
2015
05
17
<span style="left: 134.816px; top: 659.677px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08335);" dir="ltr">As the population of the world increases, the demand for </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 669.533px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19524);" dir="ltr">food, food security and, hence, maximizing yield is </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 679.741px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04326);" dir="ltr">becoming a challenging issue for modern agriculture. Over </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 689.949px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02212);" dir="ltr">the last decades, the application of chemicals like fertilizers, </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 700.157px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16778);" dir="ltr">pesticides and herbicides has increased dramatically. </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 710.013px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03329);" dir="ltr">Despite improvements in plant breeding programs reducing </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 720.221px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06365);" dir="ltr">the demand for chemicals, herbicide use is still increasing </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 730.429px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07424);" dir="ltr">worldwide. According to the literature, continuous use of </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 740.637px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01473);" dir="ltr">heavy doses of chemicals is encouraging the development of </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 750.493px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09434);" dir="ltr">resistance in different weed species and endangering the </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 760.701px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07311);" dir="ltr">ecosystem. Consequently, resistance development among </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 770.909px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02055);" dir="ltr">weeds to herbicides is of great concern. Now, some research </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 781.117px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04362);" dir="ltr">efforts are concentrated on finding some natural extracts to </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 790.973px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03316);" dir="ltr">control this threat, thereby reducing the use of herbicides in </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 801.181px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01436);" dir="ltr">future. In general, the term allelopathy refers to the chemical </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 811.389px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15388);" dir="ltr">interaction between plants in which one plant may be </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 821.597px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01405);" dir="ltr">affected by another plant’s chemical extracts. An experiment </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 831.453px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03133);" dir="ltr">was designed and conducted to examine the effects of some </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 841.661px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14255);" dir="ltr">extracts obtained from three plants (wheat, barley and </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 851.869px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05092);" dir="ltr">rapeseed) on the number and speed of seeds germinated as </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 861.725px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04251);" dir="ltr">well as the early growth of 3 weed species (barnyard grass, </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 871.933px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09926);" dir="ltr">lambs quarters and redroot amaranth) and one goal crop </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 882.141px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05982);" dir="ltr">(tomato). In addition, distilled water was used as a control </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 892.349px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16933);" dir="ltr">treatment. The experiment was conducted under two </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 902.205px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.24202);" dir="ltr">conditions: laboratory and glasshouse, based on a </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 912.413px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09875);" dir="ltr">randomized complete block design. Collected data were </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 922.621px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04351);" dir="ltr">exposed to advanced statistical analysis including ANOVA </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 932.829px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04955);" dir="ltr">and multivariate analysis (PCA). The results indicated that </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 942.685px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0429);" dir="ltr">some extracts can reduce the germination and early growth </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 952.893px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10997);" dir="ltr">of certain weeds and crop, for example weed extract on </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 963.101px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12257);" dir="ltr">barnyard grass, rapeseed extract on tomato and redroot </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 973.309px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09629);" dir="ltr">amaranth. Thereby the application of these extracts may </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 983.165px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05241);" dir="ltr">effectively control some weeds such as barnyard grass and </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 993.373px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04948);" dir="ltr">redroot amaranth. However, some other extracts positively </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 1003.58px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06457);" dir="ltr">affected the rate and speed of germination of some plants. </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 1013.79px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09168);" dir="ltr">For example, rapeseed extracts increased barnyard grass </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 1023.65px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11781);" dir="ltr">germination and early growth. This result indicated the </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 1033.85px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00736);" dir="ltr">caution of using of specific extracts on plants. </span>
<span style="left: 134.816px; top: 659.677px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08335);" dir="ltr">As the population of the world increases, the demand for </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 669.533px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19524);" dir="ltr">food, food security and, hence, maximizing yield is </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 679.741px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04326);" dir="ltr">becoming a challenging issue for modern agriculture. Over </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 689.949px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02212);" dir="ltr">the last decades, the application of chemicals like fertilizers, </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 700.157px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16778);" dir="ltr">pesticides and herbicides has increased dramatically. </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 710.013px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03329);" dir="ltr">Despite improvements in plant breeding programs reducing </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 720.221px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06365);" dir="ltr">the demand for chemicals, herbicide use is still increasing </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 730.429px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07424);" dir="ltr">worldwide. According to the literature, continuous use of </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 740.637px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01473);" dir="ltr">heavy doses of chemicals is encouraging the development of </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 750.493px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09434);" dir="ltr">resistance in different weed species and endangering the </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 760.701px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07311);" dir="ltr">ecosystem. Consequently, resistance development among </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 770.909px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02055);" dir="ltr">weeds to herbicides is of great concern. Now, some research </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 781.117px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04362);" dir="ltr">efforts are concentrated on finding some natural extracts to </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 790.973px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03316);" dir="ltr">control this threat, thereby reducing the use of herbicides in </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 801.181px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01436);" dir="ltr">future. In general, the term allelopathy refers to the chemical </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 811.389px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15388);" dir="ltr">interaction between plants in which one plant may be </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 821.597px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01405);" dir="ltr">affected by another plant’s chemical extracts. An experiment </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 831.453px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03133);" dir="ltr">was designed and conducted to examine the effects of some </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 841.661px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14255);" dir="ltr">extracts obtained from three plants (wheat, barley and </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 851.869px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05092);" dir="ltr">rapeseed) on the number and speed of seeds germinated as </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 861.725px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04251);" dir="ltr">well as the early growth of 3 weed species (barnyard grass, </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 871.933px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09926);" dir="ltr">lambs quarters and redroot amaranth) and one goal crop </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 882.141px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05982);" dir="ltr">(tomato). In addition, distilled water was used as a control </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 892.349px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16933);" dir="ltr">treatment. The experiment was conducted under two </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 902.205px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.24202);" dir="ltr">conditions: laboratory and glasshouse, based on a </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 912.413px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09875);" dir="ltr">randomized complete block design. Collected data were </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 922.621px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04351);" dir="ltr">exposed to advanced statistical analysis including ANOVA </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 932.829px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04955);" dir="ltr">and multivariate analysis (PCA). The results indicated that </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 942.685px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0429);" dir="ltr">some extracts can reduce the germination and early growth </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 952.893px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10997);" dir="ltr">of certain weeds and crop, for example weed extract on </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 963.101px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12257);" dir="ltr">barnyard grass, rapeseed extract on tomato and redroot </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 973.309px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09629);" dir="ltr">amaranth. Thereby the application of these extracts may </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 983.165px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05241);" dir="ltr">effectively control some weeds such as barnyard grass and </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 993.373px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04948);" dir="ltr">redroot amaranth. However, some other extracts positively </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 1003.58px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06457);" dir="ltr">affected the rate and speed of germination of some plants. </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 1013.79px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09168);" dir="ltr">For example, rapeseed extracts increased barnyard grass </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 1023.65px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11781);" dir="ltr">germination and early growth. This result indicated the </span><span style="left: 134.816px; top: 1033.85px; font-size: 10.912px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00736);" dir="ltr">caution of using of specific extracts on plants. </span>
https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95235_7900345f91534930e3e18be42b356810.pdf
Shahid Beheshti University
Environmental Sciences
1735-1324
9
2
2011
12
22
A Study of Heavy Metal (Pb, Zn, Cd) Accumulation in Different Tissues of Sebria Gull (Larus heuglini) from Hara Biosphere Reserve
A Study of Heavy Metal (Pb, Zn, Cd) Accumulation in Different Tissues of Sebria Gull (Larus heuglini) from Hara Biosphere Reserve
95204
FA
Ebrahiem
Hoshiari
MSc. Student, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand
Alireza
Pourkhabbaz
Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand
Journal Article
2015
05
17
<span style="left: 141.504px; top: 698.925px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07363);" dir="ltr">Waterbirds are exposed to many contaminants. Heavy </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 714.413px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02683);" dir="ltr">metals such as lead and cadmium are known as the most </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 729.901px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13599);" dir="ltr">important toxic pollutants in an aquatic ecosystem. </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 745.389px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09983);" dir="ltr">Poisonous elements had never been reported in larus </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 760.877px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.53486);" dir="ltr">birds (</span><span style="left: 179.52px; top: 760.877px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14754);" dir="ltr">Larus heuglini</span><span style="left: 256.608px; top: 760.877px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.2745);" dir="ltr">) of the Iranian Mangrove </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 776.717px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03513);" dir="ltr">Biosphere Reserve. The aim of this investigation was to </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 792.205px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07833);" dir="ltr">measure levels of metal concentration in liver, kidney </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 807.693px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05716);" dir="ltr">and muscle tissues of larus in the Mangrove Biosphere </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 823.181px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1112);" dir="ltr">Reserve. To this end, fifteen birds were collected on </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 838.669px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05737);" dir="ltr">November 2010. The results indicated that the average </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 854.157px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08056);" dir="ltr">lead, cadmium and zinc levels were highest in kidney </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 869.645px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.23075);" dir="ltr">and lowest in muscle. There was no significant </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 885.133px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01728);" dir="ltr">difference in tissue concentrations of Cd and Pb between </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 900.621px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0196);" dir="ltr">males and females. In the present study, levels of Cd and </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 916.109px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04474);" dir="ltr">Pb in tissues showed no change with age. However, the </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 931.597px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03381);" dir="ltr">concentrations of trace elements in </span><span style="left: 313.28px; top: 931.597px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04307);" dir="ltr">Larus heuglini</span><span style="left: 383.328px; top: 931.597px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05039);" dir="ltr"> were </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 947.085px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02185);" dir="ltr">generally comparable to values reported in other studies. </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 962.925px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01523);" dir="ltr">The results of the investigation do not show an excessive </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 978.413px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09573);" dir="ltr">exposure to cadmium, whereas some interesting data </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 993.901px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05928);" dir="ltr">have emerged in the case of lead. The concentration of </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 1009.39px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10886);" dir="ltr">the latter in the liver and the kidney of larus seem to </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 1024.88px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0118);" dir="ltr">suggest the possibility of recent exposure. </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 1055.85px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06263);" dir="ltr">Kewords</span><span style="left: 186.208px; top: 1055.85px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01035);" dir="ltr">: Metals, Mangrove Biosphere, Ecosystem, </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 1071.34px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02739);" dir="ltr">Larus heuglini</span><span style="left: 210.496px; top: 1071.34px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">.</span>
<span style="left: 141.504px; top: 698.925px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07363);" dir="ltr">Waterbirds are exposed to many contaminants. Heavy </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 714.413px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02683);" dir="ltr">metals such as lead and cadmium are known as the most </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 729.901px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13599);" dir="ltr">important toxic pollutants in an aquatic ecosystem. </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 745.389px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09983);" dir="ltr">Poisonous elements had never been reported in larus </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 760.877px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.53486);" dir="ltr">birds (</span><span style="left: 179.52px; top: 760.877px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14754);" dir="ltr">Larus heuglini</span><span style="left: 256.608px; top: 760.877px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.2745);" dir="ltr">) of the Iranian Mangrove </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 776.717px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03513);" dir="ltr">Biosphere Reserve. The aim of this investigation was to </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 792.205px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07833);" dir="ltr">measure levels of metal concentration in liver, kidney </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 807.693px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05716);" dir="ltr">and muscle tissues of larus in the Mangrove Biosphere </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 823.181px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1112);" dir="ltr">Reserve. To this end, fifteen birds were collected on </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 838.669px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05737);" dir="ltr">November 2010. The results indicated that the average </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 854.157px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08056);" dir="ltr">lead, cadmium and zinc levels were highest in kidney </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 869.645px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.23075);" dir="ltr">and lowest in muscle. There was no significant </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 885.133px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01728);" dir="ltr">difference in tissue concentrations of Cd and Pb between </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 900.621px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0196);" dir="ltr">males and females. In the present study, levels of Cd and </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 916.109px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04474);" dir="ltr">Pb in tissues showed no change with age. However, the </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 931.597px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03381);" dir="ltr">concentrations of trace elements in </span><span style="left: 313.28px; top: 931.597px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04307);" dir="ltr">Larus heuglini</span><span style="left: 383.328px; top: 931.597px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05039);" dir="ltr"> were </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 947.085px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02185);" dir="ltr">generally comparable to values reported in other studies. </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 962.925px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01523);" dir="ltr">The results of the investigation do not show an excessive </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 978.413px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09573);" dir="ltr">exposure to cadmium, whereas some interesting data </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 993.901px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05928);" dir="ltr">have emerged in the case of lead. The concentration of </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 1009.39px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10886);" dir="ltr">the latter in the liver and the kidney of larus seem to </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 1024.88px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0118);" dir="ltr">suggest the possibility of recent exposure. </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 1055.85px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06263);" dir="ltr">Kewords</span><span style="left: 186.208px; top: 1055.85px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01035);" dir="ltr">: Metals, Mangrove Biosphere, Ecosystem, </span><span style="left: 141.504px; top: 1071.34px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02739);" dir="ltr">Larus heuglini</span><span style="left: 210.496px; top: 1071.34px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">.</span>
https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95204_813f9357a0525812f2bd9ecf8435c536.pdf
Shahid Beheshti University
Environmental Sciences
1735-1324
9
2
2011
12
22
Investigating the Probability of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa spp.) Resistance to Some Common Herbicides in Rice Fields of Iran
Investigating the Probability of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa spp.) Resistance to Some Common Herbicides in Rice Fields of Iran
95228
FA
Mohammad
Bitarafan,
Gaduate in Weed Science, Tehran University
Hasan
MohammadAlizadeh,
Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Tehran University.
Eskandar
Zand
Associate Professor, Weed Science Research,Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection.
Bejan
Yaghobi
Instructor, Gilan Rice Research Institute. 5-Expert, Weed Science Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection.
Fatemeh
Bena Kashani
Instructor, Gilan Rice Research Institute. 5-Expert, Weed Science Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection
Journal Article
2015
05
17
<span style="left: 158px; top: 843.633px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997084);" dir="ltr">The probability of Barnyardgrass resistance to some common </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 856.033px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.970445);" dir="ltr">rice herbicides used in the rice fields of Gilan, Mazandaran and </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 868.033px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06501);" dir="ltr">Fars Provinces was investigated by conducting a series of </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 880.433px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.945527);" dir="ltr">greenhouse and Petri dish bioassay tests on 37 biotypes collected </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 892.433px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.957797);" dir="ltr">in 2005-2006. Greenhouse experiments involved screening tests </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 904.833px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05191);" dir="ltr">with Petri dish tests implementing dose response assays to </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 916.833px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00255);" dir="ltr">determine doses of herbicides inhibiting root and stem length </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 929.233px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.967353);" dir="ltr">growth by 50% (ID</span><span style="left: 252px; top: 933.833px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.952381);" dir="ltr">50</span><span style="left: 260px; top: 929.233px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980873);" dir="ltr">) as well as to determine the sensitivity of </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 941.233px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00077);" dir="ltr">the biotype to herbicides. Screening tests were carried out for </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 953.633px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13952);" dir="ltr">each province separately for a given herbicide using a </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 965.633px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04714);" dir="ltr">randomized complete blocks design with four replications. </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 978.033px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03831);" dir="ltr">Minimum recommended doses of Butachlor, Molinate, and </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 990.433px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.985949);" dir="ltr">Thiobencarb were added to pots of 8cm water height before 2-</span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1002.43px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.955466);" dir="ltr">leaf growth stage of Barnyard grass. Propanil was sprayed at the </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1014.83px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.95855);" dir="ltr">3-4 leaf stage. Measurement of dry weight, number of surviving </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1026.83px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.968993);" dir="ltr">plants and visual rating (based on the EWRC rating scale) were </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1039.23px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.984345);" dir="ltr">conducted 4 weeks after treatments. A completely randomized </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1051.23px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.944061);" dir="ltr">design with four replications was also used in the Petri dish tests. </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1063.63px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03031);" dir="ltr">This sensitive biotype was subjected to a range of herbicide </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1075.63px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.99259);" dir="ltr">doses resulting in 50% inhibition of root and stem growth and </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1088.03px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.960715);" dir="ltr">the response of biotypes to the ID</span><span style="left: 319.2px; top: 1092.63px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.952381);" dir="ltr">50</span><span style="left: 327.2px; top: 1088.03px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.960364);" dir="ltr"> of the sensitive biotype was </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1100.03px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09761);" dir="ltr">further studied. Root (for Propanil) and stem length (for </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1112.43px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.993765);" dir="ltr">Butachlor, Molinate, and Thiobencarb) were measured 7 days </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1124.83px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.962633);" dir="ltr">after treatments. According to results obtained from greenhouse </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1136.83px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08604);" dir="ltr">and Petri dish assays, it was revealed that Barnyardgrass </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1149.23px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.973643);" dir="ltr">biotypes collected from Gilan, Mazandaran and Fars Provinces </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1161.23px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.978865);" dir="ltr">were not resistant to the tested herbicides (Propanil, Butachlor, </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1173.63px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00634);" dir="ltr">Molinate, and Thiobencarb). The results from Petri dish tests </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1185.63px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.945619);" dir="ltr">were correlated to those of greenhouse experiments. </span>
<span style="left: 158px; top: 843.633px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997084);" dir="ltr">The probability of Barnyardgrass resistance to some common </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 856.033px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.970445);" dir="ltr">rice herbicides used in the rice fields of Gilan, Mazandaran and </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 868.033px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06501);" dir="ltr">Fars Provinces was investigated by conducting a series of </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 880.433px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.945527);" dir="ltr">greenhouse and Petri dish bioassay tests on 37 biotypes collected </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 892.433px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.957797);" dir="ltr">in 2005-2006. Greenhouse experiments involved screening tests </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 904.833px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05191);" dir="ltr">with Petri dish tests implementing dose response assays to </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 916.833px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00255);" dir="ltr">determine doses of herbicides inhibiting root and stem length </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 929.233px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.967353);" dir="ltr">growth by 50% (ID</span><span style="left: 252px; top: 933.833px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.952381);" dir="ltr">50</span><span style="left: 260px; top: 929.233px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980873);" dir="ltr">) as well as to determine the sensitivity of </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 941.233px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00077);" dir="ltr">the biotype to herbicides. Screening tests were carried out for </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 953.633px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13952);" dir="ltr">each province separately for a given herbicide using a </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 965.633px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04714);" dir="ltr">randomized complete blocks design with four replications. </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 978.033px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03831);" dir="ltr">Minimum recommended doses of Butachlor, Molinate, and </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 990.433px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.985949);" dir="ltr">Thiobencarb were added to pots of 8cm water height before 2-</span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1002.43px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.955466);" dir="ltr">leaf growth stage of Barnyard grass. Propanil was sprayed at the </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1014.83px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.95855);" dir="ltr">3-4 leaf stage. Measurement of dry weight, number of surviving </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1026.83px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.968993);" dir="ltr">plants and visual rating (based on the EWRC rating scale) were </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1039.23px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.984345);" dir="ltr">conducted 4 weeks after treatments. A completely randomized </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1051.23px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.944061);" dir="ltr">design with four replications was also used in the Petri dish tests. </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1063.63px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03031);" dir="ltr">This sensitive biotype was subjected to a range of herbicide </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1075.63px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.99259);" dir="ltr">doses resulting in 50% inhibition of root and stem growth and </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1088.03px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.960715);" dir="ltr">the response of biotypes to the ID</span><span style="left: 319.2px; top: 1092.63px; font-size: 8.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.952381);" dir="ltr">50</span><span style="left: 327.2px; top: 1088.03px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.960364);" dir="ltr"> of the sensitive biotype was </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1100.03px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09761);" dir="ltr">further studied. Root (for Propanil) and stem length (for </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1112.43px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.993765);" dir="ltr">Butachlor, Molinate, and Thiobencarb) were measured 7 days </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1124.83px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.962633);" dir="ltr">after treatments. According to results obtained from greenhouse </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1136.83px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08604);" dir="ltr">and Petri dish assays, it was revealed that Barnyardgrass </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1149.23px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.973643);" dir="ltr">biotypes collected from Gilan, Mazandaran and Fars Provinces </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1161.23px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.978865);" dir="ltr">were not resistant to the tested herbicides (Propanil, Butachlor, </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1173.63px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00634);" dir="ltr">Molinate, and Thiobencarb). The results from Petri dish tests </span><span style="left: 158px; top: 1185.63px; font-size: 12.4px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.945619);" dir="ltr">were correlated to those of greenhouse experiments. </span>
https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95228_9cf056175e432cab7986be612c959b51.pdf
Shahid Beheshti University
Environmental Sciences
1735-1324
9
2
2011
12
22
Analysing Tourism Development Approaches in Local Communities
Analysing Tourism Development Approaches in Local Communities
95193
FA
Hassan
Esmaeilzadeh
Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Urmia Payame Noor University
Mozaffar
Sarrafi
Assistant Professor,Department of Geography, Faculty of Earth science, Shahid Beheshti University
Jamileh
Tavakkoli Nia
Assistant Professor,Department of Geography, Faculty of Earth science, Shahid Beheshti University
Journal Article
2015
05
17
<span style="left: 140.8px; top: 693.381px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01848);" dir="ltr">In the third millennium, undoubtedly tourism has </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 710.277px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02735);" dir="ltr">been upgraded to one of the thriving bases of the </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 726.821px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.982814);" dir="ltr">global economy and, on the base of findings, it can </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 743.365px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05429);" dir="ltr">be identified as the main economic resource for </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 760.261px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09027);" dir="ltr">many countries. Tourism, along with its many </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 776.805px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.98776);" dir="ltr">benefits, has many negative effects as well; coping </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 793.701px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.967432);" dir="ltr">with these requires us to rely on a suitable approach </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 810.245px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01083);" dir="ltr">and proactive measures by planners and mangers, </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 827.141px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05385);" dir="ltr">especially in the public sector. In this article we </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 843.685px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09846);" dir="ltr">have attempted to study tourism development </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 860.229px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.977743);" dir="ltr">approaches, selecting the most suitable approach in </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 877.125px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08003);" dir="ltr">relation to local community development. The </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 893.669px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03214);" dir="ltr">spectrum of approaches includes the boosterism, </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 910.565px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.977041);" dir="ltr">economic (industry-oriented), spatial-geographical, </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 927.109px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01359);" dir="ltr">community-oriented, and sustainable approaches, </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 944.005px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04103);" dir="ltr">all of which have been described and compared, </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 960.549px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.968858);" dir="ltr">using SWOT analysis. Finally, the most appropriate </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 977.093px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.23374);" dir="ltr">approach in terms of the development of </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 993.989px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.960947);" dir="ltr">community-centered tourism has been elaborated. </span>
<span style="left: 140.8px; top: 693.381px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01848);" dir="ltr">In the third millennium, undoubtedly tourism has </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 710.277px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02735);" dir="ltr">been upgraded to one of the thriving bases of the </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 726.821px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.982814);" dir="ltr">global economy and, on the base of findings, it can </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 743.365px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05429);" dir="ltr">be identified as the main economic resource for </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 760.261px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09027);" dir="ltr">many countries. Tourism, along with its many </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 776.805px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.98776);" dir="ltr">benefits, has many negative effects as well; coping </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 793.701px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.967432);" dir="ltr">with these requires us to rely on a suitable approach </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 810.245px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01083);" dir="ltr">and proactive measures by planners and mangers, </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 827.141px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05385);" dir="ltr">especially in the public sector. In this article we </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 843.685px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09846);" dir="ltr">have attempted to study tourism development </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 860.229px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.977743);" dir="ltr">approaches, selecting the most suitable approach in </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 877.125px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08003);" dir="ltr">relation to local community development. The </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 893.669px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03214);" dir="ltr">spectrum of approaches includes the boosterism, </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 910.565px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.977041);" dir="ltr">economic (industry-oriented), spatial-geographical, </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 927.109px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01359);" dir="ltr">community-oriented, and sustainable approaches, </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 944.005px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04103);" dir="ltr">all of which have been described and compared, </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 960.549px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.968858);" dir="ltr">using SWOT analysis. Finally, the most appropriate </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 977.093px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.23374);" dir="ltr">approach in terms of the development of </span><span style="left: 140.8px; top: 993.989px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.960947);" dir="ltr">community-centered tourism has been elaborated. </span>
https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95193_f35d405d3ba9c7a65fb4969f7d04f181.pdf
Shahid Beheshti University
Environmental Sciences
1735-1324
9
2
2011
12
22
Evaluation of Fuel Consumption in Wheat Fields in Gorgan
Evaluation of Fuel Consumption in Wheat Fields in Gorgan
95216
FA
Mohammad Hossein
Rajabi,
M.Sc Student, Agronomy, Islamic Azad University, Bojnord Branch, Bojnord, Iran,
Afshin
Soltani,
Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
Bita
Vhidnia,
Expert, Iranian Fuel Conservation Company, Tehran, Iran
Ebrahim
Zeinali
Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
Elias
Soltani
Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
Journal Article
2015
05
17
<span style="left: 158.496px; top: 863.027px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01336);" dir="ltr">With regard to the careless consumption of fossil fuels in </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 877.171px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11028);" dir="ltr">Iran and the resulting greenhouse gas emissions and </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 891.731px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01647);" dir="ltr">related risks to the environment and human health, many </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 905.875px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14003);" dir="ltr">attempts are being undertaken to try to control this </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 920.435px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04812);" dir="ltr">consumption. The agricultural sector is no exception to </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 934.579px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1156);" dir="ltr">this vital and important issue. The objectives of this </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 949.139px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.23855);" dir="ltr">research were: (1) to determine amount of fuel </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 963.283px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07299);" dir="ltr">consumption and related energy use in wheat fields in </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 977.427px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.983121);" dir="ltr">Gorgan Province, (2) to estimate the environmental impact </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 991.987px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09208);" dir="ltr">of the consumed fuel using global warming potential </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1006.13px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13794);" dir="ltr">(GWP), and (3) to explore options to optimize fuel </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1020.69px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00905);" dir="ltr">consumption. Data were gathered from six representative </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1034.83px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.993928);" dir="ltr">fields by monitoring production practices and inputs used. </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1049.39px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08928);" dir="ltr">Data were analyzed with regard to fuel consumption, </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1063.54px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05007);" dir="ltr">energy inputs related to fuel consumed and greenhouse </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1078.1px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.990032);" dir="ltr">gas emissions from the consumed fossil fuels. Fuel ranged </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1092.24px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.18125);" dir="ltr">between 53 to 123 L ha</span><span style="left: 311.584px; top: 1089.75px; font-size: 8.736px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.88774);" dir="ltr">-1</span><span style="left: 318.656px; top: 1092.24px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16688);" dir="ltr"> and the energy from the </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1106.8px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09226);" dir="ltr">consumed fuel varied between 2026 to 4664 MJ ha</span><span style="left: 465.92px; top: 1104.31px; font-size: 8.736px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.88774);" dir="ltr">-1</span><span style="left: 472.992px; top: 1106.8px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.848155);" dir="ltr">. </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1120.95px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997554);" dir="ltr">Results indicated that seedbed preparation had the highest </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1135.51px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06422);" dir="ltr">rate of fuel consumption (59.5 % of total) followed by </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1149.65px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03257);" dir="ltr">harvesting, irrigation and sowing operations at 10.5, 9.4 </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1164.21px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04181);" dir="ltr">and 8.1 %, respectively. The average of greenhouse gas </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1178.35px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997213);" dir="ltr">emissions (CO</span><span style="left: 239.616px; top: 1183.76px; font-size: 8.736px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">2</span><span style="left: 244.192px; top: 1178.35px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02336);" dir="ltr">, CH</span><span style="left: 270.4px; top: 1183.76px; font-size: 8.736px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">4</span><span style="left: 274.976px; top: 1178.35px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07447);" dir="ltr"> and N</span><span style="left: 312.832px; top: 1183.76px; font-size: 8.736px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">2</span><span style="left: 317.408px; top: 1178.35px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0104);" dir="ltr">O) from the consumed fossil </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1192.91px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01217);" dir="ltr">fuels was estimated at 244 kg equivalent CO</span><span style="left: 406.432px; top: 1198.32px; font-size: 8.736px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">2</span><span style="left: 410.592px; top: 1192.91px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04386);" dir="ltr"> ha</span><span style="left: 427.648px; top: 1190.42px; font-size: 8.736px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.88774);" dir="ltr">-1</span><span style="left: 434.72px; top: 1192.91px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01804);" dir="ltr">. It was </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1207.06px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994825);" dir="ltr">concluded that through better farm management and more </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1221.62px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0776);" dir="ltr">research it is possible to reduce fuel consumption and </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1235.76px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.98105);" dir="ltr">greenhouse gas emissions. </span>
<span style="left: 158.496px; top: 863.027px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01336);" dir="ltr">With regard to the careless consumption of fossil fuels in </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 877.171px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11028);" dir="ltr">Iran and the resulting greenhouse gas emissions and </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 891.731px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01647);" dir="ltr">related risks to the environment and human health, many </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 905.875px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14003);" dir="ltr">attempts are being undertaken to try to control this </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 920.435px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04812);" dir="ltr">consumption. The agricultural sector is no exception to </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 934.579px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1156);" dir="ltr">this vital and important issue. The objectives of this </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 949.139px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.23855);" dir="ltr">research were: (1) to determine amount of fuel </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 963.283px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07299);" dir="ltr">consumption and related energy use in wheat fields in </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 977.427px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.983121);" dir="ltr">Gorgan Province, (2) to estimate the environmental impact </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 991.987px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09208);" dir="ltr">of the consumed fuel using global warming potential </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1006.13px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13794);" dir="ltr">(GWP), and (3) to explore options to optimize fuel </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1020.69px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00905);" dir="ltr">consumption. Data were gathered from six representative </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1034.83px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.993928);" dir="ltr">fields by monitoring production practices and inputs used. </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1049.39px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08928);" dir="ltr">Data were analyzed with regard to fuel consumption, </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1063.54px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05007);" dir="ltr">energy inputs related to fuel consumed and greenhouse </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1078.1px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.990032);" dir="ltr">gas emissions from the consumed fossil fuels. Fuel ranged </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1092.24px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.18125);" dir="ltr">between 53 to 123 L ha</span><span style="left: 311.584px; top: 1089.75px; font-size: 8.736px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.88774);" dir="ltr">-1</span><span style="left: 318.656px; top: 1092.24px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16688);" dir="ltr"> and the energy from the </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1106.8px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09226);" dir="ltr">consumed fuel varied between 2026 to 4664 MJ ha</span><span style="left: 465.92px; top: 1104.31px; font-size: 8.736px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.88774);" dir="ltr">-1</span><span style="left: 472.992px; top: 1106.8px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.848155);" dir="ltr">. </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1120.95px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997554);" dir="ltr">Results indicated that seedbed preparation had the highest </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1135.51px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06422);" dir="ltr">rate of fuel consumption (59.5 % of total) followed by </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1149.65px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03257);" dir="ltr">harvesting, irrigation and sowing operations at 10.5, 9.4 </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1164.21px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04181);" dir="ltr">and 8.1 %, respectively. The average of greenhouse gas </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1178.35px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997213);" dir="ltr">emissions (CO</span><span style="left: 239.616px; top: 1183.76px; font-size: 8.736px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">2</span><span style="left: 244.192px; top: 1178.35px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02336);" dir="ltr">, CH</span><span style="left: 270.4px; top: 1183.76px; font-size: 8.736px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">4</span><span style="left: 274.976px; top: 1178.35px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07447);" dir="ltr"> and N</span><span style="left: 312.832px; top: 1183.76px; font-size: 8.736px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">2</span><span style="left: 317.408px; top: 1178.35px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0104);" dir="ltr">O) from the consumed fossil </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1192.91px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01217);" dir="ltr">fuels was estimated at 244 kg equivalent CO</span><span style="left: 406.432px; top: 1198.32px; font-size: 8.736px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">2</span><span style="left: 410.592px; top: 1192.91px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04386);" dir="ltr"> ha</span><span style="left: 427.648px; top: 1190.42px; font-size: 8.736px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.88774);" dir="ltr">-1</span><span style="left: 434.72px; top: 1192.91px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01804);" dir="ltr">. It was </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1207.06px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994825);" dir="ltr">concluded that through better farm management and more </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1221.62px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0776);" dir="ltr">research it is possible to reduce fuel consumption and </span><span style="left: 158.496px; top: 1235.76px; font-size: 13.728px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.98105);" dir="ltr">greenhouse gas emissions. </span>
https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_95216_109f2858de7798a18b49c456cdf42beb.pdf
Shahid Beheshti University
Environmental Sciences
1735-1324
9
2
2012
01
01
Comparing Weak and Strong Sustainability on the Basic of the Concept of Sustainable Development
Comparing Weak and Strong Sustainability on the Basic of the Concept of Sustainable Development
100946
FA
Gholamali
Sharzei
Associate Professor, Department of Social Economics, Faculty of Economics, University of Tehran
Mohsen
Mohaghegh
MSc. Student of Economics, Faculty of Economics, University of Tehran
Journal Article
2021
04
06
https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_100946_bd74bfbaacfce3d4b5d1c4c2da2731b9.pdf