Shahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-13248420110622Environmentally Friendly Wheat Straw Pulping with KOHEnvironmentally Friendly Wheat Straw Pulping with KOH96533FASeyed Majid ZabihzadehAssistant professor, Department of Wood and Paper Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources UniversityMohammad Tagh I AsadollahzadeMSc. Student, Department of Pulp and Paper Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Gorgan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources UniversityMaryam AhmadiMSc. Student, Department of Pulp and Paper Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Gorgan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources UniversityHossein KermanianAssistant professor, Department of Pulp and Paper Technology, Faculty of New Technologies and Energy Engineering, Shahid Beheshti UniversityJournal Article20150517<span style="left: 135.52px; top: 739.581px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16809);" dir="ltr">The objective of this study is to develop a new </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 753.661px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08459);" dir="ltr">process for the production of pulp using the wheat </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 768.093px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03212);" dir="ltr">straw. Environmentally-friendly</span><span style="left: 307.296px; top: 768.093px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14713);" dir="ltr">wheat straw pulp </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 782.525px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09218);" dir="ltr">with potassium hydroxide was prepared, and their </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 796.957px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14384);" dir="ltr">mechanical and optical properties were studied. </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 811.037px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07298);" dir="ltr">Pulping tests were carried out varying active alkali </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 825.469px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08133);" dir="ltr">(16, 18 and 20 wt %) and cooking time (60 and 90 </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 839.901px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.22493);" dir="ltr">min). Liquor-to-solid ratio, time to reach the </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 853.981px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05021);" dir="ltr">maximum temperature and the cooking temperature </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 868.413px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13264);" dir="ltr">were kept constant. The increase in active alkali </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 882.845px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04473);" dir="ltr">significantly reduced the yield and kappa number of </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 897.277px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12304);" dir="ltr">the pulp. Chemical pulps of 48.71–53.73% yield </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 911.357px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07308);" dir="ltr">produced from the KOH pulping process exhibited </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 925.789px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09561);" dir="ltr">acceptable papermaking properties comparable to </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 940.221px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04089);" dir="ltr">those of soda pulp. Refining the pulps increased the </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 954.653px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03518);" dir="ltr">tensile index, breaking length, and burst index of the </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 968.733px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01772);" dir="ltr">handsheets. The tear index and brightness were lower </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 983.165px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08998);" dir="ltr">for refined pulp compared with the unrefined one. </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 997.597px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06451);" dir="ltr">The black liquor of this process can be utilized as a </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 1011.68px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0089);" dir="ltr">fertilizer for agricultural production. </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 739.581px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16809);" dir="ltr">The objective of this study is to develop a new </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 753.661px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08459);" dir="ltr">process for the production of pulp using the wheat </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 768.093px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03212);" dir="ltr">straw. Environmentally-friendly</span><span style="left: 307.296px; top: 768.093px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14713);" dir="ltr">wheat straw pulp </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 782.525px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09218);" dir="ltr">with potassium hydroxide was prepared, and their </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 796.957px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14384);" dir="ltr">mechanical and optical properties were studied. </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 811.037px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07298);" dir="ltr">Pulping tests were carried out varying active alkali </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 825.469px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08133);" dir="ltr">(16, 18 and 20 wt %) and cooking time (60 and 90 </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 839.901px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.22493);" dir="ltr">min). Liquor-to-solid ratio, time to reach the </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 853.981px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05021);" dir="ltr">maximum temperature and the cooking temperature </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 868.413px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13264);" dir="ltr">were kept constant. The increase in active alkali </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 882.845px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04473);" dir="ltr">significantly reduced the yield and kappa number of </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 897.277px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12304);" dir="ltr">the pulp. Chemical pulps of 48.71–53.73% yield </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 911.357px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07308);" dir="ltr">produced from the KOH pulping process exhibited </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 925.789px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09561);" dir="ltr">acceptable papermaking properties comparable to </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 940.221px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04089);" dir="ltr">those of soda pulp. Refining the pulps increased the </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 954.653px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03518);" dir="ltr">tensile index, breaking length, and burst index of the </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 968.733px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01772);" dir="ltr">handsheets. The tear index and brightness were lower </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 983.165px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08998);" dir="ltr">for refined pulp compared with the unrefined one. </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 997.597px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06451);" dir="ltr">The black liquor of this process can be utilized as a </span><span style="left: 135.52px; top: 1011.68px; font-size: 12.32px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0089);" dir="ltr">fertilizer for agricultural production. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_96533_4f66b5840a57c18b18431e95e1061be7.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-13248420110622Policy Making in the Scope of Soil Erosion in IranPolicy Making in the Scope of Soil Erosion in Iran96509FASafdar Hosseini,Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agricultural Economic and Development, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranMohammad GhorbaniAssociate Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad,IranMohammad TorshiziPh.D. Student, Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Saskatchewan University, Saskatoon, CanadaJournal Article20150517<span style="left: 135.872px; top: 740.549px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02549);" dir="ltr">The present study was undertaken with a view to </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 755.685px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02144);" dir="ltr">choosing a macroeconomic policy for preventing </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 771.173px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05686);" dir="ltr">soil erosion in Iran. In choosing the appropriate </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 786.309px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.24185);" dir="ltr">policy, this study not only calculated the </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 801.445px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08209);" dir="ltr">environmental impacts of various policies, but </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 816.581px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03463);" dir="ltr">also it analyzed their impacts on some important </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 831.717px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01557);" dir="ltr">economic indices such as total real production, in </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 846.853px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03478);" dir="ltr">a General Equilibrium framework. Results show </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 861.989px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.993634);" dir="ltr">that both the economic and environmental impacts </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 877.125px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14914);" dir="ltr">of an Upland Food Production Tax are very </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 892.613px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08134);" dir="ltr">favorable in comparison with a Lowland Food </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 907.749px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.2601);" dir="ltr">Production Subsidy. Finally, as a policy </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 922.885px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00242);" dir="ltr">recommendation, it is suggested that regardless of </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 938.021px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04974);" dir="ltr">any practical problems associated with either of </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 953.157px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05133);" dir="ltr">the policies, the Upland Food Production Tax is </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 968.293px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00467);" dir="ltr">potentially the appropriate policy to overcome the </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 983.429px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13414);" dir="ltr">soil erosion of upland areas which are under </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 998.565px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997949);" dir="ltr">cultivation by rain-fed crops. </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 740.549px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02549);" dir="ltr">The present study was undertaken with a view to </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 755.685px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02144);" dir="ltr">choosing a macroeconomic policy for preventing </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 771.173px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05686);" dir="ltr">soil erosion in Iran. In choosing the appropriate </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 786.309px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.24185);" dir="ltr">policy, this study not only calculated the </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 801.445px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08209);" dir="ltr">environmental impacts of various policies, but </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 816.581px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03463);" dir="ltr">also it analyzed their impacts on some important </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 831.717px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01557);" dir="ltr">economic indices such as total real production, in </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 846.853px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03478);" dir="ltr">a General Equilibrium framework. Results show </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 861.989px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.993634);" dir="ltr">that both the economic and environmental impacts </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 877.125px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14914);" dir="ltr">of an Upland Food Production Tax are very </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 892.613px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08134);" dir="ltr">favorable in comparison with a Lowland Food </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 907.749px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.2601);" dir="ltr">Production Subsidy. Finally, as a policy </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 922.885px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00242);" dir="ltr">recommendation, it is suggested that regardless of </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 938.021px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04974);" dir="ltr">any practical problems associated with either of </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 953.157px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05133);" dir="ltr">the policies, the Upland Food Production Tax is </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 968.293px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00467);" dir="ltr">potentially the appropriate policy to overcome the </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 983.429px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13414);" dir="ltr">soil erosion of upland areas which are under </span><span style="left: 135.872px; top: 998.565px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997949);" dir="ltr">cultivation by rain-fed crops. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_96509_8b611c6da8736b77f55a17a5a820390f.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-13248420110622Survey on Soft-Wares and Introducing Emission Model for SO2 & H2S in the Ground LevelSurvey on Soft-Wares and Introducing Emission Model for SO2 & H2S in the Ground Level96527FANadia SharifzadehM.Sc. Student, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering,Bita AyatiAssoc. Prof., Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, ayati_bi@modares.ac.irHossein GanjidoustFull Prof., Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, TehranJournal Article20150517<span style="left: 157.6px; top: 835.133px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.991964);" dir="ltr">Companies need to design engineering software to </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 852.333px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08294);" dir="ltr">obtain emission limits before construction and </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 869.533px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00092);" dir="ltr">commissioning the plants to control air pollutants. </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 886.733px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02949);" dir="ltr">During the design of plants, all emissions should </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 904.333px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.049);" dir="ltr">be studied and measured. Since some emissions </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 921.533px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06496);" dir="ltr">are lighter or higher than air, there are different </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 938.733px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08955);" dir="ltr">methods for their modeling. These models are </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 955.933px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13275);" dir="ltr">used for reviewing the effect of gases on the </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 973.133px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.98941);" dir="ltr">environment and the best model is the one that can </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 990.333px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.948226);" dir="ltr">design an accident before dispersion. In this research </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 1007.53px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.977968);" dir="ltr">three software packages, namely PHAST, CIRRUS </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 1024.73px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00234);" dir="ltr">and SHELL FRED, were compared with a newly-</span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 1042.33px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04652);" dir="ltr">created software for measuring the ground level </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 1059.53px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16854);" dir="ltr">concentration of H</span><span style="left: 281.2px; top: 1065.83px; font-size: 10px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">2</span><span style="left: 285.6px; top: 1059.53px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.26274);" dir="ltr">S and SO</span><span style="left: 358px; top: 1065.83px; font-size: 10px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">2</span><span style="left: 362.4px; top: 1059.53px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13893);" dir="ltr">. The software </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 1076.73px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0448);" dir="ltr">packages were based on the Gaussian model for </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 1093.93px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.976641);" dir="ltr">point sources. In these models, for simplicity, some </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 1111.13px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.993406);" dir="ltr">assumptions were made based on one point source </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 1128.33px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.970299);" dir="ltr">above the ground. According to the results, the new </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 1145.53px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.947073);" dir="ltr">software was similar to CIRRUS in D stability of the </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 1162.73px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.945526);" dir="ltr">air that can be used instead. </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 835.133px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.991964);" dir="ltr">Companies need to design engineering software to </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 852.333px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08294);" dir="ltr">obtain emission limits before construction and </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 869.533px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00092);" dir="ltr">commissioning the plants to control air pollutants. </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 886.733px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02949);" dir="ltr">During the design of plants, all emissions should </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 904.333px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.049);" dir="ltr">be studied and measured. Since some emissions </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 921.533px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06496);" dir="ltr">are lighter or higher than air, there are different </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 938.733px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08955);" dir="ltr">methods for their modeling. These models are </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 955.933px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13275);" dir="ltr">used for reviewing the effect of gases on the </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 973.133px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.98941);" dir="ltr">environment and the best model is the one that can </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 990.333px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.948226);" dir="ltr">design an accident before dispersion. In this research </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 1007.53px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.977968);" dir="ltr">three software packages, namely PHAST, CIRRUS </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 1024.73px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00234);" dir="ltr">and SHELL FRED, were compared with a newly-</span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 1042.33px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04652);" dir="ltr">created software for measuring the ground level </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 1059.53px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16854);" dir="ltr">concentration of H</span><span style="left: 281.2px; top: 1065.83px; font-size: 10px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">2</span><span style="left: 285.6px; top: 1059.53px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.26274);" dir="ltr">S and SO</span><span style="left: 358px; top: 1065.83px; font-size: 10px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">2</span><span style="left: 362.4px; top: 1059.53px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13893);" dir="ltr">. The software </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 1076.73px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0448);" dir="ltr">packages were based on the Gaussian model for </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 1093.93px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.976641);" dir="ltr">point sources. In these models, for simplicity, some </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 1111.13px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.993406);" dir="ltr">assumptions were made based on one point source </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 1128.33px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.970299);" dir="ltr">above the ground. According to the results, the new </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 1145.53px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.947073);" dir="ltr">software was similar to CIRRUS in D stability of the </span><span style="left: 157.6px; top: 1162.73px; font-size: 15.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.945526);" dir="ltr">air that can be used instead. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_96527_397112e7d4067cef32989a5d1497397c.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-13248420110622Studying Effects of Reduction in Tidal Flooding on the Structure of Mangrove Forests; A Case Study from Nayband Coastal National ParkStudying Effects of Reduction in Tidal Flooding on the Structure of Mangrove Forests; A Case Study from Nayband Coastal National Park96502FATayyebeh Zare-Zadeh MehriziM.Sc. on agroecology, Department of Agroecology, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., TehranKorus KhoshbakhtAssociate Professor, Department of Agroecology, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., TehranAbdolmajid Mahdavi DamghaniAssistant Professor, Department of Agroecology, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., TehranJafar KambouziaAssistant Professor, Department of Agroecology, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., TehranJournal Article20150517<span style="left: 139.04px; top: 746.797px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05792);" dir="ltr">Ignorance to the principals of sustainable development </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 755.949px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15144);" dir="ltr">has affected mangrove forests due to development </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 765.453px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01406);" dir="ltr">projects. In order to study the effects of reduction in tidal </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 774.957px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05083);" dir="ltr">flooding on vegetative structure of mangrove forests in </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 784.461px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04462);" dir="ltr">Nayband coastal national park, a survey was conducted </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 793.965px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01868);" dir="ltr">using linear transect method. By comparing the structure </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 803.117px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.22157);" dir="ltr">of mangroves in the Nayband area with Mound </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 812.621px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02471);" dir="ltr">protected area the amount of destruction in this area was </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 822.125px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1558);" dir="ltr">studied. Linear transact was used to determine the </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 831.629px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03604);" dir="ltr">structure of the mangrove forests in this area. 5 Stations </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 841.133px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02771);" dir="ltr">were considered. From that four stations were located in </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 850.637px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06149);" dir="ltr">Nayband national park and the last one was situated in </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 859.789px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01845);" dir="ltr">Mound protected area as control. A quadrate sample plot </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 869.293px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16242);" dir="ltr">with 100 m2 in each transect has been used as the </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 878.797px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04144);" dir="ltr">measuring unit with random–systematic distribution. In </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 888.301px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04626);" dir="ltr">each plot, the height and steed diameter of trees as well </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 897.805px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08941);" dir="ltr">as the height and diameter of crowns were measured. </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 907.309px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02106);" dir="ltr">Furthermore, 1 m2 micro plots were used to measure the </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 916.461px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05021);" dir="ltr">quantity and height of aerial roots as well as number of </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 925.965px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05462);" dir="ltr">seedlings. Results showed that the road construction in </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 935.469px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02114);" dir="ltr">this protected area resulting in decrease of water streams </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 944.973px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05608);" dir="ltr">in some parts which are the main factor for destruction </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 954.477px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1127);" dir="ltr">of this worthy ecosystem. Increase of the number of </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 963.981px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01975);" dir="ltr">dried trees, reduction of canopy and the number of aerial </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 973.133px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01677);" dir="ltr">roots are main evidences to prove these claim. The green </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 982.637px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02241);" dir="ltr">density of mangroves was reduced to 60 and 40 % in the </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 992.141px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16766);" dir="ltr">stations 1 and 4 respectively. The canopy in these </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 1001.65px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01285);" dir="ltr">stations was 40 and 52% respectively; that makes a spare </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 1011.15px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05101);" dir="ltr">canopy of mangroves forests. There was no seedling in </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 1020.65px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07705);" dir="ltr">station 1. Therefore, more efforts are need to improve </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 1029.81px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.2447);" dir="ltr">the mangrove vegetation in these stations with </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 1039.31px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01158);" dir="ltr">strengthening of tidal fluctuations. </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 746.797px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05792);" dir="ltr">Ignorance to the principals of sustainable development </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 755.949px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15144);" dir="ltr">has affected mangrove forests due to development </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 765.453px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01406);" dir="ltr">projects. In order to study the effects of reduction in tidal </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 774.957px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05083);" dir="ltr">flooding on vegetative structure of mangrove forests in </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 784.461px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04462);" dir="ltr">Nayband coastal national park, a survey was conducted </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 793.965px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01868);" dir="ltr">using linear transect method. By comparing the structure </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 803.117px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.22157);" dir="ltr">of mangroves in the Nayband area with Mound </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 812.621px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02471);" dir="ltr">protected area the amount of destruction in this area was </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 822.125px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1558);" dir="ltr">studied. Linear transact was used to determine the </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 831.629px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03604);" dir="ltr">structure of the mangrove forests in this area. 5 Stations </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 841.133px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02771);" dir="ltr">were considered. From that four stations were located in </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 850.637px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06149);" dir="ltr">Nayband national park and the last one was situated in </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 859.789px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01845);" dir="ltr">Mound protected area as control. A quadrate sample plot </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 869.293px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16242);" dir="ltr">with 100 m2 in each transect has been used as the </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 878.797px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04144);" dir="ltr">measuring unit with random–systematic distribution. In </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 888.301px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04626);" dir="ltr">each plot, the height and steed diameter of trees as well </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 897.805px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08941);" dir="ltr">as the height and diameter of crowns were measured. </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 907.309px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02106);" dir="ltr">Furthermore, 1 m2 micro plots were used to measure the </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 916.461px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05021);" dir="ltr">quantity and height of aerial roots as well as number of </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 925.965px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05462);" dir="ltr">seedlings. Results showed that the road construction in </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 935.469px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02114);" dir="ltr">this protected area resulting in decrease of water streams </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 944.973px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05608);" dir="ltr">in some parts which are the main factor for destruction </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 954.477px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1127);" dir="ltr">of this worthy ecosystem. Increase of the number of </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 963.981px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01975);" dir="ltr">dried trees, reduction of canopy and the number of aerial </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 973.133px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01677);" dir="ltr">roots are main evidences to prove these claim. The green </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 982.637px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02241);" dir="ltr">density of mangroves was reduced to 60 and 40 % in the </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 992.141px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16766);" dir="ltr">stations 1 and 4 respectively. The canopy in these </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 1001.65px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01285);" dir="ltr">stations was 40 and 52% respectively; that makes a spare </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 1011.15px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05101);" dir="ltr">canopy of mangroves forests. There was no seedling in </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 1020.65px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07705);" dir="ltr">station 1. Therefore, more efforts are need to improve </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 1029.81px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.2447);" dir="ltr">the mangrove vegetation in these stations with </span><span style="left: 139.04px; top: 1039.31px; font-size: 11.616px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01158);" dir="ltr">strengthening of tidal fluctuations. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_96502_356617c1823098c2e8944cf70377bdcc.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-13248420110622Effects of Different Nutrition Systems (Organic, Chemical, Biological and Integrated) and Fungi Piriformospora indica on Yield and Concentration of Elements in Shoot and Grainof Fennel (Foeniculum valgare mill)Effects of Different Nutrition Systems (Organic, Chemical, Biological and Integrated) and Fungi Piriformospora indica on Yield and Concentration of Elements in Shoot and Grainof Fennel (Foeniculum valgare mill)96518FAEhsan Jamshidi,Ph.D Student, Department of Agronomy, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran.Amir GhalavandAssociate Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran.Fatemeh SephidkonFull Professor of, Medicinal plants Research Division, Research institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran.Ebrahim Mohamadi GoltaphFull Professor of, Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20150517<span style="left: 122.56px; top: 700.347px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02051);" dir="ltr">The aims of our study were to compare the effectiveness </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 710.907px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0423);" dir="ltr">of different nutrition systems and fungi </span><span style="left: 300.48px; top: 710.907px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03632);" dir="ltr">Piriformospora </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 721.787px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03998);" dir="ltr">indica</span><span style="left: 149.44px; top: 721.787px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12296);" dir="ltr"> on yield and the concentration of elements in </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 732.347px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02319);" dir="ltr">shoot and grain</span><span style="left: 189.12px; top: 732.347px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08203);" dir="ltr"> of fennel (</span><span style="left: 238.4px; top: 732.347px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0424);" dir="ltr">Foeniculum Valgare Mill</span><span style="left: 349.12px; top: 732.347px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.981418);" dir="ltr">). </span><span style="left: 359.36px; top: 732.347px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.946744);" dir="ltr">A </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 742.907px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04861);" dir="ltr">field study was conducted in 2009 in the Tehran region </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 753.787px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01901);" dir="ltr">and the type of design was a randomized complete block </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 764.347px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02899);" dir="ltr">with a factorial arrangement and three replications. Five </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 775.227px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00181);" dir="ltr">levels of </span><span style="left: 163.84px; top: 775.227px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.996793);" dir="ltr">manure</span><span style="left: 195.2px; top: 775.227px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05429);" dir="ltr"> (without organic manure, 100% cattle </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 785.787px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02355);" dir="ltr">manure, 100% spent mushroom compost and 50% cattle </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 796.347px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05306);" dir="ltr">manure with 50% spent mushroom compost and 100% </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 807.227px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.20008);" dir="ltr">N) along with two levels of inoculation and not-</span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 817.787px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12352);" dir="ltr">inoculation of the plant with</span><span style="left: 256.96px; top: 817.787px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12708);" dir="ltr"> Piriformospora indica</span><span style="left: 364.16px; top: 817.787px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.969085);" dir="ltr">. </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 828.347px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01709);" dir="ltr">Results showed that different nutrition systems impacted </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 839.227px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11698);" dir="ltr">significantly on yield, dry matter, harvest index and </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 849.787px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01527);" dir="ltr">nitrogen concentration of plant and grain. The result also </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 860.667px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11214);" dir="ltr">showed that fungi significantly affected </span><span style="left: 318.08px; top: 860.667px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.27043);" dir="ltr">all of the </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 871.227px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07232);" dir="ltr">measured traits except for the </span><span style="left: 262.72px; top: 871.227px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00814);" dir="ltr">potassium concentration </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 882.427px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0193);" dir="ltr">of plant and grain</span><span style="left: 198.72px; top: 882.427px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.978292);" dir="ltr">. </span><span style="left: 204.8px; top: 882.427px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997563);" dir="ltr">Also, the interaction effects of fungi </span><span style="left: 360.96px; top: 882.427px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">¥</span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 893.307px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10273);" dir="ltr">nutrition systems was not significant in all </span><span style="left: 327.04px; top: 893.307px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.977567);" dir="ltr">measured </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 903.867px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994884);" dir="ltr">traits</span><span style="left: 143.36px; top: 903.867px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08156);" dir="ltr"> except the harvest index. The result showed that </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 914.747px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04016);" dir="ltr">the highest (1559 kg/ha) and the least (632 kg/ha) grain </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 925.307px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01907);" dir="ltr">yield was produced in chemical systems </span><span style="left: 300.48px; top: 925.307px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03632);" dir="ltr">Piriformospora </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 935.867px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03998);" dir="ltr">indica</span><span style="left: 149.44px; top: 935.867px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01234);" dir="ltr"> and fertilization systems respectively </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 700.347px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02051);" dir="ltr">The aims of our study were to compare the effectiveness </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 710.907px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0423);" dir="ltr">of different nutrition systems and fungi </span><span style="left: 300.48px; top: 710.907px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03632);" dir="ltr">Piriformospora </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 721.787px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03998);" dir="ltr">indica</span><span style="left: 149.44px; top: 721.787px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12296);" dir="ltr"> on yield and the concentration of elements in </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 732.347px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02319);" dir="ltr">shoot and grain</span><span style="left: 189.12px; top: 732.347px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08203);" dir="ltr"> of fennel (</span><span style="left: 238.4px; top: 732.347px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0424);" dir="ltr">Foeniculum Valgare Mill</span><span style="left: 349.12px; top: 732.347px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.981418);" dir="ltr">). </span><span style="left: 359.36px; top: 732.347px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.946744);" dir="ltr">A </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 742.907px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04861);" dir="ltr">field study was conducted in 2009 in the Tehran region </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 753.787px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01901);" dir="ltr">and the type of design was a randomized complete block </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 764.347px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02899);" dir="ltr">with a factorial arrangement and three replications. Five </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 775.227px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00181);" dir="ltr">levels of </span><span style="left: 163.84px; top: 775.227px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.996793);" dir="ltr">manure</span><span style="left: 195.2px; top: 775.227px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05429);" dir="ltr"> (without organic manure, 100% cattle </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 785.787px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02355);" dir="ltr">manure, 100% spent mushroom compost and 50% cattle </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 796.347px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05306);" dir="ltr">manure with 50% spent mushroom compost and 100% </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 807.227px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.20008);" dir="ltr">N) along with two levels of inoculation and not-</span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 817.787px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12352);" dir="ltr">inoculation of the plant with</span><span style="left: 256.96px; top: 817.787px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12708);" dir="ltr"> Piriformospora indica</span><span style="left: 364.16px; top: 817.787px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.969085);" dir="ltr">. </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 828.347px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01709);" dir="ltr">Results showed that different nutrition systems impacted </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 839.227px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11698);" dir="ltr">significantly on yield, dry matter, harvest index and </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 849.787px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01527);" dir="ltr">nitrogen concentration of plant and grain. The result also </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 860.667px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11214);" dir="ltr">showed that fungi significantly affected </span><span style="left: 318.08px; top: 860.667px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.27043);" dir="ltr">all of the </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 871.227px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07232);" dir="ltr">measured traits except for the </span><span style="left: 262.72px; top: 871.227px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00814);" dir="ltr">potassium concentration </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 882.427px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0193);" dir="ltr">of plant and grain</span><span style="left: 198.72px; top: 882.427px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.978292);" dir="ltr">. </span><span style="left: 204.8px; top: 882.427px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997563);" dir="ltr">Also, the interaction effects of fungi </span><span style="left: 360.96px; top: 882.427px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif;" dir="ltr">¥</span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 893.307px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10273);" dir="ltr">nutrition systems was not significant in all </span><span style="left: 327.04px; top: 893.307px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.977567);" dir="ltr">measured </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 903.867px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994884);" dir="ltr">traits</span><span style="left: 143.36px; top: 903.867px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08156);" dir="ltr"> except the harvest index. The result showed that </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 914.747px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04016);" dir="ltr">the highest (1559 kg/ha) and the least (632 kg/ha) grain </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 925.307px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01907);" dir="ltr">yield was produced in chemical systems </span><span style="left: 300.48px; top: 925.307px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03632);" dir="ltr">Piriformospora </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 935.867px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03998);" dir="ltr">indica</span><span style="left: 149.44px; top: 935.867px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01234);" dir="ltr"> and fertilization systems respectively </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_96518_c87176eb515030f0b8ae537611238b32.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-13248420110622The Preservation of GAZ Trees in The Bank Of Fahliyan River Using Contingent Valuation MethodThe Preservation of GAZ Trees in The Bank Of Fahliyan River Using Contingent Valuation Method96487FAMehdi KhosraviMSc. graduate, Department of Agricultural Economic, Faculty of Agriculture, University of zabolMahmoud SabuhiAssociate Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of ZabolJournal Article20150517<span style="left: 133.408px; top: 704.293px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04481);" dir="ltr">This research considers the determination of the </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 721.189px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0651);" dir="ltr">preservation value of Gaz trees on the banks of </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 737.733px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02721);" dir="ltr">Fahliyan River located in Rostam and Mamasani </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 754.629px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06903);" dir="ltr">region and measures individuals willingness to </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 771.173px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10981);" dir="ltr">pay (WTP) for the preservation of these trees </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 788.069px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10308);" dir="ltr">using a contingent valuation method. A Logit </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 804.613px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04107);" dir="ltr">model was used for measuring individuals WTP </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 821.157px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02981);" dir="ltr">and the model indicators were estimated through </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 838.053px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05614);" dir="ltr">maximum likelihood (ML). The results showed </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 854.597px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00616);" dir="ltr">that 78.50/0 of individuals were willing to pay for </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 871.493px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.992837);" dir="ltr">preservation of these trees. The average amount of </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 888.037px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08515);" dir="ltr">WTP for the annual preservation value of Gaz </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 904.933px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02169);" dir="ltr">trees were calculated at 5540 Rials per month for </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 921.477px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06933);" dir="ltr">each household. The annual preservation value </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 938.021px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01646);" dir="ltr">was estimated 1650 million RLs. This value is an </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 954.917px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19473);" dir="ltr">acceptable justification for politicians and </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 971.461px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11958);" dir="ltr">decision makers to show more support to the </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 988.357px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01952);" dir="ltr">quality and quantity of Gaz trees.</span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 704.293px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04481);" dir="ltr">This research considers the determination of the </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 721.189px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0651);" dir="ltr">preservation value of Gaz trees on the banks of </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 737.733px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02721);" dir="ltr">Fahliyan River located in Rostam and Mamasani </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 754.629px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06903);" dir="ltr">region and measures individuals willingness to </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 771.173px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10981);" dir="ltr">pay (WTP) for the preservation of these trees </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 788.069px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10308);" dir="ltr">using a contingent valuation method. A Logit </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 804.613px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04107);" dir="ltr">model was used for measuring individuals WTP </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 821.157px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02981);" dir="ltr">and the model indicators were estimated through </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 838.053px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05614);" dir="ltr">maximum likelihood (ML). The results showed </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 854.597px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00616);" dir="ltr">that 78.50/0 of individuals were willing to pay for </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 871.493px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.992837);" dir="ltr">preservation of these trees. The average amount of </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 888.037px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08515);" dir="ltr">WTP for the annual preservation value of Gaz </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 904.933px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02169);" dir="ltr">trees were calculated at 5540 Rials per month for </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 921.477px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06933);" dir="ltr">each household. The annual preservation value </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 938.021px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01646);" dir="ltr">was estimated 1650 million RLs. This value is an </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 954.917px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19473);" dir="ltr">acceptable justification for politicians and </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 971.461px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11958);" dir="ltr">decision makers to show more support to the </span><span style="left: 133.408px; top: 988.357px; font-size: 13.376px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01952);" dir="ltr">quality and quantity of Gaz trees.</span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_96487_f83fda3de881aa650c2bc18de2335dc1.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-13248420110622Feasibility Study and Design of Darabad-Jamshidieh Walking RoadFeasibility Study and Design of Darabad-Jamshidieh Walking Road96513FAOmid BahmaniAssistant Professor, Department of Natural Resources, Environment and Tourism, Jahad Water and Energy Research Company (JWERC)Maryam BerenjiMSc. Student in Landscape Design, Department of Landscape Design, Faculty of Environment, University of TehranJournal Article20150517<span style="left: 156px; top: 779.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.18207);" dir="ltr">With urbanism and city development, the natural </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 795.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02444);" dir="ltr">environments around cities change and lose their natural </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 810.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11015);" dir="ltr">character. These natural landscapes, affected by city </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 825.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11836);" dir="ltr">development and overuse for recreational purposes, </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 841.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03763);" dir="ltr">gradually become destroyed. The main objective of this </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 856.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04129);" dir="ltr">research is to preserve the natural landscapes near large </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 871.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14523);" dir="ltr">cities, both to limit the city boundary and to create </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 887.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11359);" dir="ltr">ecotourism sites with less interference in nature and </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 902.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03149);" dir="ltr">creating the potential for people to enjoy and relax from </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 917.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05215);" dir="ltr">these beautiful natural scenes. The Alborz hills are one </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 933.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08965);" dir="ltr">of the natural resources in the north of Tehran. These </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 948.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.21311);" dir="ltr">highlands can provide many environmental and </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 963.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01506);" dir="ltr">recreational services. District one of Tehran municipality </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 979.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06367);" dir="ltr">is one of the northern areas of Tehran which has a rich </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 994.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.17365);" dir="ltr">potential for tourism and ecotourism sites. In this </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 1009.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14073);" dir="ltr">research, the foothills between Darabad valley and </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 1025.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13435);" dir="ltr">Jamshidieh Park were selected as forming part of a </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 1040.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15676);" dir="ltr">natural zone near Tehran which is affected by city </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 1055.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14176);" dir="ltr">growth as a case study. Then by using maps, aerial </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 1071.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16496);" dir="ltr">photography, satellite images and field visits, two </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 1086.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11694);" dir="ltr">walking trails were defined and located on the map. </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 1101.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06565);" dir="ltr">Finally four sites (stations) along these trails proposed </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 1117.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08725);" dir="ltr">and designed based on environmental studies such as </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 1132.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06131);" dir="ltr">topography, vegetation cover, water resources, erosion </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 1147.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01209);" dir="ltr">and landscape analysis. </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 779.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.18207);" dir="ltr">With urbanism and city development, the natural </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 795.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02444);" dir="ltr">environments around cities change and lose their natural </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 810.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11015);" dir="ltr">character. These natural landscapes, affected by city </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 825.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11836);" dir="ltr">development and overuse for recreational purposes, </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 841.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03763);" dir="ltr">gradually become destroyed. The main objective of this </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 856.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04129);" dir="ltr">research is to preserve the natural landscapes near large </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 871.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14523);" dir="ltr">cities, both to limit the city boundary and to create </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 887.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11359);" dir="ltr">ecotourism sites with less interference in nature and </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 902.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03149);" dir="ltr">creating the potential for people to enjoy and relax from </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 917.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05215);" dir="ltr">these beautiful natural scenes. The Alborz hills are one </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 933.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08965);" dir="ltr">of the natural resources in the north of Tehran. These </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 948.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.21311);" dir="ltr">highlands can provide many environmental and </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 963.833px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01506);" dir="ltr">recreational services. District one of Tehran municipality </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 979.433px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06367);" dir="ltr">is one of the northern areas of Tehran which has a rich </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 994.633px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.17365);" dir="ltr">potential for tourism and ecotourism sites. In this </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 1009.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14073);" dir="ltr">research, the foothills between Darabad valley and </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 1025.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13435);" dir="ltr">Jamshidieh Park were selected as forming part of a </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 1040.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15676);" dir="ltr">natural zone near Tehran which is affected by city </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 1055.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14176);" dir="ltr">growth as a case study. Then by using maps, aerial </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 1071.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16496);" dir="ltr">photography, satellite images and field visits, two </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 1086.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11694);" dir="ltr">walking trails were defined and located on the map. </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 1101.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06565);" dir="ltr">Finally four sites (stations) along these trails proposed </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 1117.43px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08725);" dir="ltr">and designed based on environmental studies such as </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 1132.63px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06131);" dir="ltr">topography, vegetation cover, water resources, erosion </span><span style="left: 156px; top: 1147.83px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01209);" dir="ltr">and landscape analysis. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_96513_25aa7ef99fdd83100b58e957af4f7e31.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityEnvironmental Sciences1735-13248420110622Agricultural Activities Effects on Diazinon Pesticide Concentration in Tajan RiverAgricultural Activities Effects on Diazinon Pesticide Concentration in Tajan River96484FAYosefali Ahmadi-Mamaqani,MSc. graduate, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran.Nematollah KhorasaniProfessor, Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resource, University of Tehran, Iran.Khalil Talebi-Jahromi,Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Iran.Seyed Hossein HashemiAssistant Professor, Department of Environment Pollution, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Iran.0000-0002-5351-3630Fatemeh Bahadori-KhosroshahiMSc. graduate, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20150517<span style="left: 122.56px; top: 687.227px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07193);" dir="ltr">The presence of organic chemical materials in surface </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 696.827px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07029);" dir="ltr">water resources, besides having adverse effects on the </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 706.747px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04889);" dir="ltr">consumer, reduces the desirability of aquatic fauna and </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 716.667px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00086);" dir="ltr">even results in their complete annihilation. Determination </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 726.267px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.986882);" dir="ltr">of Diazinon residues in the Tajan River (TR) was traced in </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 736.187px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10271);" dir="ltr">order to investigate the level of concentration of this </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 746.107px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01447);" dir="ltr">pollutant from the agricultural activities around the river. </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 755.707px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.9793);" dir="ltr">This was accomplished by taking samples in 2008, starting </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 765.627px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11631);" dir="ltr">in April at three-week intervals and continued up to </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 775.547px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10907);" dir="ltr">October. After each sampling, the existing Diazinon </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 785.147px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05061);" dir="ltr">concentration was determined in the laboratory using a </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 795.067px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15699);" dir="ltr">high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 804.987px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05571);" dir="ltr">instrument. The largest Diazinon concentration was 47 </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 814.587px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14504);" dir="ltr">micrograms per liter found in June and at the third </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 824.507px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980512);" dir="ltr">sampling station. Analysis of the results confirmed that the </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 834.427px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01466);" dir="ltr">Diazinon concentration of Tajan River increases with the </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 844.027px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00584);" dir="ltr">beginning agricultural activities in specific fields covered </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 853.947px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19607);" dir="ltr">with rice. This Diazinon concentration appeared </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 863.867px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.992173);" dir="ltr">throughout summer at different concentrations. According </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 873.467px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16155);" dir="ltr">to the criteria recommended by EPA for Diazinon </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 883.387px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01093);" dir="ltr">pollutants to protect the river ecosystem, with a one-hour </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 893.307px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.988877);" dir="ltr">average concentration of 0.17 μg/lit which is not exceeded </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 902.907px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00731);" dir="ltr">more than once every three years (acute toxicity criteria), </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 912.827px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06948);" dir="ltr">it can be concluded that Diazinon concentration in the </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 922.747px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03986);" dir="ltr">Tajan river affected agricultural activities and increased </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 932.347px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.978898);" dir="ltr">the risk to the river ecosystem. </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 687.227px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07193);" dir="ltr">The presence of organic chemical materials in surface </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 696.827px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07029);" dir="ltr">water resources, besides having adverse effects on the </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 706.747px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04889);" dir="ltr">consumer, reduces the desirability of aquatic fauna and </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 716.667px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00086);" dir="ltr">even results in their complete annihilation. Determination </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 726.267px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.986882);" dir="ltr">of Diazinon residues in the Tajan River (TR) was traced in </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 736.187px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10271);" dir="ltr">order to investigate the level of concentration of this </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 746.107px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01447);" dir="ltr">pollutant from the agricultural activities around the river. </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 755.707px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.9793);" dir="ltr">This was accomplished by taking samples in 2008, starting </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 765.627px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11631);" dir="ltr">in April at three-week intervals and continued up to </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 775.547px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10907);" dir="ltr">October. After each sampling, the existing Diazinon </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 785.147px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05061);" dir="ltr">concentration was determined in the laboratory using a </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 795.067px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.15699);" dir="ltr">high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 804.987px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05571);" dir="ltr">instrument. The largest Diazinon concentration was 47 </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 814.587px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.14504);" dir="ltr">micrograms per liter found in June and at the third </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 824.507px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980512);" dir="ltr">sampling station. Analysis of the results confirmed that the </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 834.427px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01466);" dir="ltr">Diazinon concentration of Tajan River increases with the </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 844.027px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00584);" dir="ltr">beginning agricultural activities in specific fields covered </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 853.947px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.19607);" dir="ltr">with rice. This Diazinon concentration appeared </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 863.867px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.992173);" dir="ltr">throughout summer at different concentrations. According </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 873.467px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.16155);" dir="ltr">to the criteria recommended by EPA for Diazinon </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 883.387px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01093);" dir="ltr">pollutants to protect the river ecosystem, with a one-hour </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 893.307px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.988877);" dir="ltr">average concentration of 0.17 μg/lit which is not exceeded </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 902.907px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00731);" dir="ltr">more than once every three years (acute toxicity criteria), </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 912.827px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06948);" dir="ltr">it can be concluded that Diazinon concentration in the </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 922.747px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03986);" dir="ltr">Tajan river affected agricultural activities and increased </span><span style="left: 122.56px; top: 932.347px; font-size: 10.56px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.978898);" dir="ltr">the risk to the river ecosystem. </span>https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_96484_182fb15adb131b7abc2d38d64274cf94.pdf