Vajihe Ghorbannia Khyevari; Homan Liaghati; Mir Mehrdad Mirsanjari; Mohsen Armin
Abstract
Introduction: Ecotourism is a form of tourism that emphasizes on nature’s attractions and it mostly revolves around getting in touch with nature and its dependence on the concept of sustainable development, creation of educational and ecological opportunities, and appreciating the mother Earth. ...
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Introduction: Ecotourism is a form of tourism that emphasizes on nature’s attractions and it mostly revolves around getting in touch with nature and its dependence on the concept of sustainable development, creation of educational and ecological opportunities, and appreciating the mother Earth. Considering the concept of ecotourism sustainable development, assessment of ecological capability and identification of natural capacities of each region along with a proper planning may lead to sustainable and continuous utilization of the nature, as well as creating employment and earning income. Dena County is located in the north of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad Province with an area of 1577 km2. Due to its rare and valuable natural phenomena, this county has a great potential in tourism attraction that can host tourists and nature lovers in all seasons. Material and methods: Multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDMs) allow different criteria to be applied simultaneously in determination of the best option and the most appropriate condition. The Analytical Network Process (ANP) is one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods with non-linear structure and two-way relationships. In this study, after analyzing the relationships between different indicators of ecotourism development and determining their relative weight using ANP, we identified the potential areas for ecotourism development using Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method. It is common to use fuzzy series theory with the WLC method to standardize the criteria. Results and discussion: According to the structure of the decision making of the ANP, the index of landslide sensitivity with relative weight of 0.3 and the geographical direction with relative weight of 0.014 had the highest and lowest significance, respectively, among the indicators reviewed in identifying potential areas of ecotourism development in the study area. Based on the relative weight extraction of 17 indicators of ecotourism, from ANP and their integration with WLC method, the largest area of ecotourism classes was suited to the appropriately qualified class (S2), relatively suitable (S3), completely appropriate (S4) and inappropriate (S1). Conclusion: In most decisions, managers demand the optimization of several indicators instead of one index. Obviously, these indices are not comparable due to different scales, and even in some cases they are mutually opposite, so that an increase in one indicator decreases the other. Therefore, in decision making with multiple criteria, we usually look for an option that offers the most benefit to all criteria. In the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) weighting method, the dependence of criteria, indicators, and options is linear, bottom-up or up-down. In this study, it was determined that the dependence of the effective indicators on the development of ecotourism was bilateral and formed a network with a nonlinear system (feedback system), which in this case, the theory of networks should be used to calculate the weight of the elements. Similar to other previous studies, the results of this study also showed that the combined use of fuzzy logic and the ANP method in determining the preference and weight of criteria relative to each other provided more logical and flexible conditions for WLC evaluation. Comparing the results of this study with other studies showed that the indicators affecting the development of ecotourism varied in different regions.
Maryam Esmaeili Fard; Human Liaghati; Ahmad Saie; Hamidreza Malek Mohammadi
Volume 15, Issue 3 , October 2017, , Pages 1-18
Abstract
Introduction: Despite the history of legislative measures in the field of the environment of Iran, the environmental situation of the country based on “the Environmental Performance Index”, “the Global Footprint Network” and “the World Bank” is significantly different ...
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Introduction: Despite the history of legislative measures in the field of the environment of Iran, the environmental situation of the country based on “the Environmental Performance Index”, “the Global Footprint Network” and “the World Bank” is significantly different from the goal of "Desirable Environment" in the Iran's 20-year vision plan4. In search of the reason, this paper from a public policy perspective seeks to prioritize and explain the challenges of environmental policy making in the Islamic Republic of Iran in the first phase of the Jones staged model.In staged model, the government and decision makers performance are ideally divided into five stages: the process of recognizing the problem and its inclusion on the government agenda(Agenda setting), the stage of the solution proposal (Formulation), the decision-making stage, the stage of implementation and the evaluation stage(Vahid,2004). Materials and methods: The focus of this paper is on the pathology of the recognition and inclusion of the problem in agenda. What is meant by understanding the problem and including of it on the agenda is a process by which ideas and issues are raised through various political institutions to be taken into consideration by a political entity such as the legislative or judicial body. Although there are few places - such as the legislature, the judiciary or the regulatory Commission - that are able to formally formulate policy calendars (agendas), but there are countless sources where subjects of these calendars come from (Shafritz and Borick ,2012).Considering the nature and limitations of the subject literature in our country, from among existing approaches to research , the mixed methods and exploratory sequential designswere selected. In this formulation of the research project, first the collection and analysis of data is done qualitatively and then quantitatively and ultimately interpreted simultaneously. The main use of this type of research project is to investigate an issue deeply or for the first time for which the researcher does not have a guideline framework or measurement tool for them(Creswell,2003). Results and discussion: Findings of the research showed that the main challenges of environmental policy-making in identifying the problem and placing it in the agenda that led to the decline of quantitative and qualitative indices of the country's vital resources are: prioritizing the country's issues on the basis of economic, political and security considerations (rather than environmental ones), the poor citizen and interest groups participation in identifying and prioritizing local needs, the weak coordination of intergovernmental organizations and government agencies responsible for and influential in environmental issues, the neglect of local communities from the benefits of sustainable development and focus on growth-oriented demands and short-term ones, lack of bottom-to-top mechanisms to express the real public concerns to be included in the environmental policy calendar, the lack of information and accurate statistics on the status quo and future environmental trends, the lack of attention to communication channels such as the media and the press to transfer issues to higher layers for inclusion in the agenda. Conclusion: Improving Iran's environmental indicators based on the Environmental "Performance Index", "Global Footprint Network" and “World Bank" with the goal of "desirable environment" in the 1404 vision document require solving the challenges of the agenda Setting.
Vajihe Ghorbannia; Mehrdad Mirsanjari; Homan Liaghati; Mohsen Armin
Volume 15, Issue 2 , July 2017, , Pages 55-74
Abstract
Introduction:
Land Surface Temperature (LST), a significant variable of micro climate and radiation transfer within the atmosphere, is one of the most important criteria in zonal and regional planning because it is a major factor in controlling the Earth’s biological, chemical and physical processes. ...
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Introduction:
Land Surface Temperature (LST), a significant variable of micro climate and radiation transfer within the atmosphere, is one of the most important criteria in zonal and regional planning because it is a major factor in controlling the Earth’s biological, chemical and physical processes. Natural and man-made activities, especially land use and land cover, by changing the physical and biological conditions of a region are an important parameter in the amount of land surface temperature.
Material and methods:
In this study, the relationship between land surface temperature and vegetation cover associated with land use and the land cover patterns of Dena County in 2016 were investigated using a Single Window algorithm and Landsat-8 data. The split-window algorithm is a dynamic mathematical tool which estimates land surface temperature (LST) using ground information, brightness temperature of thermal bands of the TIRS sensor, the land surface emissivity (LSE) factor and fractional vegetation cover (FVC) obtained from a multiband OLI sensor.
Results and discussion:
Based on classification of images of the Landsat-8OLI sensor in 2016 with an accuracy of about 80% and the kappa coefficient 0.90, rangeland and residential areas with 50.67 and 0.3 percent, respectively, were allocated the highest and the lowest areas of Dena county. The mean of land surface temperature in Dena County is about 32 ° C and the mean of the land cover index is about 0.14. In analyzing the relationship between LST and the vegetation index (NDVI) in Dena County and in each category of land use and land cover, results showed a different trend so that there is a positive and significant relationship between NDVI and LST in the whole of Dena County and rangeland in the event that there is no significant relationship in other land uses such as forest, farm and garden and residential area.
Conclusion:
Various factors affect the type and shape of the relationship between NDVI and LST such as land use and land cover, vegetation cover, season, time of day, type of ecosystem, latitude and factors in triggering the growth of vegetation such as water and solar energy. The main cause of the ineffectiveness of vegetation cover in reducing the land surface temperature of Dena County is the lack of a sufficient amount of vegetation cover. However, the determining factor of temperature in Dena County is not increases or decreases in vegetative cover but is rather a change in the height above sea level. In other words, the effect of altitude on temperature is more important than the effects of vegetation on the Earth's surface temperature. At the lower altitude of Dena County where the temperature is relatively high and there is enough vegetation to grow, the vegetation cover is denser and more abundant and therefore there is a positive relationship between land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation cover index (NDVI).
Hooman Liaghati; Vahid Askary; Mohadeseh Sadeghi; Seyed Mohammad Mojabi
Volume 13, Issue 3 , October 2015, , Pages 71-78
Abstract
With increasing public concern about food quality and health of society in conjuction with destruction of natural resources, there has been recently much more attentions about organic farming in most developed and developing countries. This study aims to investigate the effect of mix marketing on development ...
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With increasing public concern about food quality and health of society in conjuction with destruction of natural resources, there has been recently much more attentions about organic farming in most developed and developing countries. This study aims to investigate the effect of mix marketing on development of pomegranate exports of Saveh, southwest of Tehran, to international markets providing the opportunity for improving the existing situation Accordingly, some questionnaires were distributed among exporters and manufacturers having some experiences in export. Assumptions were examined base on a t-student with single groups and Friedman test with a margin of error of 5%. The results showed that the most important factors effecting the pomegranate exports in the mix marketing are price element, product element, distribution element and the element of promotion, respectively. The results also revealed that the lack of knowledge of producers, lack of supporting the manufacturer particularly during the transition period as well as failure to support guarantee buying at a higher price are among those impediments for the development of organic pomegranate area in the region.
Houman Liaghati; Halimeh Jahangard; Naghmeh Mobarghei Dinan
Volume 11, Issue 4 , January 2014
Abstract
Nowadays, water pollution is one of the most serious environmental challenges in managerial policies of the world. On the other hand, the effect of economic development of the countries on pollution emission is undeniable. The mail goal of this study is to investigate the amount and direction of theeffect ...
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Nowadays, water pollution is one of the most serious environmental challenges in managerial policies of the world. On the other hand, the effect of economic development of the countries on pollution emission is undeniable. The mail goal of this study is to investigate the amount and direction of theeffect of gross domestic production and energy consumption on water pollution in Iran. The investigation was performed using 1973-2007 time series data and the vector error correction model (VECM). The results showed that, when gross domestic product rises, although the amount of pollution increases at the beginning, eventually the amount of water pollution decrease as this process goes on. The results also showed that a 1% increase in energy consumption results in 0.55% increase in water pollution. Considering this positive effect of energy consumption on water pollution, the implementation of policies for increasing energy efficiency should result in a pollution decrease. Estimation of the error correction coefficient indicated that it would take more than 1.54 year to adjust the shocks caused by water pollution in Iran.
Fatemeh Darijani,; Hadi Veisi,; Korous khoshbakht,; Houman Liyaghati; Ali Alipour
Volume 10, Issue 1 , October 2012
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the energy equivalents of input and output in greenhouse cucumber production in Varamin County of Tehran Province, Iran. A survey methodology with a sample of 200 greenhouse farms was employed in 2010. The results showed that the output–input ratio, specific ...
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The aim of this study was to examine the energy equivalents of input and output in greenhouse cucumber production in Varamin County of Tehran Province, Iran. A survey methodology with a sample of 200 greenhouse farms was employed in 2010. The results showed that the output–input ratio, specific energy and energy productivity were 0.017, 46.84MJ/kg and 0.02 kg/MJ, respectively. In this sense, diesel (99.03%), human labour (0.37%) and fertilizer (0.34%), had the highest proportion of energy consumption. Based on the results obtained, twostrategies including input substitution and using technical progress were recommended for the best energy efficiency.
Mohammad Ghorbani,; Houman Liaghati; Fatameh Nemati
Volume 8, Issue 3 , April 2011
Abstract
This paper examined factors influencing potential demand of farmers’ credit to tendency for producing greenhouse organic cucumber in Khorasan Razavi province using linear regression and cross sectional data of 60 greenhouse cucumber producers in 2008. Data were collected using a questionnaire and ...
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This paper examined factors influencing potential demand of farmers’ credit to tendency for producing greenhouse organic cucumber in Khorasan Razavi province using linear regression and cross sectional data of 60 greenhouse cucumber producers in 2008. Data were collected using a questionnaire and census method. Results showed that the financial ability to investment in producing greenhouse organic cucumber required credit for the adoption of greenhouse organic cucumber production and the interest rates on offer are 30 million rials, 328 million rials (at a greenhouse level with an average area about 2700m2 and 4.82 percent, respectively). Evaluation of farmers' attitude showed that 66.7, 66.7, 86.7 and 53.3 percent of farmers will invest the credit in purchasing organic fertilizer, purchasing biological control services, creation a suitable organic agronomic environment and the purchase of mechanical control services, respectively. Also, the relationship between the farmers' job, agricultural advisory, agricultural experience, organic market information, financial ability to invest in organic cucumber and potential demand of credit for producing greenhouse organic cucumber is negative. The relationship between the age of farmers, cucumber insurance, average yield of conventional cucumber, information about organic cucumber, cultivated area allocated to organic cucumber, interest rate offered, participation in extension classes and potential demand of credit for producing greenhouse organic cucumber is positive. Regard to the results, the following are suggested: creating an organic products market information system, encouraging farmers to full-time farming, promotion of farmers’ revenues towards increasing their financial ability for investment, use of agricultural supervision, promotion of their role in producing greenhouse products and orienting insurance towards effectiveness in decreasing of risk and increasing production.
Mohammad Khaledi; Houman Liaghati,; Maryam Mohammadamini; Simon Weseen
Volume 8, Issue 2 , January 2011
Abstract
Despite high growth rates of organic production in Canada, it remains a very small sub-sector of Canadian agriculture. The focus of this paper is on identifying factors that encourage or discourage farmers when considering adopting organic practices, especially the institutional factors that affect the ...
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Despite high growth rates of organic production in Canada, it remains a very small sub-sector of Canadian agriculture. The focus of this paper is on identifying factors that encourage or discourage farmers when considering adopting organic practices, especially the institutional factors that affect the decision whether to convert to organic farming. The data used in the study were collected from a sample of both organic and conventional farmers in Saskatchewan. The results reveal that conventional farmers lack information in many areas of organic practices, and that those institutions related to organic farming are very useful in providing information about organic farming. Lack of knowledge and skills needed to manage an organic farm and lack of market opportunities for organic products are the most important reasons for not using organic farming practices. It appears that conventional farmers’beliefs and attitudes are important factors in affecting their willingness to accept organic practices. Moreover, the effectiveness and protection of organic regulations, certification bodies and marketers can encourage conventional farmers to convert to organic practices. Conventional farmers' opinions indicate that private organizations in Saskatchewan are important for the development of the organic farming sector.
Hadi Veisi; AbdolMajid Mahdavi Damaghani; Houman Liaghati; Hossein Sabahi
Volume 7, Issue 1 , October 2009
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the reasons for and obstacles to adopting IPM Technologies among rice farmers in Mazandaran and Guilan provinces. 170 farmers that attended a FFS (Farm Field School) groups but did not adopt the IPM Technologies were randomly selected. Data were collected by questionnaire and ...
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This study aims to analyze the reasons for and obstacles to adopting IPM Technologies among rice farmers in Mazandaran and Guilan provinces. 170 farmers that attended a FFS (Farm Field School) groups but did not adopt the IPM Technologies were randomly selected. Data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS software. To determine the main causes of non-adoption and underline these, factor analysis was used. Results revealed that the main causes of non-adoption of IPM Technologies were financial reasons, farmers' own personal characteristics, risk and vague spheres, management issues, insufficient information and technological questions. These causes were explained with a 58.8% variation. Finally, based on the results obtained, promoting conflict management by focusing on a problem solving approach and institutional development to eliminate obstacles and to promote adoption was suggested.
Fakhreddin Hashemi Shadegan; Korous Khoshbakht; Abdolmajid Mahdavi Damghani; Hadi Veisi; Houman Liaghati
Volume 6, Issue 4 , July 2009
Abstract
A study was conducted using a modified model to assess the level of threat and effective factors in villages with two ecologies, in Basht County, Gachsaran in Southwest Iran, including a protected area with a dominant mountainous topology and another with a plain-hilly situation. The results showed that ...
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A study was conducted using a modified model to assess the level of threat and effective factors in villages with two ecologies, in Basht County, Gachsaran in Southwest Iran, including a protected area with a dominant mountainous topology and another with a plain-hilly situation. The results showed that level of threat increased with the decreasing distance of villages from the urban region and mountain villages had a lower level of risk than plain-hilly areas. Trends of agrochemical application, weed management techniques and acreage of fields receiving agrochemicals had the highest frequency of flooding and incidental fires and the acreage of agricultural land in the area made the least contribution to the threat of agrobiodiversity erosion. The results of cluster analysis divided villages into two clusters in which all mountainous villages, along with two plain-hilly villages were placed in one cluster and the others were located in the second cluster. Estimating the role of divergence factors in the clusters revealed that five factors including the distance to the main urban centers, distance to industrial developmental projects, ratio of irrigated to rain-fed lands, extent of use of modern varieties and exploitation rate of habitat species had the highest effects on divergence of the biodiversity threat in the model. Results showed that human activities are the main factors in genetic erosion threats, whereas natural factors as well as traditional agricultural and social practices and the availability of agricultural territories in the area resulted in the least risk to biodiversity.
Niloofar Farighi; Houman Liaghati; Mahmoud Shariat; Seyyed Masoud Monavari
Volume 6, Issue 3 , April 2009
Abstract
Today Solid Waste like Air and Water can ́t across the city and state and become as a social problem. Of cource unsuitable management in solid waste can polluted the air by burning materials or by running the Slug and penetrationto water resources, and can Cause Pollution. In general Solid Waste Management ...
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Today Solid Waste like Air and Water can ́t across the city and state and become as a social problem. Of cource unsuitable management in solid waste can polluted the air by burning materials or by running the Slug and penetrationto water resources, and can Cause Pollution. In general Solid Waste Management Means to Collect and decrease Solid Waste generation by Correct Consuption Pattern, solid waste separation in origin by education and .... Problems of collecting and landfill of Tehran solid waste has been appeared by increasing the population and their activity. The Method has been carry out Research is questionnaire. Questionnaire is seperated in two groups, like people and Staff. In each questionnaire asked some questions and analysed by Excel. The other method has been based on observation. It means we separated Zone 3 in 4 groups, Vanak, Jordan, Mirdamad and .... Then we have been made tables and 8 questions for each box. Then these question has been analysis by Excel. Approximatelly, the situation of half of the boxes to the houses was good and half was bad. The situation of 70% of the boxes to the commercial area was good, and 30% was average whieh means boxes were collected better in commercial areas. Appearance situation was 96% average. Waste near the boxes during the day was 99% good but at night was 63% bad, and 37% average. Volume of boxes in comparison with waste during the day was 99% good but at night was 62% bad and 38% average. With a view all 400 boxes whieh was bad need washing. Settlement of boxes in legs area in all 400 boxes was good. The situation of boxes in comparision with generator population in all 400 boxes was average. These resoults has been that the physical area of the boxes are good the volume and the way of collection of solid waste specially at night are bad
Hossein Sabahi; Saeed Minoyi; Homan Liaghati
Volume 4, Issue 13 , October 2006
Abstract
Abstract The effect of green manure and crop residue (summer cover crop) on supplying nitrogen and the weed population in garlic (Allium Sativum) organic farming was the subject of this study. In a one-year experimental design, the accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen in clover (Trifolium alexandrium), ...
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Abstract The effect of green manure and crop residue (summer cover crop) on supplying nitrogen and the weed population in garlic (Allium Sativum) organic farming was the subject of this study. In a one-year experimental design, the accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen in clover (Trifolium alexandrium), Vicia (Vicica sativa) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) were studied as summer planting. The tuber yield of garlic cultivated following these cover crops was compared with 0, 80 and 120 Kg N ha-1 of urea. In addition, the effect of mulch from cover crops on weed biomass was evaluated. The greatest tuber yield was obtained from the 120 KgN ha-1treatment. In spite of lower nitrogen uptake in the clover treatment, the economic yield of garlic had not significantly differed. In vicia, bean and clover, the tuber yields were 7,500, 6,870, and 8,660 Kg ha-1respectively. The amount of nitrogen accumulation in clover, vicia and bean was 67.8, 40.5 and 36 Kg ha-1respectively. Due to greater residue, clover reduced weed biomass by 43%, 39% and 31% in comparison with 120, 80 and 0 Kg N ha-1 respectively. Bean and vicia, due to their lower residue production, had a smaller effect on weed growth in comparison with clover.
Hossein Mostafavi; Bahram Hasanzadeh Kiabi; Houman Liaghati
Volume 2, Issue 5 , October 2004
Reza Deihimfard; Eskandar Zand; Houman Liaghati; Saeid Soufizadeh
Houman Liaghati; Novin Tvallaei
Volume 1, Issue 1 , October 2003
