Ahmad Fatahi Ardakani; Ahmad Soltani-Zoghi; Afsaneh Serajeddin
Abstract
Introduction: By increasing pollution and environmental crises, governments have set out a set of environmental policies and regulations aiming at improving environmental quality. The effectiveness of environmental regulations is a problem that many policymakers and governments ignore. The purpose of ...
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Introduction: By increasing pollution and environmental crises, governments have set out a set of environmental policies and regulations aiming at improving environmental quality. The effectiveness of environmental regulations is a problem that many policymakers and governments ignore. The purpose of this study was to answer the question of how far the changes in environmental policies and regulations can affect pollution control and, on the other hand, whether foreign direct investment control rules can be effective in reducing emissions of pollutants? Material and methods: The data used in this study was panel type and for 18 countries (MENA region) in the period 1990-2017. In this study, three indicators of wastewater, emissions, and greenhouse gas emissions were used to determine the environmental quality. The procedure used by the GMM method was first-order differential. The advantage of this method is counteracting the data latent endogenousity and allow for the dynamism for estimates. Sargan test in this model was a test for the detection of constraints. Its zero assumption shows the over-identified limitations in the GMM model. Results and discussion: The results of the study were evaluated in three basic models. The first model was determined based on four variables i.e. industrialization, foreign direct investment, environmental laws and regulations, and rules for the control of foreign direct investment. In models 2 and 3, respectively, the effects of population and GDP variables and the second power of the GDP test population effect and Kuznets' environmental theory were reviewed. The application of environmental regulations and foreign direct investment can properly be a factor in controlling the emission of air pollutants, but the effect of environmental laws on the release of pollutants was positive and increased the emission levels of these pollutants. The sign of population effect coefficient in the studied years in this study was obtained with different signs. The effect of all environmental indicators in the model is significant, but the effect of industrial effluents among pollutants will make the environmental effect uncertain.. Foreign direct investment is a very important factor in the emission of pollutants after the emission of wastewater and other greenhouse gases. The variable coefficient of FDI for all three models for wastewater was significant at 1% level and equal to 1.481, 1.371, and 2.306 in models 1 to 3, respectively. Conclusion: The negative effect of the foreign direct investment on environmental quality in the MENA region was confirmed, which established the truth of the hypothesis of pollution in the region. On the other hand, the impact of the population on wastewater and emissions has positive effects on the quality of the environment. Policies and laws focus on environmental control and foreign direct investment, reducing the level of pollutants and improving the quality of the environment.
Hadis Ghanavati; Ahmad Fatahi Ardakani; Akram Neshat
Volume 16, Issue 1 , April 2018, , Pages 141-158
Abstract
Introduction: One of the air pollution that has been witnessed in western and southwestern regions of recent times is the dust and dust phenomenon. Dust is one of the atmospheric phenomena that has adverse environmental effects and impacts. Dust storms have had many negative effects on health, economics, ...
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Introduction: One of the air pollution that has been witnessed in western and southwestern regions of recent times is the dust and dust phenomenon. Dust is one of the atmospheric phenomena that has adverse environmental effects and impacts. Dust storms have had many negative effects on health, economics, society and the environment, resulting in huge damage to human resources, health, industry, and especially agriculture. The purpose of this study is to quantify the tangible (market) and intangible (non-market) damages caused by the dust phenomenon in the city of Ardakan. Materials and methods: The data required in this study were obtained from the statistics and data recorded in Ardakan offices, as well as the completion of 244 double bounded dichotomous choice questionnaires in agricultural sector and 509 questionnaires in the air pollution and urban green area using 30 pre-tests and Michels And Carson in 2016. In this study, the tangible and intangible damages of dust are valued using the conditional valuation method and market price. Using the logit model, the factors that affect the willingness to pay are estimated for each section using Shazam 9 and math calculations using Maple Version 18 software. Results and discussion: The results of this study showed that income and education variables have a positive and significant effect on people's willingness to pay for air pollution and urban green space. The variables of age, number of households and gender have a negative and significant effect on people's willingness to pay for air pollution and urban green space against dust phenomena. In agricultural sector, variables such as age, number of employed people, education and income have a positive and significant effect on farmers' willingness to pay for agricultural products against dust phenomena. The total value of the damages against the dust phenomena to maintain air pollution is 33185478480 Rials, the maintenance of agricultural products 50431570000 Rials and the maintenance of green space against dust of 30736160140 Rials per year for the city of Ardakan. Also the tangible losses of dust phenomena in terms of increasing water consumption due to washing in dusty days is 2762736640 Rials, negative effect of dust on physical health and treatment costs and mortality due to asthma and bronchitis diseases 15548414040 Rials and negative effect The livestock sector and treatment costs and the lost cattle were calculated 131451400000 Rials using a market approach. Conclusion: The results indicate that the total value of intangible damages is 114353208620 Rls and the tangible value of 149762550680 Rls in 2016 for the city of Ardakan. The value of willingness to pay people in agriculture was higher than other sectors. The livestock and poultry sector also has the highest figure among other tangible costs. Therefore, this estimate provides policy makers and authorities with the necessary guidance for controlling the effects of dust on human environments.
