بررسی اثر کنترل آلودگی و سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی بر کیفیت محیط زیست کشورهای منطقه‌ی منا

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی ، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه اردکان، یزد، ایران

2 گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف:
با افزایش آلودگی­ها و بحران­های محیط زیستی، دولت­ها بر آن شده­اند مجموعه­ای از سیاست­ها و مقررات محیط زیستی را با هدف بهبود کیفیت محیط زیست اعمال کنند. اثربخشی مقررات محیط زیستی مسئله­ای است که از سوی بسیاری از سیاست­گذاران و دولت­ها نادیده گرفته می­شود. هدف این مطالعه پاسخ به این سؤال است که چه میزان تغییر در سیاست­ها و قوانین محیط زیستی می‌تواند روی کنترل آلودگی­ها مؤثر باشد و از طرف دیگر آیا قوانین کنترل سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی می‌تواند روی کاهش انتشار آلاینده­های محیط زیستی مؤثر باشد یا خیر؟
مواد و روش­ها:
این مطالعه به بررسی اثرات مقررات محیط زیستی بر عملکرد آن می­پردازد. داده­های مورد استفاده در این مطالعه از نوع ترکیبی و برای 18 کشور (منطقه منا) در دوره 1990 - 2017 می­باشد. در این مطالعه از سه سنجه میزان پساب­ها، انتشارات  و انتشار سایرگازهای گلخانه­ای برای تعیین کیفیت محیط زیست بهره برده شده است. روش مورد استفاده، روش GMM تفاضل مرتبه­ی اول است که می­تواند با درون­زایی نهفته داده­ها مقابله نماید و امکان پویایی را برای تخمین­ها فراهم آورد. استفاده از آزمون سارگان در این مدل، آزمون تشخیص محدودیت­ها بود و فرض صفر آن بیش از حد مشخص بودن محدودیت­ها را در مدل GMM نمایش می­دهد.
نتایج و بحث:
نتایج حاصل از مطالعه، در قالب سه مدل اساسی مورد بررسی و سنجش قرار می­گیرد. مدل اول براساس چهار متغیر صنعتی شدن، سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی، قوانین و مقررات محیط زیستی و قوانین و مقررات کنترل سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و در مدل­های 2 و 3 به ترتیب اثر متغیرهای جمعیت و تولید ناخالص داخلی و توان دوم تولید ناخالص داخلی آزمون اثر جمعیت و نظریه محیط زیستی کوزنتس بررسی قرار گرفت. اعمال قوانین و مقررات کنترل محیط زیستی و سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی به­خوبی می‌توانند عامل کنترل انتشار آلاینده­های هوا باشند. اثر قوانین محیط زیستی روی انتشار پسآب­ها مثبت بوده و سبب افزایش سطح انتشار این آلاینده می­گردد. علامت ضریب اثر جمعیت در مورد سال­های مورد بررسی در این مطالعه دارای علامت­های مختلف به دست آمد، اثر شاخص­های محیط زیستی در مدل معنی دار بوده، اما اثر پساب­های صنعتی در میان آلاینده ها اثر محیط زیستی را با عدم اطمینان مواجه خواهد ساخت. سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی عامل بسیار مهمی در انتشار آلاینده­ها پس از انتشار پساب‌ها و انتشار سایر گازهای گلخانه­ای است. ضریب متغیر سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی در هر سه مدل برای پساب‌ها در سطح ۱ درصد معنی­دار بوده و به­ترتیب برابر 481/1، 371/1 و 036/2 در مدل­های 1 تا 3 است.
نتیجه­ گیری:
اثر منفی سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی نشان می­دهد که منطقه­ی منا می­تواند محلی برای جانمایی صنایع آلوده کننده در جهان باشد. نبود قوانین و مقررات (مالیات سبز) در کنار سوبسیدهایی که حذف آن به­عنوان اثری از کنترل آلودگی در نظر گرفته می­شود، این منطقه را به هدف انتقال صنایع آلاینده در برنامه ریزی کشورهای توسعه یافته تبدیل خواهد نمود. پیشنهادی اساسی در این زمینه، تشکیل سازمان حفاظت از محیط زیست منطقه­ای در کشورهای منطقه منا و اخذ مالیات بر سرمایه گذاری در سطح بالاتر است.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Foreign direct investment and pollution control’s effects on the environmental quality in MENA countries

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ahmad Fatahi Ardakani 1
  • Ahmad Soltani-Zoghi 2
  • Afsaneh Serajeddin 1
1 Department of Agricultural Economics, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran
2 Department of Agricultural Economics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction:
By increasing pollution and environmental crises, governments have set out a set of environmental policies and regulations aiming at improving environmental quality. The effectiveness of environmental regulations is a problem that many policymakers and governments ignore. The purpose of this study was to answer the question of how far the changes in environmental policies and regulations can affect pollution control and, on the other hand, whether foreign direct investment control rules can be effective in reducing emissions of pollutants?
Material and methods:
The data used in this study was panel type and for 18 countries (MENA region) in the period 1990-2017. In this study, three indicators of wastewater,  emissions, and greenhouse gas emissions were used to determine the environmental quality. The procedure used by the GMM method was first-order differential. The advantage of this method is counteracting the data latent endogenousity and allow for the dynamism for estimates. Sargan test in this model was a test for the detection of constraints. Its zero assumption shows the over-identified limitations in the GMM model.
Results and discussion:
The results of the study were evaluated in three basic models. The first model was determined based on four variables i.e. industrialization, foreign direct investment, environmental laws and regulations, and rules for the control of foreign direct investment. In models 2 and 3, respectively, the effects of population and GDP variables and the second power of the GDP test population effect and Kuznets' environmental theory were reviewed. The application of environmental regulations and foreign direct investment can properly be a factor in controlling the emission of air pollutants, but the effect of environmental laws on the release of pollutants was positive and increased the emission levels of these pollutants. The sign of population effect coefficient in the studied years in this study was obtained with different signs.  The effect of all environmental indicators in the model is significant, but the effect of industrial effluents among pollutants will make the environmental effect uncertain..  Foreign direct investment is a very important factor in the emission of pollutants after the emission of wastewater and other greenhouse gases. The variable coefficient of FDI for all three models for wastewater was significant at 1% level and equal to 1.481, 1.371, and 2.306 in models 1 to 3, respectively.
Conclusion:
The negative effect of the foreign direct investment on environmental quality in the MENA region was confirmed, which established the truth of the hypothesis of pollution in the region. On the other hand, the impact of the population on wastewater and  emissions has positive effects on the quality of the environment. Policies and laws focus on environmental control and foreign direct investment, reducing the level of pollutants and improving the quality of the environment.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Contamination
  • Environmental economics
  • GMM
  • Panel data
  • Pollution haven

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فصلنامه علوم محیطی
دوره 19، شماره 2
تیر 1400
صفحه 1-20

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